physiological maturity and effect of seed priming on germination ability of vegetable soybean...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean
(Glycine max (L.) Merrill)
Aye Nwe Win1
(Master of Science in Horticulture)
Kassinee Sitthiwong1 Surat Nuglor 2 and Pornpan Pooprompan1*
1.Faculty of Agricultural Production, Maejo University, Sansai, Chiang Mai, 50290.2.Faculty of Engineering and Agro- Industry, Maejo University, Sansai, Chiang Mai, 50290.
![Page 2: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Introduction
Good soybean seeds ensure a uniform stand of healthy and vigorous plants, which is essential to get the high yield and good quality needed for profitable vegetable soybean production.
Producing good quality seed depends on many factors, such as, growing season, location, management inputs, diseases and pests, post-harvest handling and storage.
![Page 3: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Physiological maturity is defined as the time when seeds attain maximum dry weight,
maximum germination, and maximum vigor . (Mejia, 1985)
Seed priming is a technique in which seeds are partially hydrated until the germination process begins but radicle emergence does not occur.
(Bradford,1986)
PEG-6000 increased seed germination and vigor index.
(Gongping et al.,2000)
![Page 4: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Objectives
To observe the physiological maturity between two varieties of vegetable soybean
To improve the germination rate and uniformity
![Page 5: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Materials and Methods
Field experiments
Physiological Maturity of vegetable soybean
Two environments – Dry and rainy seasons
(2010)
Design - RCBD with 2 replications
![Page 6: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Field experiments
Variety - Two varieties
(AGS 292 and No.75) Plot size - 8 m x 1 m Plant spacing - 20 cm x 50 cm Seed rate - 5 seeds / hill
![Page 7: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Tagging of flowers
Tagging of flowers
![Page 8: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Moisture content (%)
Fresh seed - 5 gm Weigh with Electric balance
Oven (103°C 17 hr)Desiccator(20-30minutes)
Dry seed wt.
![Page 9: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Dry matter (gm)
Put 25 pods Weigh with Electric balance
Oven (103°C 17 hr)
Desiccator(20-30minutes)
Dry seed wt.
![Page 10: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Germination %
Seed Germinator Seedling
Evaluation of germination test
(a) Normal seedlings (c) Fresh ungerminated seeds
(b) Abnormal seedlings (d) Hard seeds and (e) Dead seeds
Number of normal seedlings
Germination % = x 100 % Number of seeds
![Page 11: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Laboratory experiment
Chemical priming method - PEG- 6000 conc:
(Polyethylene glycol)
Design - 4 x4 Factorial in CRD
![Page 12: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Factors - concentrations and soaking
time Factor (A) - PEG 6000(conc:)
0, 2.4 , 4.7 and 6.5 g/ 100 ml. water Factor (B) - soaking time
3, 6, 9 and 12 hr
Variety - Two varieties
(AGS 292 and No.75)
![Page 13: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Chemical- priming method(PEG)50 seeds / replication
PEG conc (A): 0, 2.4, 4.7, 6.5 g / 100 ml. water
Soaking Time(B)
3, 6, 9,12hr
Washing
Drying
Germination test (B.P.)
