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ZIMBABWE
MINISTRY OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION
PHYSICS SYLLABUS
FORMS 5 - 6
2015 - 2022
Curriculum Development and Technical ServicesP. O. Box MP 133Mount Pleasant
Harare
© All Rrights Reserved2015
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education wishes to acknowledge the following for their valued contribution in the production of this syllabus:
• Panelists for ‘A’ levelPhysics syllabus.• ZIMSEC.• Government departments.• Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education,Science and Technology Development.• United Nations Cchildren’s Fund UNICEF.• UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationUNESCO.
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
ii
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................i
CONTENTS ..............................................................................................................................................ii
1.0 PREAMBLE .......................................................................................................................................1
2.0 PRESENTATION OF THE SYLLABUS .............................................................................................1
3.0 AIMS ...................................................................................................................................................1
4.0 SYLLABUS OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................2
5.0 METHODOLOGY ..............................................................................................................................2
6.0 TOPICS ..............................................................................................................................................2
7.0 SCOPE AND SEQUENCE .................................................................................................................3
8.0 COMPETENCE MATRIX ....................................................................................................................5
FORM 5 ....................................................................................................................................................5
FORM 6 ....................................................................................................................................................23
9.0 ASSESSMENT ...................................................................................................................................40
10. 0 APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................................42
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
1
1.0 PREAMBLE 1.1 INTRODUCTION This syllabus is designed to put greater emphasis on the mastery and application of Physics. This two- year learning phase will make learners identify, investigate and solve problems in a sustainable manner and prepare them for further studies in Science and Technology. This learning phase will see learners being assessed through continuous assessment and national examinations. The ‘A’ level Physics syllabus is designed to inclusively cater for all categories of learners.
1.2 RATIONALE
Modern day economies, Zimbabwe included, are driven by Technology and Physics concepts form part of theba-sis. The study of Physics enables learners to be creative and innovative in industry and society that can promote the application of
Physics in industrial processes for value addition. The learning of Physics concepts promotes value addition andbeneficiationofnaturalresourcesandtheharness-ing of available opportunities for enterprise skills.
1.3 SUMMARY OF CONTENT
The ‘A’ level PhysicsSyllabus will cover theory and practi-cal activities in the following areas:
NewtonianMechanics Electrodynamics OscillationsandWaves PhysicsofMatter ModernPhysics
1.4 ASSUMPTIONS
It is assumed that:
- The learner has successfully completed Form 3 and 4 Physics Syllabus or any other equivalent syllabus.
- The learner has successfully completed Form 3 and 4 Mathematics syllabus.
- Science clubs are existing and operational in schools.
- Learners are conversant and have access to ICT.- Well-equipped laboratories are available and safe-
ty measures are adhered to.
1.5 CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES
Environmentalissues:climatechangeand disaster risk management Indigenousknowledgesystems Financialliteracy EnterpriseEducation Gender HIVandLifeskills ChildProtection. Teamwork Foodsecurity Safetyhealthissues
2.0 PRESENTATION OF THE SYLLABUSThe Advanced Level Physics syllabus is a single docu-ment covering Forms 5 and 6. It contains the Preamble, Aims,SyllabusObjectives,Methodology,Topics,Scopeand Sequence, CompetencyMatrix, Assessment, and Appendices.
3.0 AIMSThe aims are to enable learners to:
3.1acquiresufficientunderstandingandknowl-edgetobecomeconfidentcitizensinatech-nological world and be able to take or develop aninformedinterestinmattersofscientificimportance
3.1.1 recognise the usefulness, and limitations, of scientificmethodandtoappreciateitsapplica-bility in other disciplines and in everyday life
3.1.2 be suitably prepared for studies beyond A-Level.3.2 develop abilities and skills that are relevant to
the study and practice of Physics,are useful ineverydaylife,encourageefficientandsafepractice as well as effective communication.
3.3. develop attitudes relevant to Physics such as concernforaccuracyandprecision,objectivity,integrity, the skills of enquiry, initiative, innova-tiveness and inventiveness.
3.4. stimulate interest in, and care for the environ-ment in relation to the environmental impact of Physics and its applications.
3.5. promote an awareness, as guided by Ubuntu/Unhu/Vumunhuphilosophy,that:
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
2
• thestudyandpracticeofPhysicsareco-operativeandcumulativeactivities,andaresubjecttosocial,economic,technological,ethicalandculturalinfluenc-es and limitations.
• theimplicationsofPhysicsmaybebothbeneficialand detrimental to the individual, the community and the environment.
3.6 create a sustained interest in Physics so that thestudyofthesubjectisenjoyingand
satisfying.
4.0 SYLLABUS OBJECTIVES
Learners should be able to:
1. demonstrate knowledge about physical phenome-na,facts,laws,definitionsandconceptsofPhys-ics.
2. follow instructions in practical work in order to manipulate, record observations and analyse data toconfirmorestablishrelationships.
3. measure and express physical quantities to a given level of accuracy and precision.
4. solvereallifeproblemsusingthescientificmeth-od.
5. use ICT to simulate Physics phenomena, present and analyse Physics data
6. apply safety measures in all practical work.7. usePhysicsconcepts, principles and techniques in
the conservation and sustainable use of the envi-ronment.
5.0 METHODOLOGY The teaching and learning of Physics should be based on learner-centredapproach. The following methods are recommended:
• Plannedexperiments• Learningbydiscovery• Problembasedlearning• Individualandgroupwork• Educationaltours• Projectbasedlearning• Designbasedlearning• E-learningsuchassimulation•Resourceperson(s)
TIME ALLOCATION
A minimum of12 periods of 35 minutes each in a week should be allocated as double periods for adequate
coverage of the syllabus. A block of 4 periods should be allocated to practicalwork.
6.0 TOPICS1. General Physics2. Newtonian Mechanics3. OscillationsandWaves4. Electricity and Magnetism5. Electronics6. Matter7. Modern Physics
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
3
7.0
SC
OPE
AN
D S
EQU
ENC
E
2 7.
0
SCO
PE A
ND
SEQ
UEN
CE
TOPI
C FO
RM 5
FO
RM 6
1.
0 G
ener
al P
hysi
cs
Ph
ysic
al Q
uant
ities
and
Uni
ts
Er
rors
and
unc
erta
intie
s
2.0
New
toni
an M
echa
nics
Kine
mat
ics
D
ynam
ics
Fo
rces
Wor
k, E
nerg
y an
d Po
wer
Circ
ular
Mot
ion
G
ravi
tatio
nal F
ield
3.0
Osc
illat
ions
and
Wav
es
Oscilla
tions
Wav
es
Su
perp
ositi
on
4.0
Elec
tric
ity a
nd
Mag
netis
m
El
ectri
city
D.C
. Circ
uits
Elec
tric
field
s
Cap
acita
nce
Elec
tro m
agne
tism
Elec
trom
agne
tic In
duct
ion
Al
tern
atin
g C
urre
nts
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
4
3
TOPI
C FO
RM 5
FO
RM 6
5.
0 El
ectr
onic
s
An
alog
ue E
lect
roni
cs
D
igita
l ele
ctro
nics
6.0
Mat
ter
Phas
es o
f Mat
ter
D
efor
mat
ion
of S
olid
s
Tem
pera
ture
Ther
mal
Pro
perti
es o
f Mat
eria
ls
Id
eal g
ases
Non
-vis
cous
Flu
id F
low
Tran
sfer
of T
herm
al E
nerg
y
7.0
Mod
ern
Phys
ics
Cha
rged
Par
ticle
s
Qua
ntum
Phy
sics
Atom
ic S
truct
ure
R
adio
activ
ity
C
omm
unic
atio
n
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
4
5
8.0
CO
MPE
TEN
CE
MAT
RIX
FOR
M 5
1.0
GEN
ERA
L PH
YSIC
S
4 8.
0 C
OM
PETE
NC
E M
ATR
IX
FO
RM 5
1.
0 G
ener
al P
hysi
cs
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RC
ES
1.1
Phys
ical
qu
antit
ies
and
units
ex
pres
s de
rived
uni
ts a
s pr
oduc
ts o
r qu
otie
nts
of th
e ba
se u
nits
and
use
the
nam
ed u
nits
list
ed in
the
appe
ndix
use
base
uni
ts to
che
ck th
e ho
mog
enei
ty o
f phy
sica
l equ
atio
ns
de
rive
phys
ical
equ
atio
ns u
sing
bas
e un
its
de
mon
stra
te u
nder
stan
ding
and
use
the
conv
entio
ns fo
r lab
ellin
g gr
aph
axes
an
d ta
ble
colu
mns
use
the
follo
win
g pr
efix
es a
nd th
eir
sym
bols
to in
dica
te d
ecim
al s
ub-
mul
tiple
s or
mul
tiple
s of
bot
h ba
se a
nd
derivedunits:pico(p),nano(n),micro
(μ),
milli
(m),
cent
i (c)
, dec
i (d)
, kilo
(k),
mega(M),giga(G
),tera(T
)
dete
rmin
e th
e re
sulta
nt o
f tw
o or
mor
e co
plan
ar v
ecto
rs
re
pres
ent a
vec
tor a
s tw
o pe
rpen
dicu
lar
com
pone
nts
Ph
ysic
al q
uant
ities
and
eq
uatio
ns
Base
Qua
ntiti
es
SI
uni
ts
D
ata
pres
enta
tion
Vectors
D
eriv
ing
units
from
bas
e un
its
C
arry
ing
out p
lann
ed
expe
rimen
t in
mea
sure
men
t
chec
king
of t
he h
omog
enei
ty
of p
hysi
cal e
quat
ions
Mea
surin
g an
d Ex
pres
sing
ph
ysic
al q
uant
ities
in
mul
tiple
/sub
mul
tiple
uni
ts
ad
ding
and
sub
tract
ing
two
or m
ore
copl
anar
vec
tors
Res
olvi
ng v
ecto
rs
“A
SE p
ublic
atio
n SI
U
nits
, Sig
ns,
Sym
bols
and
Ab
brev
iatio
ns” (
The
ASE
Com
pani
on to
5-
16 S
cien
ce,
1995).
