physiology of bacteria bacterial growth (page 291)
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Physiology of Bacteria
Bacterial Growth(Page 291)
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Bacterial Colony
• “a visible group of bacteria growing on a solid medium, presumably arising from a single microorganism”
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Requirements for Growth
• Physical: temperature, pH, light, osmotic pressure, moisture
• Chemical: carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, trace elements, oxygen
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Temperature
• Page 294• Readings question one:
What are psychrophiles, mesophiles, and thermophiles?
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Psychrophiles
• Desulfofrigus oceanense (Arctic and Antarctic Oceans)
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Mesophiles
E. coli
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Thermophiles
Fossilized Microbes from Yellowstone’s Hot Springs
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Temperatures
• Minimum: “temperature below which bacterial growth will not take place”
• Optimum: “temperature at which organisms grow best”
• Maximum: “temperature above which bacterial growth will not take place”
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• What are the embalming implications associated with the temperature preference of bacteria?
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pH
• Page 295• Readings question two:
Describe the pH scale.
Acidophiles: bacteria that are remarkably tolerant of acidity
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Light
• Cyanobacteria: oxygen producing prokaryotes– thrive in the presence of light
• Yeasts and Molds– prefer dark areas
• Some bacteria are destroyed by ultraviolet light.
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Osmotic Pressure• “pressure that develops when two solutions of
different concentrations are separated by a semi-permeable membrane”
• microorganisms require water for growth and are made up of 80-90% water
• high osmotic pressure removes necessary water from a cell
• plasmolysis• hypertonic solutions• Figure 22-1A page 296
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Moisture
• Page 293• maximum, optimum and minimum
requirement for all microorganisms• Pathogenic bacteria are usually found in the
body’s tissues• Fungal diseases are usually found on the body
surface.
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Chemical Requirements
• Page 292• Readings question three:
Describe the differences between autotrophic bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria.
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Heterotrophic Bacteria
• 3 categories:– 1) strict (obligate) saprophyte– 2) strict (obligate) parasite– 3) facultative bacteria:• Facultative saprophyte: “prefers live organic matter as
a source of nutrition but can adapt to the use of dead organic matter under certain conditions”• Facultative parasite: capable of living and growing with
the nutrients that its host provides
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Carbon
• one of the most important requirements for microbial growth
• structural backbone of living matter• needed for all the organic compounds that
make up a living cell• ½ of the “dry weight” of a bacterial cell is
carbon
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Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus
• needed by microorganisms for the synthesis of cellular material
• e.g. protein, DNA, RNA, ATP
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Trace Elements
• iron, copper, and zinc
• essential for the function of certain enzymes
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Oxygen
• Page 293• Microbes that use molecular oxygen (aerobes)
produce more energy from nutrients than microbes that do not use oxygen (anaerobes)
• Reading question four:Describe the difference between obligate
aerobes and obligate anaerobes.
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Microaerophilic Organisms
• Page 293• “a microorganism that requires very little free
oxygen”
• only grow in oxygen concentrations that are lower than those in air
• require about 2 – 10% free oxygen
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Facultative Organisms
• Facultative Aerobes: “a microorganism that prefers an environment devoid of oxygen but has adapted so that it can live and grow in the presence of oxygen”
• Facultative Anaerobes: “a microorganism that prefers an oxygen environment but is capable of living and growing in its absence”– E.g. Bacillus anthracis, Corneybacterium
diphtheriae, Escherichia coli
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Aerotolerant Organisms
• can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen– e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes
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Microbial Associations
• Page 296• normal flora (microbiota)• transient microbiota• symbiotic relationship: “organisms live in close
nutritional relationships; required by one or both members”– distinguished by the degree to which the host
organism is harmed
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Mutualism
• “a symbiotic relationship in which organisms of two different species live in close association to the mutual benefit of each”– e.g. E. coli in the human digestive tract
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Commensalism
• Page 297• “the symbiotic relationship of two organisms
of different species in which one gains some benefit such as protection or nourishment and the other is not harmed or benefited”– e.g. bacteria on skin surface; microorganisms
within the digestive tract
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Parasitism
• “an interactive relationship between two organisms in which one is harmed and the other benefits”
• many disease-causing bacteria are parasites• typically the host is macroscopic and the
parasite is microscopic• roundworms and flatworms are parasites that
are large multi-cellular organisms
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Readings Question #5
What is the synergistic effect?
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Antagonism
• “mutual opposition or contrary action. The inhibition of one microorganism by another.”
• Involves competition among microbes• normal microbiota protect the host against
colonization by potentially pathogenic microbes
• normal flora produce substances harmful to the invading microbes (pH, oxygen)