![Page 14: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Seed weighing PEG conc. Mixing Seeds and PEG
Washing
Re-dried Weight (Original weight)
Germination test
Procedure
![Page 15: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Seeds were soaked in distilled water. After soaking seeds were redried to the original weight with forced air under shade. (Bennett & Waters, 1987)
The primed seeds were washed with running tap water. (Lee and Kim, 1999)
![Page 16: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Germination %
Seed Germinator Seedling
Evaluation of germination test
(a) Normal seedlings (c) Fresh ungerminated seeds
(b) Abnormal seedlings (d) Hard seeds and (e) Dead seeds
Number of normal seedlings
Germination % = x 100 % Number of seeds
![Page 17: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Seedling growth rate (SGR)
Normal seedling
Oven (80°C 24hr)
Weigh with electrical balance
Normal seedlings (dry weight)
SGR =(mg/seedlings) No. of normal seedling
![Page 18: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Electrical conductivity(EC)(µS/cm/seed)
Conductivity meter
![Page 19: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Results
![Page 20: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Pod color of vegetable soybean
1 2 3 4 5
69 8 710
![Page 21: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Seed color of vegetable soybean
1
2
34 5
67
89
10
![Page 22: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Fig.1. Seed dry matter, moisture content and germination percentage of vegetable
soybean variety (AGS 292) during seed development in dry season
![Page 23: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Fig.2. Seed dry matter, moisture content and germination percentage of vegetable soybean variety (No.75) during seed
development in dry season
![Page 24: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Fig.3. Seed dry matter, moisture content and germination percentage of vegetable
soybean variety (AGS 292) during seed development in rainy season
![Page 25: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fig.4. Seed dry matter, moisture content and germination percentage of vegetable soybean variety (No.75) during seed
development in rainy season
![Page 26: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Table 1. Effect of PEG concentration and soaking time on germination percentage of vegetable soybean variety AGS 292
PEG –conc.(A)
g/ 100 ml. H20
Germination (%) Soaking time (B) hr
3 6 9 12
Mean
0 49.8 47.3 53.2 39.8 47.5 b
2.4 52.2 52.7 59.0 50.1 53.5 a
4.7 59.7 52.3 57.9 56.6 56.6 a
6.5 57.7 56.1 58.1 57.0 57.2 a
Mean 54.8 52.1 57.0 50.9
F-test PEG-conc. (A) * Soaking time (B) ns A x B ns
![Page 27: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Table 2. Effect of PEG concentration and soaking time on seedling growth rate (SGR) of vegetable soybean variety AGS 292
PEG –conc.(A)
g/ 100 ml. H20
SGR (mg/seedling) Soaking time (B) hr
3 6 9 12
Mean
0 193.8 184.6 193.8 168.3 185.1
2.4 187.5 198.6 190.1 180.8 189.2
4.7 182.3 176.4 198.8 201.6 189.8
6.5 208.8 206.8 199.6 206.1 205.3
Mean 193.1 191.6 195.6 189.2
F-test PEG-conc. (A) ns Soaking time (B) ns A x B ns
![Page 28: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Table 3. Effect of PEG concentration and soaking time on electrical conductivity (EC) of vegetable soybean variety AGS 292
PEG –conc.(A)
g/ 100 ml.H20
EC(µS/cm/seed) Soaking time
3 6 9 12
Mean
0 12.6 hi 19.8 de 27.8 b 33.7 a 23.5 w
2.4 10.7 hi 15.8 efgh 19.9 de 26.2 bc 18.2 x
4.7 9.3 i 14.0 fghi 19.1 def 21.9 cd 16.1 y
6.5 9.0 i 13.3 ghi 15.9 efgh 18.7 defg 14.2 z
Mean 10.4 D 15.7 C 20.6 B 25.1 A
F-test PEG-conc. (A) ** Soaking time (B) ** A x B *
![Page 29: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Seed germination of vegetable soybean seeds from AGS 292
PEG 0 PEG 2.4 g PEG 4.7 g PEG 6.5 g
![Page 30: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Table 4. Effect of PEG concentration and soaking time on germination percentage of
vegetable soybean variety No.75
PEG –conc.(A)
g/ 100 ml. H20
Germination (%) Soaking time (B) hr
3 6 9 12
Mean
0 60.7 62.1 58.1 57.6 59.6
2.4 62.8 64.4 57.3 63.6 62.0
4.7 68.1 62.7 65.6 62.2 64.7
6.5 61.3 68.6 59.4 64.3 63.4
Mean 63.2 64.4 60.1 61.9