1.2
Erro
rs a
nd
unce
rtai
ntie
s
dist
ingu
ish
betw
een
syst
emat
ic a
nd
rand
om e
rrors
diffe
rent
iate
bet
wee
n pr
ecis
ion
and
accu
racy
asse
ss th
e un
certa
inty
in a
der
ived
qu
antit
y by
sim
ple
addi
tion
of a
ctua
l, fra
ctionalorpercentageuncertainties(a
rigor
ous
stat
istic
s tre
atm
ent i
s no
t required)
D
ata
pres
enta
tion
Er
rors
unce
rtain
ties
D
iffer
entia
ting
betw
een
syst
emat
ic a
nd ra
ndom
er
rors
.
Dem
onst
ratin
g pr
ecis
ion
and
accu
racy
Com
bini
ng e
rrors
G
raph
s
ICT
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
6
2.0
NEW
TON
IAN
MEC
HA
NIC
S
5 2.
0 N
EWTO
NIA
N M
ECH
ANIC
S TO
PIC
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D R
ESO
UR
CES
2.1
Kin
emat
ics
de
rive
from
the
defin
ition
s of
vel
ocity
and
ac
cele
ratio
n, e
quat
ions
w
hich
repr
esen
t uni
form
ly
acce
lera
ted
mot
ion
in a
st
raig
ht li
ne
so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
equa
tions
whi
ch re
pres
ent
unifo
rmly
acc
eler
ated
m
otio
n in
a s
traig
ht li
ne,
incl
udin
g th
e m
otio
n of
bo
dies
fallin
g in
a u
nifo
rm
grav
itatio
nal f
ield
with
out
air r
esis
tanc
e
de
scrib
e an
d ex
plai
n m
otio
n du
e to
a u
nifo
rm
velo
city
in o
ne d
irect
ion
and
a un
iform
ac
cele
ratio
n in
a
perp
endi
cula
r dire
ctio
n (Projectiles)
solv
e pr
oble
ms
usin
g st
anda
rd e
quat
ions
for
projectilemotion
id
entif
y an
d ex
plai
n so
me
ever
yday
exa
mpl
es o
f re
ctilin
ear a
nd n
on-li
near
m
otio
n
R
ectil
inea
r mot
ion
v =
u +
at
v² =
u²+
2as
s
= ut
+ ½
at²
Non
-line
ar m
otio
n
D
eriv
ing
equa
tions
of
mot
ion
So
lvin
g pr
oble
ms
usin
g eq
uatio
ns o
f lin
ear m
otio
n
An
alysingprojectilemotion
So
lvingprojectilemotion
prob
lem
s
IC
T
2.2
Dyn
amic
s
defin
e lin
ear m
omen
tum
as
the
prod
uct o
f mas
s an
d ve
loci
ty
so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
the
Li
near
mom
entu
m
Ex
plai
ning
the
use
of
forc
e-tim
e gr
aphs
IC
Ts
Tr
ollie
s
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
6
7
6
rela
tions
hip
F= m
a,
appr
ecia
ting
that
ac
cele
ratio
n an
d fo
rce
are
alw
ays
in th
e sa
me
dire
ctio
n
st
ate
the
prin
cipl
e of
co
nser
vatio
n of
m
omen
tum
use
the
prin
cipl
e of
co
nser
vatio
n of
m
omen
tum
on
sim
ple
appl
icat
ions
incl
udin
g el
astic
and
inel
astic
co
llisio
ns b
etw
een
two
bodi
es in
one
dim
ensi
on
(calculationsinvolvingthe
use
of c
oeffi
cien
t of
rest
itutio
n ar
e no
t required)
reco
gnis
e th
at, f
or a
pe
rfect
ly e
last
ic c
ollis
ion,
th
e re
lativ
e sp
eed
of
appr
oach
is e
qual
to th
e re
lativ
e sp
eed
of
sepa
ratio
n
defin
e im
puls
e as
'cha
nge
in m
omen
tum
'
expl
ain
the
sign
ifica
nce
of
area
und
er a
forc
e - t
ime
grap
h
desc
ribe
appl
icat
ions
of
New
ton'
s la
ws
of m
otio
n an
d co
nser
vatio
n of
line
ar
mom
entu
m
Im
puls
e
New
ton’
s la
ws
of m
otio
n
D
emon
stra
ting
elas
tic a
nd
inel
astic
col
lisio
ns u
sing
IC
T si
mul
atio
ns
D
eter
min
ing
area
und
er
forc
e-tim
e gr
aph
2.3
Forc
es
de
scrib
e th
e fo
rces
act
ing
on a
mas
s in
mot
ion
or a
t re
st
st
ate
and
expl
ain
the
Ty
pes
of fo
rces
Eq
uilib
rium
of f
orce
s
Usi
ng th
e ve
ctor
tria
ngle
to
repr
esen
t for
ces
in
Sp
ring
bala
nces
mas
s
Bure
tte/ l
ong
glas
s tu
be
M
etal
Bea
ds
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
8
7
orig
in o
f the
upt
hrus
t ac
ting
on a
bod
y in
a fl
uid
ca
lcul
ate
the
upth
rust
in
term
s of
the
wei
ght o
f the
di
spla
ced
fluid
(ArchimedesPrinciple)
desc
ribe
frict
ion
as a
forc
e w
hich
opp
oses
mot
ion
(knowledgeofcoefficient
of fr
ictio
n an
d vi
scos
ity is
required)
use
Stok
e's
law
to e
xpla
in
quan
titat
ivel
y ho
w a
bod
y fa
lling
thro
ugh
a vi
scou
s flu
id u
nder
lam
inar
co
nditi
ons
atta
ins
a te
rmin
al v
eloc
ity
de
scrib
e an
exp
erim
ent,
base
d on
the
mea
sure
men
t of t
erm
inal
ve
loci
ty, t
o de
term
ine
the
visc
osity
of a
liqu
id
de
scrib
e a
coup
le a
s a
pair
of fo
rces
tend
ing
to
prod
uce
rota
tion
only
defin
e an
d us
e th
e m
omen
t of a
forc
e an
d th
e to
rque
of a
cou
ple
ou
tline
the
cond
ition
s fo
r a
syst
em to
be
in
equi
libriu
m
de
scrib
e ev
eryd
ay
appl
icat
ion
of fo
rces
in
equi
libriu
m
Cen
tre o
f gra
vity
Tu
rnin
g ef
fect
s of
forc
es
Te
rmin
al v
eloc
ity.
equi
libriu
m
Inve
stig
atin
g “th
ree
forc
e”
equi
libriu
m u
sing
spr
ing
bala
nces
and
wei
ghts
Car
ryin
g ou
t exp
erim
ents
to
mea
sure
term
inal
ve
loci
ty
C
arry
ing
out e
xper
imen
ts
to d
eter
min
e th
e vi
scos
ity
of a
liqu
id
D
eter
min
ing
the
mom
ent
and
torq
ue o
f a c
oupl
e
M
eter
rule
Liqu
id p
araf
fin
M
aski
ng ta
pe/m
aker
Stop
wat
ch
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
8
9
8 2.
4 W
ork,
ener
gy a
nd p
ower
defin
e w
ork
in te
rms
of th
e pr
oduc
t of a
forc
e an
d di
spla
cem
ent i
n th
e di
rect
ion
of th
e fo
rce
ca
lcul
ate
the
wor
k do
ne in
a
num
ber o
f situ
atio
ns
incl
udin
g th
e w
ork
done
by
a g
as w
hich
is
expa
ndin
g ag
ains
t a
cons
tant
ext
erna
l pr
essu
re: W
= p
ΔV
de
rive,
from
the
equa
tions
of
mot
ion,
the
form
ula
E k=
½
mv2
re
call
and
appl
y th
e fo
rmul
a E k
= ½
mv2
di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n gr
avita
tiona
l pot
entia
l en
ergy
, ele
ctric
pot
entia
l en
ergy
and
ela
stic
po
tent
ial e
nerg
y
deriv
e, fr
om th
e de
finin
g eq
uatio
n W
= F
Δs, t
he
form
ula
E p =
mgh
for
pote
ntia
l ene
rgy
chan
ges
near
the
Earth
's s
urfa
ce
us
e th
e fo
rmul
a E p
=mgh
fo
r pot
entia
l ene
rgy
chan
ges
near
the
Earth
's
surfa
ce
ex
plai
n th
e co
ncep
t of
inte
rnal
ene
rgy
ex
plai
n th
at th
ere
are
ener
gy lo
sses
in p
ract
ical
de
vice
s an
d us
e th
e co
ncep
t of e
ffici
ency
rela
te p
ower
to w
ork
done
an
d tim
e ta
ken
usin
g ap
prop
riate
exa
mpl
es
de
rive
and
use
pow
er a
s
En
ergy
con
vers
ion
and
cons
erva
tion
Wor
k
Pote
ntia
l ene
rgy,
kin
etic
en
ergy
and
inte
rnal
en
ergy
Pow
er
M
easu
ring
wor
k re
quire
d fo
r var
ious
task
s
Estim
atin
g ki
netic
ene
rgy
ofvariousobjects
Inve
stig
atin
g sp
eed
of a
fallin
gobject(g
ravi
tatio
nal
pote
ntia
l
Mea
surin
g po
wer
out
put
of a
n el
ectri
c m
otor
VisitingPo
werstations
Fo
rce
met
re
St
op w
atch
Slot
ted
mas
ses
Li
ght g
ates
/ mot
ion
sens
ors
M
etre
rule
/ tap
e m
easu
re
El
ectri
c m
otor
Sola
r pan
els
Sola
r bul
bs
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
10
9
the
prod
uct o
f for
ce a
nd
velo
city
desc
ribe
and
expl
ain
ever
yday
exa
mpl
es o
f energyconversion(e.g.
hydr
o, th
erm
al, s
olar
, w
ind,
che
mic
al e
lect
ric
pow
er, a
nd e
nviro
nmen
tal
concerns)
U
sing
sol
ar p
anel
s fo
r he
atin
g an
d lig
htin
g
2.5
Circ
ular
Mot
ion
ex
pres
s an
gula
r di
spla
cem
ent i
n ra
dian
s
defin
e an
gula
r vel
ocity
, ce
ntrip
etal
forc
e an
d
cent
ripet
al a
ccel
erat
ion
un
ders
tand
the
use
of th
e co
ncep
t of a
ngul
ar
velo
city
deriv
e an
d us
e v
= rω
desc
ribe
qual
itativ
ely
the
mot
ion
in c
urve
d pa
th d
ue
to a
per
pend
icul
ar fo
rce
ex
plai
n th
e ce
ntrip
etal
ac
cele
ratio
n in
the
case
of
unifo
rm m
otio
n in
a c
ircle
Der
ive
and
use
cent
ripet
al
acce
lera
tion
a
= v
2 /r
and
a =
rω2
us
e ce
ntrip
etal
forc
e F
= m
v2 /r, F
= m
rω2
de
scrib
e an
d ex
plai
n ev
eryd
ay e
xam
ples
of
motioninacircle(to
incl
ude
bank
ed ro
ads,
ge
osta
tiona
ry o
rbits
and
theira
pplications)
Ki
nem
atic
s of
uni
form
ci
rcul
ar m
otio
n
C
entri
peta
l acc
eler
atio
n
Cen
tripe
tal f
orce
D
eriv
ing
the
equa
tions
of
circ
ular
mot
ion
Dem
onst
ratin
g ci
rcul
ar
mot
ion
in v
ertic
al a
nd
horizontalcirclesusing
buck
ets
with
wat
er.
