Physiological Differences– Polygraph – supports Cannon-Bard

Theory• Used to detect lies• measures physiological responses

such as perspiration, heart rate, breathing

• Problems– Anxiety, irritation, guilt have similar

physiological activity• Guilty Knowledge Test – assesses

physiological responses to crime scene details only known by investigators

Cognition and Emotion• Sometimes emotions precede cognition (Zajonc)

– Develop emotional preference for stimuli to which have been unknowingly exposed .

• Some emotions occur without cognition, by-passing the cortex (LeDoux).Go directly from thalamus to amygdala = fast/ automatic emotional response– Ex. Jump at rustling bushes in the forest (fear most

likely precedes conscious thinking)

• Emotions arise when appraise event to be beneficial or harmful whether we know it or not(Lazarus)

Detecting Emotion

• Nonverbal cues– Facial muscles– Eyes (fear/anger) and

mouth (happiness)– Duchenne smile– Difficult to detect

lying

• Introverts better than extroverts

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

•Women better than men•Detecting emotions•Empathy•Emotional responsiveness•Facial expressions of emotion

•Exception: anger

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

Culture and Emotional Expression•Similarities:

•display and interpret facial expressions – universal (Eckman)

•Differences•Individualistic countries – convey visible facial expressions of inner feelings

•Gestures vary

Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion

The Effects of Facial Expressions

• Facial feedback – effect of facial expressions on emotion– Example:

• Behavior Feedback Theory – effect of your behavior on emotions– Example:

Basic Emotions

• 10 Basic Emotions at birth(Izard)

• Other’s are combo of the 10 basic

Fear• Adaptive value of fear• Learned

– Conditioning - fear things associated with naturally painful or traumatic experiences

– Observational Learning

• The biology of fear

–Amygdala• Phobias – fear disrupts ability to cope

Anger• Anger

– Evoked by events– Catharsis – emotional release

• Catharsis hypothesis – relieves aggressive urges/calms temporarily if

– Directed against provoker– Justifiable– Target not intimidating

• Example:

– Expressing anger can increase anger

Happiness• Happiness

– Feel-good, do-good phenomenon – people are more helpful when in a good mood.

• Example :

– Well-being – happiness/satisfaction with life

• Example:

HappinessThe Short Life of Emotional Ups and

Downs• Watson’s studies

HappinessWealth and Well-Being

HappinessWealth and Well-Being

Happiness

• Happiness and Prior Experience– Adaptation-level phenomenon -

tendency to judge various stimuli relative to those we have previously experienced

• Happiness and others’ attainments– Relative deprivation – tendency for

our personal happiness to be heavily influenced by others’ attainment

• Example -

HappinessPredictors of Happiness

Stress and Health• Health psychology - subfield of psychology that

contributes to the prevention and treatment of illness – Example:

• Behavioral medicine - interdisciplinary field that integrates and applies behavioral and medical knowledge to health and disease

Stress and Illness• Stress - process by which we perceive and respond to

environmental threats and challenges.– Stress appraisal – Short-lived or perceived as challenges = positive effects

• Mobilizes immune system• Motivates

– Prolonged = harms• Activation of sympathetic nervous system

• Fight or flight (Cannon) - Adrenal glands secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood steam

– Cortisol (outer part of adrenal glands)

• Tend and befriend (women)– oxytocin

Stress• Social readjustment

rating scale (SRRS)• Life Changing Units

(LCUs)- marriage, change job, etc…

• The more LCUs you have the higher your score is on the SRRS.

• Those who score higher are more likely to have stress related disease.

Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome

• Describes our response to a stressful event.

• Three stages1.Alarm2.Resistance3.Exhaustion

– Sources of Stress – daily hassles, too many things to do

General Adaptation Syndrome

Stress and the Heart

• Coronary heart disease – closing of vessels that nourish the heart

• Type A versus Type B (Friedman and Rosenman)– Type A – hard-driving impatient, verbally

aggressive, anger prone– Type B – easygoing, relaxed

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

• Psychophysiological illnesses – stress related physical illness– Examples – hypertension, headaches

• Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) – how psych, neural and endocrine system together affect immune system– Lymphocytes – 2 types of white blood cells

• B lymphocytes – In bone marrow,release antibodies• T lymphocytes – In thymus and other lymphatic tissue,

attack cancer cells, viruses

– Macrophage – Immune system agent that ingests worn-out red blood cells and tiny harmful bacteria

– Natural Killer (NK cells) - Immune system cells that pursue and destroy diseased body cells are called

Stress and Disease

• Arthritis – overactive immune system causes body to attack own tissue

• AIDS – stress can speed progression of HIV to AIDS by limiting production of lymphocytes

• Cancer – doesn’t create cancer cells, but may affect their growth by suppressing the activity of t-lymphocytes