F-test PEG-conc. (A) ns Soaking time (B) ns A x B ns
![Page 31: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Table 5. Effect of PEG concentration and soaking time on seedling growth rate (SGR) of
vegetable soybean variety No.75
PEG –conc.(A)
g/ 100ml.H20
SGR (mg/seedling) Soaking time (B) hr 3 6 9 12
Mean
0 225.6 219.6 212.2 214.2 217.9
2.4 199.9 210.2 213.9 195.5 204.9
4.7 212.6 205.6 223.8 203.9 211.5
6.5 220.2 227.8 218.1 205.1 217.8
Mean 214.6 215.8 217.0 204.7
F-test PEG-conc. (A) ns Soaking time (B) ns A x B ns
![Page 32: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Table 6. Effect of PEG concentration and soaking time on electrical conductivity (EC) of
vegetable soybean variety No.75
PEG –conc.(A)
g/ 100 ml.H20
EC(µS/cm/seed) Soaking time (B) hr 3 6 9 12
Mean
0 10.1gh 17.0 cdef 24.0 ab 29.1 a 20.1 w
2.4 9.7 gh 14.0 efgh 20.4 bcd 27.6 a 17.9 x
4.7 8.6 h 12.6 fgh 16.1 cdef 21.2 bc 14.6 y
6.5 9.1 h 11.4 fgh 15.2 defg 19.0 bcde 13.7 z
Mean 9.4 D 13.8 C 18.9 B 24.2 A
F-test PEG-conc. (A) ** Soaking time (B) ** A x B *
![Page 33: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Seed germination of vegetable soybean seeds from No.75
PEG 0 PEG 2.4 g PEG 4.7 g PEG 6.5 g
![Page 34: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Table 7. Effect of PEG conc: and soaking time duration treated with two vegetable
soybean varieties (AGS 292 and No.75) for germination percentage, seedling growth rate (SGR) and electrical conductivity (EC)
Variety Ger % SGR (mg/seedling)
EC (µS/cm/seed)
AGS 292 53.7 b 192.4 18.0
No.75 62.4 a 213.0 16.6
LSD (0.05) 2.2 ns ns
ns= not significantly different (p> 0.05) *= significantly different (p< 0.05)
**= highly significantly different (p< 0.01)
![Page 35: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Table 8. Effect of different PEG concentration treated with two vegetable soybean varieties (AGS 292 and No.75) for germination percentage,
seedling growth rate (SGR) and electrical conductivity (EC)
PEG conc:(g/ 100 ml.H2O)
Ger % SGR(mg/seedling)
EC(µS/cm/seed)
0 53.6 b 201.5 21.8 a
2.4 57.8 a 197.1 18.0 b
4.7 60.6 a 200.6 15.4 c
6.5 60.3 a 211.6 14.0 d
LSD (0.05) 3.1 ns 1.0 ns = not significantly different (p> 0.05) * = significantly different (p< 0.05) **= highly significantly different (p< 0.01)
![Page 36: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Fig.5. Effect of PEG concentration and soaking time on electrical conductivity value of
vegetable soybean (AGS 292 and No.75)
![Page 37: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Discussion
The change in seed color and in pod color could be dependable indicators in vegetable soybean. Visual indicators of PM had also been suggested for soybean (Crookston and Hill, 1978; Tekrony et
al.,1979 and Gibkpi and Crookston,1981).
Odell et al., (1992) reported improvement in the germination of PEG treated tomato seeds than non
treated tomato seeds.
![Page 38: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Murray (1990) observed in germination due to PEG. This may be due to fact that response to the
PEG treatment is dependent on cultivars.
Murray (1989) concluded that over priming may cause oxygen deficiency.
Priming seeds might have plasma membrane structure by slow hydration than non treated
seeds. ( Jett et al., 1996)
Discussion
![Page 39: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Conclusion
AGS 292 and No.75 vegetable soybean varieties should be harvested within two weeks after physiological maturity to obtain maximum yield without any loss in quality.
PEG concentration improved the germination percentage than non treated PEG.
Seed treated with PEG decreased electrical conductivity value.
![Page 40: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Acknowledgements
Thailand International Co-operation Agency (TICA)
![Page 41: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Fig.1. Temperature and rainfall in dry season
![Page 43: Physiological Maturity and Effect of Seed Priming on Germination Ability of Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Aye Nwe Win 1 (Master of Science](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110400/56649dbf5503460f94ab2aee/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Fig. 2.Temperature and rainfall in rainy season