Visitingcentreswhere
circ
ular
mot
ion
is u
sed.
Rid
ing
bicy
cles
at r
ound
ab
out.
D
eriv
ing
and
usin
g eq
uatio
ns w
hen
solv
ing
a pr
oble
m.
Bu
cket
Strin
g
Pe
ndul
um
IC
Ts
Bi
cycl
es
2.6
Gra
vita
tiona
l Fie
ld
sh
ow a
n un
ders
tand
ing
of
G
ravi
tatio
nal f
ield
Sim
ulat
ing
plan
etar
y
ICT
tool
s
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
10
11
10
a
grav
itatio
nal f
ield
as
a fie
ld o
f for
ce
de
fine
grav
itatio
nal f
ield
st
reng
th a
s fo
rce
per u
nit
mas
s
stat
e an
d us
e N
ewto
n's
law
of g
ravi
tatio
n in
the
form
F
= G
m1m
2/r2
an
alys
e ci
rcul
ar o
rbits
in
inve
rse
squa
re la
w fi
elds
by
rela
ting
the
grav
itatio
nal f
orce
to th
e ce
ntrip
etal
acc
eler
atio
n it
caus
es
de
rive
from
New
ton'
s la
w
of g
ravi
tatio
n an
d th
e de
finiti
on o
f gra
vita
tiona
l fie
ld s
treng
th, t
he
equa
tion
g
= G
m/r2 f
or
the
grav
itatio
nal f
ield
st
reng
th o
f a p
oint
mas
s
use
the
equa
tion
g =
Gm
/r2 for
the
grav
itatio
nal
field
stre
ngth
of a
poi
nt
mas
s
expl
ain
that
on
the
surfa
ce
of th
e Ea
rth g
is
appr
oxim
atel
y co
nsta
nt
and
is c
alle
d th
e ac
cele
ratio
n of
free
fall
desc
ribe
an e
xper
imen
t to
dete
rmin
e th
e ac
cele
ratio
n of
free
fall
usin
g a
fallin
g bo
dy
de
fine
pote
ntia
l at a
poi
nt
as th
e w
ork
done
in
brin
ging
uni
t mas
s fro
m
infin
ity to
the
poin
t
use
the
equa
tion
φ =
- G
m/r
for t
he p
oten
tial i
n
Fo
rce
betw
een
poin
t m
asse
s
Fiel
d of
a p
oint
mas
s
Fiel
d ne
ar th
e su
rface
of
the
earth
Gra
vita
tiona
l pot
entia
l
mot
ion
usin
g IC
T to
ols.
Car
ryin
g ou
t exp
erim
ents
usingfallin
gobjectsand
lase
r bea
ms
and
timer
s.
El
ectro
nic
timer
s
Mot
ion
sens
ors.
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
12
11
the
field
of a
poi
nt m
ass
de
scrib
e an
d ex
plai
n ev
eryd
ay a
pplic
atio
ns o
f th
e gr
avita
tiona
l for
ce o
f attraction(in
clud
e sa
tellit
e an
d pe
riodofro
tation)
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
12
13
3.0
OSC
ILLA
TIO
NS
AN
D W
AVES
12
3.0O
SCIL
LATI
ON
S AN
D W
AVES
TO
PIC
O
BJE
CTI
VES
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(SK
ILLS
, AT
TITU
DES
AN
D
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D R
ESO
UR
CES
3.1
Osc
illat
ions
desc
ribe
sim
ple
exam
ples
of f
ree
osci
llatio
ns s
uch
as th
e si
mpl
e pe
ndul
um, s
prin
g m
ass
syst
em a
nd
tors
iona
l pen
dulu
m
ex
plai
n th
e te
rms
ampl
itude
, per
iod,
fre
quen
cy, a
ngul
ar
frequ
ency
and
pha
se
diffe
renc
e
expr
ess
perio
d in
term
s of
freq
uenc
y an
d an
gula
r fre
quen
cy, f
=1/T
and
T=
2π/f
ex
pres
s gr
aphi
cally
the
chan
ges
in d
ispl
acem
ent,
velo
city
and
acc
eler
atio
n fo
r a s
impl
e os
cilla
tor
re
cogn
ise
and
use:
v=
v oco
swt
v=±
w (x
o 2 –
x2 )1/
2
prov
e th
at fo
r sim
ple
osci
llatio
ns a
= - w
2x
re
call
and
use
x =
x 0
sinw
t as
a s
olut
ion
to th
e eq
uatio
n a
= - w
2 X
desc
ribe
anal
ytic
ally
and
gr
aphi
cally
the
inte
r-ch
ange
bet
wee
n ki
netic
an
d po
tent
ial
(gravitational/elastic)
ener
gy in
a s
impl
e
Si
mpl
e ha
rmon
ic m
otio
n.
C
arry
ing
out e
xper
imen
ts
invo
lvin
g os
cilla
tory
sy
tem
s.
D
eriv
ing
a =–
w2 x
.
Solv
ing
prob
lem
s us
ing
the
liste
d eq
uatio
ns
D
raw
ing
and
anal
ysin
g di
spla
cem
ent,
velo
city
an
d ac
cele
ratio
n gr
aphs
.
Sp
ring
mas
s sy
stem
Sim
ple
pend
ulum
Load
ed c
antil
ever
Barto
n pe
ndul
ums
St
op w
atch
es
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
14
13
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D R
ESO
UR
CES
osci
llato
r
desc
ribe
exam
ples
of
dam
ped
osci
llatio
ns s
uch
as c
ar s
uspe
nsio
n sy
stem
s an
d m
ovin
g co
il m
eter
s
de
scrib
e gr
aphi
cally
the
degr
ees
of d
ampi
ng
de
scrib
e pr
actic
al
exam
ples
of f
orce
d vi
brat
ions
and
reso
nanc
e
de
pict
gra
phic
ally
how
th
e am
plitu
de c
hang
es
with
freq
uenc
y ne
ar th
e na
tura
l fre
quen
cy o
f an
osci
llatio
n sy
stem
stat
e ex
ampl
es w
here
re
sona
nce
is u
sefu
l and
w
here
it is
a n
uisa
nce
Dam
ped
and
forc
ed
osci
llatio
ns.
R
eson
ance
U
sing
Bar
ton
pend
ulum
s to
ana
lyse
reso
nanc
e
3.2
Wav
es
de
fine
criti
cal a
ngle
, c
and
tota
l int
erna
l re
flect
ion
de
rive
and
use
the
equa
tion
n =
1/s
in c
expl
ain
the
use
of to
tal
inte
rnal
refle
ctio
n in
fibr
e op
tics
trans
mis
sion
appr
ecia
te th
e ad
vant
age
of fi
bre
optic
s tra
nsm
issi
on
un
ders
tand
and
use
the
term
s sp
eed
of a
wav
e,
wav
e le
ngth
, fre
quen
cy,
perio
d, a
mpl
itude
and
ph
ase
diffe
renc
e
R
efle
ctio
n an
d re
fract
ion
of li
ght.
Po
laris
atio
n
El
ectro
-mag
netic
wav
es
Si
mul
atin
g IC
T.
D
eriv
ing
liste
d eq
uatio
ns,
visi
ting
and
usin
g th
em to
so
lve
prob
lem
s.
U
sing
pol
aroi
ds to
sho
w
pola
risat
ion
IC
T to
ols
Po
laro
ids
R
esou
rce
pers
ons
CRO
Rip
ple
tank
and
diff
ract
ion
grat
ing
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
14
15
14
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D R
ESO
UR
CES
de
duce
the
defin
ition
of
spee
d, fr
eque
ncy
and
wav
e le
ngth
use
the
equa
tion
v =
fλ
un
ders
tand
pol
aris
atio
n as
a p
heno
men
on
asso
ciat
ion
with
tra
nsve
rse
wav
es o
nly
de
scrib
e th
e m
ain
feat
ures
of
elec
trom
agne
tic
spec
trum
and
ch
arac
teris
tics
of
elec
trom
agne
tic w
aves
desc
ribe
the
mai
n fe
atur
es o
f the
x-ra
y tu
be
and
the
prod
uctio
n of
x-
rays
by
elec
tron
bom
bard
men
t on
a m
etal
target(n
oneedfor
equations)
un
ders
tand
the
use
of x
-ra
ys in
imag
ing
inte
rnal
st
ruct
ures
, inc
ludi
ng a
si
mpl
e an
alys
is o
f the
ca
uses
of s
harp
ness
and
co
ntra
st
un
ders
tand
the
use
of x
-ra
ys in
the
treat
men
t of
mal
igna
ncy
and
iden
tific
atio
n of
min
eral
s
us
e eq
uatio
n I =
I 0e-u
x for
th
e at
tenu
atio
n of
x-ra
ys
in m
atte
r
unde
rsta
nd th
e pu
rpos
e of
com
pute
d to
mog
raph
y
X-
ray
prod
uctio
n
X-
ray
tube
inte
nsity
and
ha
rdne
ss.
Use
s of
x-ra
ys.
