phytopathological survey of nurseries in poland oszako trabzo… · turkey 24-25/3/2015 15/05/2015...

COST Action FP1401 Global Warning - Trabzon

Turkey 24-25/3/2015

15/05/2015

1

Phytopathological survey

of nurseries in Poland

Tomasz Oszako

Justyna Nowakowska

Forest Protection Dept.

Laboratory of Molecular Biology

COST Action FP1401, Trabzon, 23-25.03.2015

Pathogen invasions in Europe: some examples

,


Invasions of phytophthoras in nurseries and forest stands

The most frequent and damaging

Phytophthora plurivora (former P. citricola)

Phytophthora alni

Phytophthora quercina

Phytophthora cactorum

Phytophthora cambivora

Despite climatic constrains

Phytophthora cinnamomi

Despite phytosanitary measures

Phytophthora ramorum

Phytophthora polonica

Phytophthora hungarica

And others…

Since ~1980

P. quercina

P. plurivora

P. cactorum


Turkey 24-25/3/2015

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Molecular diagnostic methods


have been developed based on pure cultures of isolates from the

collection of the IBL and international ITS sequences NCBI gene bank.

Genetic probes are designed for eight most common in soil

pathogens of the genus Phytophthora : P. alni, P. cactorum, P.

plurivora, P. lacustris, P. hungarica, P. megasperma, P. quercina, P.

pseudosyringae.

Fig. 1. Specificity of

TaqMan probe for P.

plurivora

Introduction

Questionnaire survey was sent electronically to all (450) forest districts

located in 17 Forests Directorates in Poland:



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Methods

Questionnaire survey was sent electronically to all (450) forest districts

in Poland

Scale of qualitative evaluation of phytopathological problems:

• No

• Small

• Medium

• High

• Very high


Results

Bia

łysto

k

Ka

tow

ice

Kra

kó

w

Kro

sn

o

Lu

blin

Łó

dź

Ols

zty

n

Piła

Po

zn

ań

Szcze

cin

Szcze

cin

ek

To

ruń

Wro

cła

w

Zie

lon

a G

óra

Gd

ań

sk

Ra

do

m

Wa

rsza

wa

RDLP

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Lic

zb

a s

zkó

łek

Number of nurseries in investigated Regional Forest Directorates

256 forest nurseries from 247 forest districts responded to the

questionnaire


Number of

nurseries


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Results

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Wiek szkółki [lat]

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Lic

zb

a s

zkó

łek [

szt.

]

Number of nurseries in age classes


Number of

nurseries

Age classes

(in years)

Results

212 forest nurseries from 256 (83%) were established on forest soils

earlier grown with forest stands:

Leśny Rolny Inny Leśny i rolny

Klasyfikacja gruntu

0

50

100

150

200

250

Lic

zb

a s

zkó

łek [

szt.

]

Soil classification on which nurseries were established

forest

agricultural

other



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Results

Do 1 ha Od 1 ha do 3 ha Od 3 ha do 5 ha Powyżej 5 ha

Powierzchnia produkcyjna szkółki

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Lic

zb

a s

zkó

łek [

szt.

]

Surface of investigated nurseries


Number of

nurseries

< 1 ha between

1 – 3 ha> 5 habetween

3 – 5 ha

Results

Do 500 ty s. Od 500 ty s. do 1 mln. Od 1 mln. do 2 mln. Powy żej 2 mln.

Rozmiar rocznej produkcji sadzonek [szt.]

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Lic

zb

a s

zkó

łek [

szt.

]

Structure of annual production of seedlings in investigated

nurseries


Number of

nurseries


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Results

Brak Mała Średnia Duża Bardzo duża

Skala problemu

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Lic

zb

a s

zkó

łek [

szt.

]

Evaluation of risk of phytopathological problems in investigated

nurseries

none

small

medium

high

very

high


Influence of chosen elements on phytopathological problems (significant in red):

Event, Place, Date

Treat Kruskal-Wallis test

Age (3 classes) H ( 2, N= 248) =5,576437

p =,0615

The previous classification of land used

for the establishment of nurseries

H ( 3, N= 252) =3,038757

p =,3857

Group grain size soils occurring in the nursery H ( 3, N= 180) =4,971717

p =,1739

Type of vegetation cover on the ground deployed

at the nursery

H ( 3, N= 191) =2,004677

p =,5714

Type of nursery H ( 5, N= 250) =14,71425

p =,0117

Production area (4 classes) H ( 3, N= 250) =8,450647

p =,0376

The type of irrigation used in the nursery H ( 3, N= 252) =6,933818

p =,0740

Type of water intake used

in the nursery

H ( 4, N= 234) =3,345299

p =,5018

The size of the annual production of seedlings (4 classes) H ( 3, N= 236) =5,999200

p =,1117

Lack of basic nutrients in the soil H ( 1, N= 252) =5,616818


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Conclusions

1. Application of sterilized substrates in pot technologies reduce the

risk and scale of infection by fungal pathogens.

2. Nurseries established on the soils with optimal pH and nutrient

content for the profile of produced plant species are less

endangered by pathogenic fungi.

3. In nurseries with smaller production areas the risk of infection is

lower than on larger ones.

4. Green fertilization, especially applied in the preceding year of

conifer species sowing may increase

the level of phytopathological risk on particular parcel.


Conclusions

5. Increase of soil aeration through loosening or subsoiling reduce the

risk of fungal infections.

6. Seed germination of conifer species before seeding and covering

sowing with sterile sand or fleece reduce the threat from fungal

pathogens. Those measures lead to obtain quick and even

germination.

7. The phytopathological threat of forest nurseries is magnified by

limitations of availability of efficient fungicides and lack of

registration of recognized preparations for forest nurseries e.g. due to

the common certification of forest districts and involved

environmental constrains.



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Issue 1: Measures to reduce the risk of diseases

- Frequent loosening the soil - 20 answers;

- The use of prophylaxis (recommendations of the IBL) - 9 answers;

- Systematic subsoiling - 9 answers;

- Organic fertilization - 9 answers;

- Covering of the emergence of coniferous species with sterile sand or

fleece - 7;

- Mycorrhization of soil with the spruce or pine litter - 7;

- Frequent change of the production base in greenhouse (soil and

growing media), use of container technology (potted plants), etc. - 5

answers;

- The use of formulations based on plant extracts (eg. onions) - 5

answers;


Issue 1: Measures to reduce the risk of diseases

- rotation of species produced in the nursery - 4 answers;

- use of Effective Microorganisms "EM" products - 4 answers;

- pre -sprouting seeds of conifers - 3 answers;

- rapid response to the occurrence of infection - 2 answers;

- the use of plants with pathogen inhibiting properties - 2 answers;

- disinfection of the substrate before sowing seeds - 2 answers;

- seedbed soil temperature control to ensure the rapid emergence - 2

replies

- manual removal of infected seedlings - 2 answers;

- -maintaining proper soil pH - 2 replies.



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Issue 2: Treatments favoring the occurrence of diseases

- the lack of effective fungicides approved for use in nurseries - 14

answers;

- weather conditions during the production of seedlings - 8 responses;

- an increase in the activity of pathogens after nitric fertilization (N) - 6

replies;

- lack of or too short fallow - 5 answers;

- the use of lupine in green fallow - 4 answers;

- use of green fallow - 3 answers;

- too dense sowing - 2 answers;

- excessive irrigation of seedling - 2 replies.


Thank you for your attention


phytopathological survey of nurseries in poland oszako trabzo… · turkey 24-25/3/2015 15/05/2015...

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