physiology and psychophysics of eye movements 1.muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. classes of eye...
Post on 19-Dec-2015
221 views
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements
1. Muscles and (cranial) nerves
2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors
3. Saccadic Eye Movements, metrics and factoids
4. Brainstem control of saccadic eye movements
5. Superior Colliculus and cortical control of saccades
6. Saccades and Visual Perception
![Page 2: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Extraocular Muscles: three complimentary pair
![Page 3: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Measuring Eye Movements/Position
Scleral search coil
older methods: electro-oculogram (EOG), coil contacts, suction caps of Yarbus
Infrared Eye Tracking
Temporal resolution: analogSpatial resolution: <0.1 deg.
Temporal resolution: video frame rate, <500 HzSpatial resolution: <0.25 deg.
scleral coil
magnetic field(2 axes)
![Page 4: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Adapted from Yarbus (1967)
![Page 5: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Classes of Eye Movements
1. Vestibulo-Ocular (VOR): Hold images of the seen world steady on the retina during brief head movements (angular or translational).
-very short latency (<15 ms) because signal is from inner ear.
2. Visual Fixation: Holds image of a stationary image on the fovea
3. Optokinetic: Hold images of the seen world steady on the retina during prolonged head movements.
4. Smooth pursuit: Holds the image of a small (moving) target on the fovea.-cannot move gaze smoothly without stimulus
5. Vergence: Moves the eyes in opposite directions so that images of a single object are placed or held simultaneously on both foveas.
-2 signals: disparity, accommodative
6. Saccadic Eye Movements: Bring objects of interest onto fovea
![Page 6: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Combinations of eye movement types.
OptokineticNystagmus (OKN):Slow phase-optokineticQuick phase-saccadic
time
Saccades and pursuit:Pursuit pre- and post-saccadic
Withoutsaccade
Withsaccade
Left eye
VergenceAngle
Right eye
Saccades and vergence:Vergence with a saccade is much faster
![Page 7: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Saccadic Eye Movements(‘saccades’)
Subtypes often referred to:
1. Volitional (‘purposive’) -predictive, anticipatory
-memory-guided-antisaccades
2. Reflexive
3. Express saccades
4. Spontaneous
5. Quick phase of nystagmus
![Page 9: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Velocity, Duration and the ‘Main Sequence’
Visually Guided Saccades
Deviations from main sequence:
-saccades in complete darkness
-saccades to auditory stimuli
-saccades to remembered targets
-saccades made in the opposite direction (antisaccades)
![Page 10: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
[abducens, trochlear, om nucleus]
[cerebellum, brainstem]
[pprf, mrf]
[dorsal raphe]
![Page 13: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Major Pathways for Saccadic Eye Movements in the Monkey
![Page 14: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Sparks and Mays, 1980
Tuning of SC burst neuron to direction and amplitude of saccades
![Page 17: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
‘Movement field’ of Superior Colliculus neuron
![Page 18: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Map of Stimulation Evoked Saccades
amplitude
elevation
Rostral
Caudal
![Page 19: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Enhancement of Superior Colliculus Visual Responses and the Need to Dissociate Behavioral Components
Passive fixation
Saccade toRF target
Saccade toControl target
![Page 21: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Superficial Layers
Intermediate andDeep Layers
Retina
Major Connections of the Superior Colliculus
Striate cortex (V1) Extrastriate cortex (e.g. V4, MT)
Parietal cortex (e.g. LIP)
Frontal Eye Field
Inferior PulvinarBrainstem Saccade generator
Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN)
Medio-dorsal thalamus
SC
![Page 22: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Tasks used to characterize saccade-related activity
1. step task (simultaneous, overlap, gap)
fixation point
saccade target
eye position (h)
time
![Page 23: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Tasks used to characterize saccade-related activity
2. visually-guided, delayed saccade task
fixation point
saccade target
eye position (h)
time
![Page 24: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Tasks used to characterize saccade-related activity
3. memory-guided, delayed saccade task
fixation point
saccade target
eye position (h)
time
![Page 25: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Tasks used to characterize saccade-related activity
4. anti-saccade task
fixation point
saccade target
eye position (h)
time
![Page 26: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Visual and Motor Related Properties of Cells in the Superior Colliculus
Superficial Layers:
Intermediate:
Deep Layers
SC
Visual Receptive Fields,Some enhanced Visual Responses, butno Presaccadic (motor) bursts; ‘visual’cells
Visual Receptive Fields and PresaccadicBursts before saccades to ‘movement field’;‘visuomotor cells’, ‘visually-triggered motor cells’
No visual RFs, just movement fields,Presaccadic burst gets earlier as you go deeper
![Page 27: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Major Pathways for Saccadic Eye Movements in the Monkey
(FEF)
(SEF)
Lateral Intraparietal Area (LIP)
![Page 28: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Continuum of Visual and Motor Responses in the FEF
![Page 29: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Microstimulation of the Frontal Eye Field
![Page 30: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Arcuate
ant. post.
Functional Organization of Macaque FEF
![Page 31: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Stimulation-Evoked Smooth Pursuit Movements
![Page 32: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Stimulation-Evoked Vergence Movements
![Page 33: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Cortical Connections of the FEF: organized and reciprocal connections with ‘dorsal’ and ‘ventral’ visual pathways
![Page 34: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Major Pathways for Saccadic Eye Movements in the Monkey
(FEF)
(SEF)
Lateral Intraparietal Area (LIP)
![Page 35: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Lateral Intraparietal Area (LIP): visual, saccade-related and mnemonic responses
![Page 36: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Incidence of ‘light-sensitive’, ‘saccade-coincident’ and ‘memory’ activity in LIP
![Page 37: Physiology and Psychophysics of Eye Movements 1.Muscles and (cranial) nerves 2. Classes of eye movements/oculomotor behaviors 3. Saccadic Eye Movements,](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051214/56649d375503460f94a0fd20/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Microstimulation of Parietal Cortex: fixed and ‘modified’ vector saccades