X-
ray
diffr
acto
met
er o
r x-
ray
diffr
actio
n.
D
iffra
ctio
n.
In
terfe
renc
e.
Tw
o so
urce
inte
rfere
nce
patte
rn
D
iffra
ctio
n or
der
Visitingx-
ray
and
C.T
. Sc
an c
entre
.
Mea
surin
g w
ave
leng
th.
So
lvin
g pr
oble
ms
usin
g lis
ted
form
ulae
.
Car
ryin
g ou
t exp
erim
ents
on
diff
ract
ion.
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
16
15
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D R
ESO
UR
CES
or u
nder
stan
d th
e pr
inci
ples
of C
T sc
anni
ng
di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n st
atio
nery
and
pr
ogre
ssiv
e w
aves
dete
rmin
e th
e w
ave
leng
th o
f sou
nd u
sing
st
atio
nary
wav
es
unde
rsta
nd h
ow th
e im
age
of a
n 8
voxe
l cub
e ca
n be
dev
elop
ed u
sing
C
T sc
an
C
T sc
anni
ng
3.3
Supe
rpos
ition
expl
ain
the
prin
cipl
e of
su
per p
ositi
on in
sim
ple
appl
icat
ion
ex
plai
n an
d id
entif
y no
des
and
antin
odes
show
an
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
exp
erim
ents
whi
ch
dem
onst
rate
two-
sour
ce
inte
rfere
nce
(You
ng’s
tw
o-sl
it ex
perim
ent
ex
plai
n th
e te
rm
cohe
renc
e
expl
ain
the
cond
ition
s re
quire
d if
two
sour
ce
inte
rfere
nce
fring
es a
re to
be
obs
erve
d
use
the
equa
tion,
for
fring
e sp
acin
g x
= λ
D/a
dem
onst
rate
exp
erim
ents
on
diff
ract
ion
use
the
form
ula
nλ =
dsi
nθ
to
dete
rmin
e th
e w
ave
Expe
rimen
ting
on s
uper
po
sitio
n an
d st
atio
nery
w
ave
form
atio
n.
IC
T to
ols
Si
gnal
gen
erat
or
M
icro
phon
e
Slin
ky s
prin
g
Rop
e
Met
er ru
le
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
16
17
16
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D R
ESO
UR
CES
leng
th o
f lig
ht
4.0
ELEC
TRIC
ITYA
ND
MAG
NET
ISM
TO
PIC
O
BJE
CTI
VES
Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
4.1
Elec
tric
ity
de
scrib
e pr
actic
al
appl
icat
ions
of e
lect
rost
atic
ph
enom
ena
in
phot
ocop
ying
, pai
nt s
pray
ing
and
dust
attr
actio
n
defin
e th
e ch
arge
and
the
coul
omb
de
fine
pote
ntia
l diff
eren
ce
and
the
volt
so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
Q=I
t, V=
W/QP=V
I,P=
V2/R
and
P =
I2 R
de
fine
resi
stan
ce a
nd th
e oh
m
re
call
and
solv
e pr
oble
ms
usin
g R
=ρI/A
defin
e e.
m.f.
in te
rms
of
ener
gy tr
ansf
erre
d by
a
sour
ce in
driv
ing
unit
char
ge
roun
d a
com
plet
e ci
rcui
t
use
appr
opria
te e
quip
men
t in
trou
ble
shoo
ting
elec
trica
l ci
rcui
ts
di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n e.
m.f.
an
d p.
d. i
n te
rms
of e
nerg
y co
nsid
erat
ions
desc
ribe
the
effe
cts
of
Si
mpl
e el
ectro
stat
ic p
heno
men
a
Elec
tric
curre
nt
Pote
ntia
l diff
eren
ce
Res
ista
nce
and
resi
stiv
ity
Circ
uit f
aults
El
ectro
mot
ive
faul
ts
Pow
er
C
arry
ing
visi
ts to
pla
ces
whe
re e
lect
rost
atic
s sp
ray
pain
ting,
pho
toco
pyin
g an
d du
st a
ttrac
tion
are
done
.
Solv
ing
circ
uit p
robl
ems
usin
g lis
ted
equa
tions
Taki
ng m
easu
rem
ent t
o di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n e.
m.f.
an
d p.
d.
Id
entif
ying
and
fixi
ng
R
esou
rce
pers
on
Ph
otoc
opie
r
ICT
tool
s
Pow
er s
ourc
e
Car
bon
resi
stor
s
Voltm
eters
Am
met
ers
C
onst
anta
n w
ires
M
ulti-
met
er
C.R.O.
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
18
4.0
ELE
CTR
ICIT
YAN
D M
AG
NET
ISM
16
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D R
ESO
UR
CES
leng
th o
f lig
ht
4.0
ELEC
TRIC
ITYA
ND
MAG
NET
ISM
TO
PIC
O
BJE
CTI
VES
Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
4.1
Elec
tric
ity
de
scrib
e pr
actic
al
appl
icat
ions
of e
lect
rost
atic
ph
enom
ena
in
phot
ocop
ying
, pai
nt s
pray
ing
and
dust
attr
actio
n
defin
e th
e ch
arge
and
the
coul
omb
de
fine
pote
ntia
l diff
eren
ce
and
the
volt
so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
Q=I
t, V=
W/QP=V
I,P=
V2/R
and
P =
I2 R
de
fine
resi
stan
ce a
nd th
e oh
m
re
call
and
solv
e pr
oble
ms
usin
g R
=ρI/A
defin
e e.
m.f.
in te
rms
of
ener
gy tr
ansf
erre
d by
a
sour
ce in
driv
ing
unit
char
ge
roun
d a
com
plet
e ci
rcui
t
use
appr
opria
te e
quip
men
t in
trou
ble
shoo
ting
elec
trica
l ci
rcui
ts
di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n e.
m.f.
an
d p.
d. i
n te
rms
of e
nerg
y co
nsid
erat
ions
desc
ribe
the
effe
cts
of
Si
mpl
e el
ectro
stat
ic p
heno
men
a
Elec
tric
curre
nt
Pote
ntia
l diff
eren
ce
Res
ista
nce
and
resi
stiv
ity
Circ
uit f
aults
El
ectro
mot
ive
faul
ts
Pow
er
C
arry
ing
visi
ts to
pla
ces
whe
re e
lect
rost
atic
s sp
ray
pain
ting,
pho
toco
pyin
g an
d du
st a
ttrac
tion
are
done
.
Solv
ing
circ
uit p
robl
ems
usin
g lis
ted
equa
tions
Taki
ng m
easu
rem
ent t
o di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n e.
m.f.
an
d p.
d.
Id
entif
ying
and
fixi
ng
R
esou
rce
pers
on
Ph
otoc
opie
r
ICT
tool
s
Pow
er s
ourc
e
Car
bon
resi
stor
s
Voltm
eters
Am
met
ers
C
onst
anta
n w
ires
M
ulti-
met
er
C.R.O.
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
18
19
17
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
inte
rnal
resi
stan
ce o
f a
sour
ce o
f e.m
.f. o
n te
rmin
al
pote
ntia
l diff
eren
ce a
nd
outp
ut p
ower
calc
ulat
e th
e in
tern
al
resi
stan
ce o
f a s
ourc
e of
e.m.f.usingV=E
– I
r
dete
rmin
e pr
actic
ally
the
internalre
sistance(r)o
fa
pow
er s
ourc
e
Inte
rnal
resi
stan
ce
faul
ty c
ircui
ts.
Te
stin
g ba
sic
circ
uit
com
pone
nts
C
arry
ing
out e
xper
imen
ts
to m
easu
re in
tern
al
resi
stan
ce.
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
20
18
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
4.2
D.C
. Circ
uits
stat
e Ki
rchh
off’s
firs
t law
and
ex
plai
n th
e lin
k to
co
nser
vatio
n of
cha
rge
st
ate
Kirc
hhof
f’s s
econ
d la
w
and
expl
ain
the
link
to
cons
erva
tion
of e
nerg
y
deriv
e, u
sing
Kirc
hhof
f’s
law
s an
d fo
rmul
a fo
r the
co
mbi
ned
resi
stan
ce o
f tw
o or
mor
e re
sist
ors
in s
erie
s an
d pa
ralle
l
appl
y Ki
rchh
off’s
law
s to
so
lve
sim
ple
circ
uit
prob
lem
s
use
pote
ntia
l div
ider
as
a so
urce
of v
aria
ble
p.d.
desc
ribe
and
expl
ain
the
use
of th
erm
isto
r, LD
R a
nd
stra
in g
auge
in p
oten
tial
divi
der c
ircui
ts to
pro
vide
vo
ltage
repr
esen
tativ
es o
f ph
ysic
al q
uant
ities
use
the
prin
cipl
e of
the
pote
ntio
met
er a
s a
mea
ns o
f co
mpa
ring
pote
ntia
l di
ffere
nces
Ki
rchh
off’s
law
s.
U
se p
oten
tial d
ivid
er.
Prin
cipl
e of
the
pote
ntio
met
er
So
lvin
g pr
oble
ms
usin
g Ki
rchh
off’s
law
s.
Usi
ng K
irchh
off’s
law
s to
de
rive
form
ula
for
resi
stor
s.
U
sing
pot
entia
l div
ider
in
circ
uits
.
Car
ryin
g ou
t exp
erim
ents
to
det
erm
ine
unkn
own
e.m
.fs a
nd to
com
pare
p.
ds.
IC
T to
ols
Po
wer
sou
rces
Car
bon
resi
stor
s
L.D
.R
Th
erm
isto
r
Stra
in g
auge
Pote
ntio
met
er
G
alva
nom
eter
Jock
ey
4.3
Elec
tric
fiel
ds
de
scrib
e an
ele
ctric
fiel
d as
an
exa
mpl
e of
a fi
eld
of
forc
e an
d de
fine
elec
tric
field
C
once
pt o
f an
elec
tric
field
and
fie
ld s
treng
th.
So
lvin
g pr
oble
ms
usin
g st
ated
form
ulae
IC
T to
ols
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
20
21
19
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
stre
ngth
as
forc
e pe
r uni
t po
sitiv
e ch
arge
useE=V/dtocalculatethe
field
stre
ngth
of t
he u
nifo
rm
field
bet
wee
n ch
arge
d pa
ralle
l pla
tes
in te
rms
of
pote
ntia
l diff
eren
ce a
nd
sepa
ratio
n
ca
lcul
ate
the
forc
es o
n ch
arge
s in
uni
form
in e
lect
ric
field
s
de
scrib
e th
e ef
fect
of a
un
iform
ele
ctric
fiel
d on
the
mot
ion
of c
harg
ed p
artic
les
use
Cou
lom
b’s
law
in th
e fo
rm F
=Q1 Q
2/(4π
ε0r
2) fo
r th
e fo
rce
betw
een
two
poin
t ch
arge
in fr
eed
spac
e of
air
use
E=Q
/4 π
ε0r
2 for
the
field
st
reng
th o
f a p
oint
cha
rge
in
free
spac
e or
air
defin
e po
tent
ial a
t a p
oint
in
term
s of
wor
k do
ne in
br
ingi
ng a
uni
t pos
itive
ch
arge
from
infin
ity to
the
poin
t
stat
e th
at th
e fie
ld s
treng
th
of th
e fie
ld a
t a p
oint
is
num
eric
ally
equ
al to
the
pote
ntia
l gra
dien
t at t
hat
poin
t
use
the
equa
tion
V=
Q/4
πε 0
r2 for
the
pote
ntia
l in
the
field
of a
poi
nt c
harg
e
co
mpa
re q
ualit
ativ
e an
d qu
antit
ativ
e as
pect
of
U
nifo
rm e
lect
ric fi
elds
.
Forc
e be
twee
n po
int c
harg
es.
El
ectri
c fie
ld o
f a p
oint
cha
rge.
Elec
tric
pote
ntia
l.
Pote
ntia
l gra
dien
t.
Si
mul
atin
g an
ele
ctric
fiel
d
Indi
catin
g si
mila
ritie
s be
twee
n el
ectri
c an
d gr
avita
tiona
l fie
lds.
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
22
20
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
elec
tric
and
grav
itatio
nal
field
s
4.4
Cap
acita
nces
desc
ribe
the
func
tion
of
capa
cito
rs in
sim
ple
circ
uits
defin
e ca
paci
tanc
e an
d th
e fa
rad
solveproblemsusingC=Q
/V
de
rive,
usi
ng th
e fo
rmul
ae
C=Q
/V,conservationof
char
ge a
nd e
ditio
n of
p.d
s,
the
form
ulae
for c
apac
itors
in
ser
ies
and
para
llel
so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
form
ulae
for c
apac
itors
in
serie
s an
d in
par
alle
l
dedu
ce th
e ar
ea u
nder
a
pote
ntia
l-cha
rge
grap
h, th
e eq
uatio
n W
=1/2QVand
henceW=1/2CV2
desc
ribe
char
ging
and
di
scha
rgin
g of
cap
acito
rs in
R
C c
ircui
ts
C
apac
itors
and
cap
acita
nce
En
ergy
sto
red
in a
cap
acito
r.
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e us
e of
ca
paci
tors
in e
lect
roni
c ci
rcui
ts
Solv
e pr
oble
ms
usin
g th
e st
ated
form
ulae
.
D
eriv
e W
=1/2
QVusing
grap
hs
C
harg
ing
and
disc
harg
ing
capa
cito
rs in
circ
uits
.
R
esis
tors
Cap
acito
rs
Po
wer
sou
rce
Am
met
ers
FO
RM 6
4.5
Elec
trom
agne
tism
expl
ain
that
a fo
rce
mig
ht
act o
n a
curre
nt
ca
rryi
ng c
ondu
ctor
pla
ced
in
a m
agne
tic fi
eld
so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
the
equa
tion
F =
BIL
sin
θ w
ith
dire
ctio
ns a
s in
terp
rete
d by
Fl
emin
g’s
left
hand
rule
defin
e m
agne
tic fl
ux d
ensi
ty
and
the
test
la
Fo
rce
on c
urre
nt-c
arry
ing
cond
ucto
r
Forc
e on
a m
ovin
g ch
arge
.
Mag
netic
fiel
ds d
ue to
cur
rent
s
C
arry
ing
out e
xper
imen
t to
ver
ify F
=BIL
sin
θ
Solv
ing
prob
lem
s us
ing
F=BI
L si
n θ
and
F
= Bq
v si
n θ.
Det
erm
inin
g di
rect
ion
usin
g Fl
emin
g’s
left
hand
ru
le.
Pe
rman
ent m
agne
ts
M
etal
lic ro
ds
R
ider
Hal
f met
er ru
le
Pr
otra
ctor
Pow
er p
ack
Am
met
er
El
ectro
nic
bala
nce
C
ompu
ter
So
leno
id
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
22
23
20
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
elec
tric
and
grav
itatio
nal
field
s
4.4
Cap
acita
nces
desc
ribe
the
func
tion
of
capa
cito
rs in
sim
ple
circ
uits
defin
e ca
paci
tanc
e an
d th
e fa
rad
solveproblemsusingC=Q
/V
de
rive,
usi
ng th
e fo
rmul
ae
C=Q
/V,conservationof
char
ge a
nd e
ditio
n of
p.d
s,
the
form
ulae
for c
apac
itors
in
ser
ies
and
para
llel
so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
form
ulae
for c
apac
itors
in
serie
s an
d in
par
alle
l
dedu
ce th
e ar
ea u
nder
a
pote
ntia
l-cha
rge
grap
h, th
e eq
uatio
n W
=1/2QVand
henceW=1/2CV2
desc
ribe
char
ging
and
di
scha
rgin
g of
cap
acito
rs in
R
C c
ircui
ts
C
apac
itors
and
cap
acita
nce
En
ergy
sto
red
in a
cap
acito
r.
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e us
e of
ca
paci
tors
in e
lect
roni
c ci
rcui
ts
Solv
e pr
oble
ms
usin
g th
e st
ated
form
ulae
.
D
eriv
e W
=1/2
QVusing
grap
hs
C
harg
ing
and
disc
harg
ing
capa
cito
rs in
circ
uits
.
R
esis
tors
Cap
acito
rs
Po
wer
sou
rce
Am
met
ers
FO
RM 6
4.5
Elec
trom
agne
tism
expl
ain
that
a fo
rce
mig
ht
act o
n a
curre
nt
ca
rryi
ng c
ondu
ctor
pla
ced
in
a m
agne
tic fi
eld
so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
the
equa
tion
F =
BIL
sin
θ w
ith
dire
ctio
ns a
s in
terp
rete
d by
Fl
emin
g’s
left
hand
rule
defin
e m
agne
tic fl
ux d
ensi
ty
and
the
test
la
Fo
rce
on c
urre
nt-c
arry
ing
cond
ucto
r
Forc
e on
a m
ovin
g ch
arge
.
Mag
netic
fiel
ds d
ue to
cur
rent
s
C
arry
ing
out e
xper
imen
t to
ver
ify F
=BIL
sin
θ
Solv
ing
prob
lem
s us
ing
F=BI
L si
n θ
and
F
= Bq
v si
n θ.
Det
erm
inin
g di
rect
ion
usin
g Fl
emin
g’s
left
hand
ru
le.
Pe
rman
ent m
agne
ts
M
etal
lic ro
ds
R
ider
Hal
f met
er ru
le
Pr
otra
ctor
Pow
er p
ack
Am
met
er
El
ectro
nic
bala
nce
C
ompu
ter
So
leno
id
FOR
M 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
24
21
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
de
mon
stra
te h
ow th
e fo
rce
on a
cur
rent
-car
ryin
g co
nduc
tor c
an b
e us
ed to
m
easu
re th
e flu
x de
nsity
of
a m
agne
tic fi
eld
usin
g a
curre
nt b
alan
ce
pr
edic
t the
dire
ctio
n of
the
forc
e on
a c
harg
e m
ovin
g in
a
mag
netic
fiel
d
so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
F =
Bqv
sinθ
sket
ch fl
ux p
atte
rns
due
to a
lo
ng s
traig
ht w
ire, a
flat
ci
rcul
ar c
oil a
nd a
long
so
leno
id
sh
ow th
at th
e fie
ld d
ue to
a
sole
noid
may
be
influ
ence
d by
the
pres
ence
of a
ferro
us
core
desc
ribe
the
prin
cipl
e of
the
elec
tro m
agne
t and
sta
te it
s us
es
ex
plai
n th
e fo
rce
betw
een
curre
nt c
arry
ing
cond
ucto
rs
and
pred
ict t
he d
irect
ion
of
the
forc
e
desc
ribe
and
com
pare
the
forc
es o
n m
ass,
cha
rge
and
curre
nt in
a g
ravi
tatio
nal,
elec
tric
and
mag
netic
fiel
ds,
as a
ppro
pria
te
de
scrib
e ho
w a
cal
ibra
ted
Hal
l pro
be c
an b
e us
ed to
m
easu
re fl
ux d
ensi
ty
El
ectro
mag
net.
Fo
rce
betw
een
curre
nt- c
arry
ing
cond
ucto
rs.
H
all p
robe
.
C
arry
ing
out e
xper
imen
t to
det
erm
ine
flux
dens
ity
usin
g cu
rrent
bal
ance
Sket
chin
g flu
x fie
ld
patte
rns.
Sim
ulat
ing
forc
e on
a
mov
ing
char
ge in
B fi
eld
usin
g co
mpu
ters
Inve
stig
atin
g th
e ef
fect
of
ferro
us c
ore
in a
sol
enoi
d
Mea
surin
g flu
x de
nsity
us
ing
a ca
libra
ted
Hal
l pr
obe.
So
ft iro
n co
re
4.6
Elec
trom
agne
tic
Indu
ctio
n
defin
e m
agne
tic fl
ux a
nd th
e W
eber
Law
s of
ele
ctro
mag
netic
in
duct
ion
So
lvin
g pr
oble
ms
usin
g φ
=
BA
.
Dyn
amo
Voltm
eter
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
24
25
22
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
s
olve
pro
blem
s us
ing
φ
= B
A.
d
efin
e m
agne
tic fl
ux li
nkag
e
de
duce
from
app
ropr
iate
ex
perim
ents
on
elec
trom
agne
tic in
duct
ion
-
that
a c
hang
ing
mag
netic
flux
can
in
duce
an
e.m
.f. in
a
circ
uit,
-
that
the
dire
ctio
n of
the
indu
ced
e.m
.f. o
ppos
es
the
chan
ge p
rodu
cing
it
- th
e fa
ctor
s af
fect
ing
the
mag
nitu
de o
f the
in
duce
d e.
m.f.
-
Fara
day's
law
- Lenzlaw
Mea
surin
g vo
ltage
and
cu
rrent
gen
erat
ed b
y a
dyna
mo
Ve
rifyingLenz
law
Am
met
er
So
leno
id/
coil
Mag
net
Centerzero
galv
anom
eter
4.7
Alte
rnat
ing
Cur
rent
s
defin
e an
d us
e th
e te
rms
perio
d, fr
eque
ncy,
pea
k va
lue
and
root
-mea
n-square(r.m.s)valueas
appl
ied
to a
n al
tern
atin
g cu
rrent
or v
olta
ge.
de
duce
that
the
mea
n po
wer
in
a re
sist
ive
load
is h
alf t
he
max
imum
pow
er fo
r a
sinu
soid
al a
ltern
atin
g cu
rrent
repr
esen
t an
alte
rnat
ing
curre
nt o
r an
alte
rnat
ing
volta
ge b
y an
equ
atio
n of
the
form
x =
xo si
nωt
di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n r.m
.s
and
peak
val
ues
and
solv
e pr
oble
ms
usin
g th
e re
latio
nshi
p 𝐼𝐼 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟=𝐼𝐼 𝑜𝑜
√2⁄fo
r th
e si
nuso
idal
cas
e
show
an
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
C
hara
cter
istic
s of
alte
rnat
ing
curre
nts
The
trans
form
er
Tr
ansm
issi
on o
f ele
ctric
al
ener
gy
R
ectif
icat
ion
usingaCROtodisplay
and
mea
sure
pea
k vo
ltage
/cur
rent
and
de
term
inin
g ro
ot-m
ean-
squa
re
in
vest
igat
ing
the
effe
ct o
f nu
mbe
r of t
urns
on
outp
ut
volta
ge/c
urre
nt
m
akin
g pr
otot
ype
trans
form
er
conn
ectin
g di
odes
to
disp
lay
half-
wav
e an
d fu
ll-w
ave
rect
ifica
tion.
CRO
A.C
pow
er s
ourc
e
prot
otyp
e tra
nsfo
rmer
diod
es
CRO
A.C
pow
er s
ourc
e
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
26
23
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
the
prin
cipl
e of
ope
ratio
n of
a
sim
ple
iron-
core
d tra
nsfo
rmer
an
d so
lve
the
prob
lem
s us
ing
𝑁𝑁 𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁 𝑝𝑝⁄
=𝑉𝑉 𝑠𝑠𝑉𝑉 𝑝𝑝⁄
=𝐼𝐼 𝑝𝑝
𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠⁄
f
or a
n id
eal t
rans
form
er.
ex
plai
n th
e us
e of
oil
in
trans
form
er
sh
ow a
n ap
prec
iatio
n of
the
scie
ntifi
c an
d ec
onom
ic
adva
ntag
es o
f alte
rnat
ing
curre
nt a
nd o
f hig
h vo
ltage
s fo
r the
tran
smis
sion
of
elec
tric
ener
gy
st
ate
the
scie
ntifi
c an
d ec
onom
ic a
dvan
tage
s of
al
tern
atin
g cu
rrent
and
of
high
vol
tage
dist
ingu
ish
grap
hica
lly
betw
een
half-
wav
e an
d fu
ll-w
ave
rect
ifica
tion
ex
plai
n th
e us
e of
a s
ingl
e di
ode
for t
he h
alf-w
ave
rect
ifica
tion
of a
n al
tern
atin
g cu
rrent
expl
ain
the
use
of fo
ur
diodes(b
ridgere
ctifier)for
the
full-
wav
e re
ctifi
catio
n of
an
alte
rnat
ing
curre
nt.
an
alys
e th
e ef
fect
of a
sin
gle
capa
cito
r in
smoo
thin
g,
incl
udin
g th
e ef
fect
of t
he
valu
e -
of c
apac
itanc
e in
rela
tion
to th
e lo
ad re
sist
ance
5.0.
ELE
CTR
ON
ICS
desc
ribe
the
use
of th
e lig
ht-
Tr
ansd
ucer
s
Con
stru
ctin
g ci
rcui
ts to
oper
atio
nal
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
26
27
24
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
5.1
Anal
ogue
Ele
ctro
nics
em
ittingdiode(LED
),the
buzzera
nd th
e re
lay
as
outp
ut d
evic
es
de
scrib
e th
e pr
oper
ties
of th
e id
eal a
mpl
ifier
as
a co
mpa
rato
r
expl
ain
the
use
of a
n op
erat
iona
l am
plifi
er a
s a
com
para
tor
di
scus
s th
e pr
inci
ples
of
nega
tive
and
of p
ositi
ve
feed
back
in a
n am
plifi
er
de
scrib
e th
e ci
rcui
t dia
gram
s fo
r bot
h th
e in
verti
ng a
nd th
e no
n-in
verti
ng a
mpl
ifier
for
sing
le s
igna
l inp
ut
us
e th
e vi
rtual
ear
th
appr
oxim
atio
n to
der
ive
an
expr
essi
on fo
r the
gai
n of
in
verti
ng a
mpl
ifier
s
use
expr
essi
on fo
r the
vo
ltage
gai
n of
inve
rting
and
no
n-in
verti
ng a
mpl
ifier
s
disc
uss
the
effe
ct o
f neg
ativ
e fe
edba
ck o
n th
e ga
in a
nd o
n th
e ba
ndw
idth
of a
n op
erat
iona
l am
plifi
er
de
scrib
e th
e us
e of
an
oper
atio
nal a
mpl
ifier
as
a su
mm
ing
ampl
ifier
in th
e in
verti
ng m
ode
de
scrib
e th
e us
e of
an
oper
atio
nal a
mpl
ifier
as
a vo
ltage
follo
wer
desc
ribe
the
use
of a
n op
erat
iona
l am
plifi
er a
s a
non-
inve
rting
Sch
mitt
-trig
ger,
Th
e id
eal o
pera
tiona
l am
plifi
er
Operationalamplifiercircuits
show
func
tioni
ng o
f co
ntro
l sys
tem
s e.
g bu
rgla
r ala
rms,
aut
omat
ed
stre
et li
ghtn
ing
syst
em,
As
sem
blin
g ci
rcui
ts to
sh
ow th
e ef
fect
of
nega
tive
feed
back
on
gain
an
d ba
ndw
idth
ampl
ifier
s IC
s
circ
uit b
oard
s
LED
Buzzer
rela
y
CRO
carb
on re
sist
ors
Si
gnal
gen
erat
or
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
28
25
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
with
pos
itive
feed
back
pr
ovid
ed b
y a
pote
ntia
l di
vide
r
5.2
Dig
ital E
lect
roni
cs
de
scrib
e th
e fu
nctio
n of
eac
h ofthefollowinggates:NOT,
AND
, NAN
D,O
R,N
ORand
repr
esen
t the
se fu
nctio
ns b
y m
eans
oftruthtables(limited
to a
max
imum
of t
wo
inpu
ts,
whereappropriate)
d
escr
ibe
how
to c
ombi
ne
AND,N
OTandORgates,or
NAN
D g
ates
onl
y, to
form
EX
ORandEX-NORgates
anal
yse
circ
uits
usi
ng
com
bina
tions
of l
ogic
gat
es
to p
erfo
rm c
ontro
l fun
ctio
ns
ex
plai
n ho
w to
con
stru
ct a
nd
inte
rpre
t tru
th ta
bles
for
com
bina
tions
of l
ogic
gat
es
d
escr
ibe
the
func
tion
of
sim
ple
elec
troni
c de
vice
s an
d sy
stem
s w
hich
are
foun
d in
the
hom
e, in
indu
stry
and
in
com
mun
icat
ions
app
reci
ate
the
impa
ct o
f el
ectro
nic
devi
ces
and
syst
ems
on d
omes
tic a
nd
indu
stria
l act
iviti
es
a
ppre
ciat
e th
e im
pact
of
elec
troni
c de
vice
s an
d sy
stem
s on
mod
ern
com
mun
icat
ions
Lo
gic
gate
s
Logi
c ga
tes
com
bina
tions
The
impa
ct o
f ele
ctro
nics
in
soci
ety
and
indu
stry
As
sem
blin
g ci
rcui
ts to
sh
ow fu
nctio
nalit
y of
NOT,
AND,N
AND,O
R,N
OR
M
akin
g ci
rcui
ts w
ith a
m
esh
of lo
gic
gate
s to
op
en a
saf
e, o
r oth
er
cont
rol f
unct
ions
Dis
cuss
ing
and
expl
aini
ng
how
ele
ctro
nics
has
mad
e lif
e ea
sier
IC
s
pow
er s
ourc
e
switc
hes
CRO
lo
gic
gate
s
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
28
29
26
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(Ski
lls.
Attit
udes
and
kno
wle
dge)
Su
gges
ted
lear
ning
ac
tiviti
es a
nd n
otes
Su
gges
ted
reso
urce
s
6.0
MAT
TER
TO
PIC
O
BJE
CTI
VES
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(SK
ILLS
, AT
TITU
DES
AN
D
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RC
ES
6.1
Phas
es o
f Mat
ter
rela
te th
e di
ffere
nce
in th
e st
ruct
ures
an
d de
nsiti
es o
f sol
ids,
liqu
ids
and
gase
s to
sim
ple
idea
s of
the
spac
ing,
or
derin
g an
d m
otio
n of
mol
ecul
es
de
scrib
e a
sim
ple
kine
tic m
odel
for
solid
s, li
quid
s an
d ga
ses
di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n th
e pr
oces
s of
m
eltin
g, b
oilin
g an
d ev
apor
atio
n
defin
e th
e te
rm p
ress
ure
and
usin
g th
e ki
netic
mod
el e
xpla
in th
e pr
essu
re
exer
ted
by g
ases
deriv
e, fr
om th
e de
finiti
ons
of p
ress
ure
and
dens
ity th
e eq
uatio
n p
= ƿg
h
use
the
equa
tion
p =ƿ
gh.
D
ensi
ty
Stat
es o
f mat
ter
Cha
nge
of p
hase
Pres
sure
in fl
uids
C
arry
ing
out e
xper
imen
t to
obse
rve
the
rand
om
mov
emen
t of m
olec
ules
.
Car
ryin
g ou
t exp
erim
ents
to
dete
rmin
e th
e pr
essu
re d
ue
to a
liqu
id c
olum
n.
tra
nspa
rent
gla
ss
tube
Ice
Cub
e
Labo
rato
ry
ther
mom
eter
A be
aker
Buns
en b
urne
r
6.2
Def
orm
atio
n of
So
lids
ex
plai
nhow
the
defo
rmat
ion
is a
resu
lt of
de
form
atio
n te
nsile
or c
ompr
essi
ve
de
scrib
e th
e be
havi
our o
f spr
ings
in
term
s of
load
, ext
ensi
on, e
last
ic li
mit,
H
ooke
’s la
w a
nd th
e sp
ring
cons
tant
(i.e.
forceperunitextension)
St
ress
, σ, s
train
,ϵ.
El
astic
and
pla
stic
be
havi
or
C
arry
ing
out e
xper
imen
ts to
de
term
ine
the
sprin
g co
nsta
nt fo
r spr
ings
co
nnec
ted
in s
erie
s an
d in
pa
ralle
l
H
elic
al s
prin
gs
Cla
mps
st
ands
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
30
27
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RC
ES
d
efin
e an
d us
e th
e te
rms
stre
ss, s
train
an
d th
e Yo
ung
mod
ulus
desc
ribe
an e
xper
imen
t to
dete
rmin
e th
e Yo
ung
Mod
ulus
of a
met
al in
the
form
of
a w
ire
di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n el
astic
and
pla
stic
de
form
atio
n of
a m
ater
ial
de
duce
the
stra
in e
nerg
y in
a d
efor
med
m
ater
ial f
rom
the
area
und
er th
e fo
rce-
exte
nsio
n gr
aph
sk
etch
and
com
pare
the
forc
e-ex
tens
ion
grap
hs fo
r the
typi
cal d
uctil
e, b
rittle
and
po
lym
eric
mat
eria
ls, (consider
ulti
mat
e te
nsile
stre
ss)
ex
plai
n fa
tigue
as
a co
nseq
uenc
e of
cy
clic
stre
ss in
suffi
cien
t to
caus
e im
med
iate
failu
re, d
escr
ibe
situ
atio
ns
whi
ch le
ad to
fatig
ue fa
ilure
desc
ribe
cree
p as
failu
re d
ue to
su
stai
ned
stre
ss, b
elow
that
requ
ired
for
imm
edia
te fa
ilure
, com
bine
d w
ith
elev
ated
tem
pera
ture
dem
onst
rate
kno
wle
dge
with
refe
renc
e to
pro
perti
es o
f mat
eria
ls to
the
solv
ing
of s
impl
e en
gine
erin
g pr
oble
ms
Yo
ung
Mod
ulus
, E
Forc
e ex
tens
ion
grap
h
St
ruct
ure
and
met
als
D
eter
iora
tion
and
failu
re
Lo
adin
g m
ater
ials
to
iden
tify
plas
tic a
nd e
last
ic
beha
vior
Sk
etch
ing
grap
hs.
Visitingengineering
com
pani
es
di
ffere
nt m
ater
ials
rubb
er b
ands
coat
han
ger w
ire
Res
ourc
e pe
rson
s
IC
T to
ols
6.3
Tem
pera
ture
show
that
a p
hysi
cal p
rope
rty w
hich
va
ries
with
tem
pera
ture
may
be
used
for
the
mea
sure
men
t of t
empe
ratu
re a
nd
stat
e ex
ampl
es o
f suc
h pr
oper
ties
us
e th
e eq
uatio
n 𝜃𝜃 10
0=
𝑥𝑥 𝜃𝜃−𝑥𝑥
𝑜𝑜𝑥𝑥 1
00−𝑥𝑥
𝑜𝑜to
calib
rate
a th
erm
omet
er w
here
X is
a
prop
ortio
nally
var
ying
phy
sica
l pro
perty
expl
ain
the
prin
cipa
l fea
ture
s an
d op
erat
ion
of a
liqu
id-in
-gla
ss, r
esis
tanc
e,
cons
tant
-vol
ume
gas
and
ther
moc
oupl
e th
erm
omet
ers
and
stat
e th
e ad
vant
ages
Te
mpe
ratu
re s
cale
s
Fi
xed
poin
ts
Ther
mom
etric
pr
oper
ties
m
easu
ring
the
e.m
.f of
a
ther
moc
oupl
e an
d us
ing
it to
det
erm
ine
the
tem
pera
ture
ass
ocia
ted
with
the
e.m
.f
Dis
cuss
ing
diffe
rent
type
s of
ther
mom
eter
s
th
erm
ocou
ple
Bu
nsen
bur
ner
Ic
e
Liqu
id in
gla
ss
R
esis
tanc
e th
erm
omet
er
C
onst
ant v
olum
e ga
s
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
30
31
28
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RC
ES
and
disa
dvan
tage
s of
eac
h
desc
ribe
the
ther
mod
ynam
ic s
cale
and
explaintheconceptofabsolutezero.
(Existenceofanabsolutescaleof
tem
pera
ture
whi
ch d
oes
not d
epen
d on
thepropertyofanyparticularsubstance)
ex
pres
s te
mpe
ratu
res
in K
elvi
n an
d de
gree
Cel
sius
Ty
pes
of
ther
mom
eter
s
6.4
Ther
mal
Pro
pert
ies
of M
ater
ials
rela
te a
rise
in te
mpe
ratu
re o
f a b
ody
to
an in
crea
se in
inte
rnal
ene
rgy
de
fine
and
use
spec
ific
heat
cap
acity
, an
d sh
ow a
n aw
aren
ess
of th
e pr
inci
ples
of i
ts d
eter
min
atio
n by
el
ectri
cal m
etho
ds o
r any
oth
er s
uita
ble
met
hod
de
fine
and
use
spec
ific
late
nt h
eat,
and
show
an
awar
enes
s of
the
prin
cipl
es o
f its
det
erm
inat
ion
by e
lect
rical
met
hods
des
crib
e an
d ex
plai
n th
e co
olin
g w
hich
ac
com
pani
es e
vapo
ratio
n bo
th in
term
s of
spe
cific
late
nt h
eat a
nd in
term
s of
the
esca
pe o
f hig
h en
ergy
mol
ecul
es
expl
ain
that
inte
rnal
ene
rgy
is
dete
rmin
ed b
y th
e st
ate
of th
e sy
stem
an
d ca
n be
exp
ress
ed a
s th
e su
m o
f a
rand
om d
istri
butio
n of
kin
etic
and
po
tent
ial e
nerg
ies
asso
ciat
ed w
ith th
e m
olec
ules
of a
sys
tem
stat
e th
e fir
st la
w o
f the
rmod
ynam
ics
expr
esse
d in
term
s of
the
chan
ges
in
inte
rnal
ene
rgy,
the
heat
ing
of th
e sy
stem
and
the
wor
k do
ne o
n th
e sy
stem
Sp
ecifi
c he
at c
apac
ity
Spec
ific
late
nt h
eat
Inte
rnal
ene
rgy
Firs
t law
of
ther
mod
ynam
ics
ca
rryi
ng o
ut e
xper
imen
ts to
de
term
ine
the
natu
re o
f the
co
olin
g cu
rve
for m
etal
lic
sam
ples
and
oth
er
mat
eria
ls
Det
erm
inin
g sp
ecifi
c la
tent
he
at o
f fus
ion
and
vaporization.
Det
erm
inin
g th
e sp
ecifi
c he
at c
apac
ity o
f a li
quid
an
d a
solid
usi
ng e
lect
rical
m
etho
ds o
r any
oth
er
suita
ble
met
hod.
Sim
ulat
ing
inte
rnal
ene
rgy
usin
g IC
T
sa
mpl
es o
f di
ffere
nt m
ater
ials
th
erm
omet
er
heat
ing
elem
ent
stop
wat
ch
am
met
er
vo
ltmet
er
el
ectro
nic
bala
nce
bo
mb
calo
rimet
er
6.5
Idea
l Gas
es
lis
t the
ass
umpt
ions
of t
he k
inet
ic th
eory
of
gas
es
Ki
netic
theo
ry o
f gas
es
Eq
uatio
n of
sta
te
m
easu
ring
the
pres
sure
of
gas
from
a g
as c
ylin
der
ga
s cy
linde
rs
U
-tube
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
32
29
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RC
ES
st
ate
and
use
the
equa
tion
of s
tate
for
an id
eal g
as e
xpre
ssed
as
pV =
nR
T(n=
numbero
fmoles)
ex
plai
n ho
w m
olec
ular
mov
emen
t ca
uses
the
pres
sure
exe
rted
by a
gas
an
d pr
ovid
e a
sim
ple
deriv
atio
n of
𝑝𝑝
=1 3𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑉𝑉⟨ 𝑐𝑐
2 ⟩(N
=num
bero
fmolecules)
co
mpa
re𝑝𝑝
=1 3𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑉𝑉⟨ 𝑐𝑐
2 ⟩w
ithpV
=NkT
and
he
nce
dedu
ce th
at th
e av
erag
e tra
nsla
tiona
l kin
etic
ene
rgy
of a
m
olec
ule
is p
ropo
rtion
al to
T
ca
lcul
ate
wor
k do
ne b
y an
idea
l gas
fro
m p
- Vgraphs
Pr
essu
re o
f a g
as
Ki
netic
ene
rgy
of a
m
olec
ule
Wor
k do
ne b
y an
idea
l ga
s
usin
g a
man
omet
er
So
lvin
g pr
oble
ms
usin
g th
e eq
uatio
n of
sta
te
com
parin
g di
ffere
nt
pres
sure
s fro
m tw
o di
ffere
nt s
ourc
es o
f gas
Der
ivin
g 𝑝𝑝
=1 3𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑉𝑉⟨ 𝑐𝑐
2 ⟩
Det
erm
inin
g w
ork
done
by
idea
l gas
.
man
omet
er
m
eter
rule
6.6
Non
-Vis
cous
Flu
id
Flow
expl
ain
wha
t is
mea
nt b
y th
e te
rms
steady(lam
inar,stre
amline)flow
,in
com
pres
sibl
e flo
w, n
on-v
isco
us fl
ow,
as a
pplie
d to
the
mot
ion
of a
n id
eal f
luid
expl
ain
how
the
velo
city
vec
tor o
f a
parti
cle
in a
n id
eal f
luid
in m
otio
n is
re
late
d to
the
stre
amlin
e as
soci
ated
with
th
at p
artic
le
de
scrib
e ho
w s
tream
lines
can
be
used
to
def
ine
a tu
be o
f flo
w
de
rive
and
use
the
equa
tion
Av=
cons
tant
(theequationofcontinuity)
for t
he fl
ow o
f an
idea
l, in
com
pres
sibl
e flu
id
pr
ove
that
the
equa
tion
of c
ontin
uity
is a
fo
rm o
f the
prin
cipl
e fo
r con
serv
atio
n of
m
ass
ex
plai
n ho
w p
ress
ure
diffe
renc
es c
an
aris
e fro
m d
iffer
ent r
ates
of f
low
of a
fluid(theBernoullieffect)
de
rive
the
Bern
oulli
equa
tion
in th
e fo
rm
p 1 +
½ƿv
12 =
p 2 +
½ƿv
22
Id
eal f
luid
s in
mot
ion
St
ream
lines
and
the
equa
tion
of c
ontin
uity
Horizontalstre
amline
Th
e Be
rnou
lli ef
fect
U
sing
ICT
sim
ulat
ion
to
show
that
Av=
cons
tant
.
Visitingairportstoconsult
with
reso
urce
per
sons
to
expl
ain
aero
foil
mot
ion
In
vest
igat
ing
the
effe
ct o
f cr
eatin
g a
parti
al v
acuu
m
Solv
ing
prob
lem
s us
ing
p 1
+ ½
ƿv12
= p 2
+ ½
ƿv22
re
sour
ce p
erso
n
IC
T to
ols
Pito
t tub
e
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
32
33
30
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RC
ES
for t
he c
aseofahorizontaltubetoflow
sho
w th
at th
e Be
rnou
lli eq
uatio
n is
a
form
of t
he p
rinci
ple
of c
onse
rvat
ion
of
mas
s
expl
ain
how
the
Bern
oulli
effe
ct is
appliedinthefilterpum
p,intheVe
nturi
meter,inatom
izersandinth
e flo
w o
f air
over
an
aero
foil
U
sing
ICT
sim
ulat
ion
to
show
how
atomizers
oper
ate.
Usi
ng P
itot t
ube
to m
easu
re
velo
city
6.7
Tran
sfer
of T
herm
al
Ener
gy
de
mon
stra
te th
at th
erm
al e
nerg
y is
tra
nsfe
rred
from
a re
gion
of h
ighe
r te
mpe
ratu
re to
a re
gion
of l
ow
tem
pera
ture
stat
e an
d ex
plai
n th
e Ze
roth
law
of
ther
mo-
dyna
mic
s
expl
ain
the
proc
ess
of c
onve
ctio
n as
a
cons
eque
nce
of c
hang
e of
den
sity
dem
onst
rate
a q
ualit
ativ
e un
ders
tand
ing
that
bod
ies
emit
elec
trom
agne
tic
radi
atio
n at
a ra
te w
hich
incr
ease
s w
ith
incr
easi
ng te
mpe
ratu
re
de
scrib
e si
mpl
e ap
plic
atio
ns in
volv
ing
the
trans
fer o
f the
rmal
ene
rgy
by
cond
uctio
n, c
onve
ctio
n an
d ra
diat
ion
Th
erm
al e
quilib
rium
Th
erm
al c
ondu
ctio
n
Con
vect
ion
Rad
iatio
n
in
vest
igat
ing
the
dire
ctio
n of
hea
t flo
w b
ased
on
tem
pera
ture
gra
dien
t
si
mul
atin
g em
issi
on o
f el
ectro
mag
netic
radi
atio
n
IC
T to
ols
th
erm
omet
er
va
rious
mat
eria
ls
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
34
7.1
MO
DER
N P
HYS
ICS
31
7.1
MO
DER
N P
HYS
ICS
TO
PIC
O
BJE
CTI
VES
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to :
UN
IT C
ON
TENT
(SK
ILLS
, AT
TITU
DES
AN
D
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RC
ES
7.1
Cha
rged
Pa
rtic
les
in
terp
ret t
he e
xper
imen
tal e
vide
nce
for
quantization
of c
hang
e
un
ders
tand
the
prin
cipl
es o
f de
term
inat
ion
of c
harg
e e
by M
illika
n's
expe
rimen
t
de
scrib
e an
d analyze
quan
titat
ivel
y us
ing
th
e de
flect
ion
of b
eam
s of
cha
rged
pa
rticl
es b
y un
iform
ele
ctric
and
uni
form
m
agne
tic fi
elds
ex
plai
n ho
w e
lect
ric a
nd m
agne
tic fi
elds
ca
n be
use
d in
vel
ocity
sel
ectio
n
ex
plai
n th
e pr
inci
ples
of o
ne m
etho
d fo
r th
e de
term
inat
ion
of v
and
e/ m
e for
el
ectro
ns
El
ectro
ns
Beam
s of
cha
rged
pa
rticl
es
Cro
ssed
fiel
ds
Mas
s sp
ectro
met
ry
ca
rryi
ng o
ut e
xper
imen
ts to
sh
ow th
e de
flect
ion
of
elec
trons
C
arry
ing
out c
alcu
latio
ns
invo
lvin
g ch
arge
d pa
rticl
es in
un
iform
fiel
ds.
Expl
aini
ng m
etho
ds fo
r the
de
term
inat
ion
of v
and
e/m
e
va
cuum
tube
el
ectro
n gu
n
perm
anen
t mag
nets
IC
T to
ols
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
34
35
32
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RC
ES
7.2
Qua
ntum
Ph
ysic
s
expl
ain
the
parti
cula
te n
atur
e of
el
ectro
mag
netic
radi
atio
n
stat
e an
d us
e E
= h
f
desc
ribe
the
phen
omen
a of
the
phot
oele
ctric
effe
ct
de
scrib
e th
e si
gnifi
canc
e of
thre
shol
d fre
quen
cy
ex
plai
n w
hy th
e m
axim
um p
hoto
elec
tric
ener
gy is
inde
pend
ent o
f int
ensi
ty, a
nd
why
the
phot
oele
ctric
cur
rent
is
prop
ortio
nal t
o in
tens
ity
ex
plai
n ph
otoe
lect
ric p
heno
men
a in
te
rms
of p
hoto
n en
ergy
and
wor
k fu
nctio
n en
ergy
use
and
expl
ain
the
sign
ifica
nce
ofhf
=
ø+ ½
mv2 m
ax.
ex
plai
n th
e ph
otoe
lect
ric e
ffect
as
evid
ence
for t
he p
artic
ulat
e na
ture
of
elec
trom
agne
tic ra
diat
ion
whi
le
phen
omen
a su
ch a
s in
terfe
renc
e an
d di
ffrac
tion
prov
ides
evi
denc
e fo
r a w
ave
natu
re
de
scrib
e an
d in
terp
ret q
ualit
ativ
ely
the
evid
ence
pro
vide
d by
ele
ctro
n di
ffrac
tion
for t
he w
ave
natu
re o
f pa
rticl
es
de
rive
and
use
the
rela
tion
for t
he d
e Br
oglie
wav
elen
gth
λ =
h/p
ex
plai
n th
e ex
iste
nce
of d
iscr
ete
elec
tron
ener
gy le
vels
in is
olat
ed a
tom
s (e.g.atomichydrogen)andexplainh
ow
this
lead
s to
spe
ctra
l lin
es
di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n em
issi
on a
nd
abso
rptio
n lin
e sp
ectra
sta
te a
nd u
se th
e re
latio
n hf
= E
1 - E
2.
En
ergy
of a
pho
ton
Ph
otoe
lect
ric e
mis
sion
of
ele
ctro
ns
W
ave
parti
cle
dual
ity
En
ergy
leve
ls in
ato
ms
Li
ne s
pect
ra
D
emon
stra
ting
phot
oele
ctric
em
issi
on u
sing
a c
harg
ed g
old
leaf
and
a s
uita
ble
met
al a
nd
Elec
trom
agne
tic ra
diat
ion
si
mul
atin
g to
sho
w e
nerg
y le
vels
go
ld le
af e
lect
rosc
ope
UVsource
met
al p
late
s
Com
pute
r
ICT
tool
s
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
36
33
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RC
ES
7.3
Atom
ic
Stru
ctur
e
desc
ribe
qual
itativ
ely
the
α - p
artic
le
scat
terin
g ex
perim
ent a
nd th
e ev
iden
ce
it pr
ovid
es fo
r the
exi
sten
ce a
nd s
mal
l size
of t
he n
ucle
us
us
e th
e us
ual n
otat
ion
of th
e pr
esen
tatio
n of
nuc
lides
show
an
appr
ecia
tion
of th
e as
soci
atio
n be
twee
n en
ergy
and
mas
s as
re
pres
ente
d by
E =
mc2
Illus
trate
gra
phic
ally
the
varia
tion
of
bind
ing
ener
gy p
er n
ucle
on w
ith
nucl
eon
num
ber
de
scrib
e th
e re
leva
nce
of b
indi
ng
ener
gy p
er n
ucle
on to
nuc
lear
fusi
on
and
to n
ucle
ar fi
ssio
n
verif
y th
at n
ucle
on n
umbe
r, pr
oton
nu
mbe
r, en
ergy
and
mas
s ar
e al
l co
nser
ved
in n
ucle
ar p
roce
sses
repr
esen
t sim
ple
nucl
ear r
eact
ions
by
nucl
ear e
quat
ions
of t
he fo
rm
147N
+ 4 2H
e
178O+1 1H
Th
e nu
clea
r ato
m
Th
e nu
cleu
s
Isot
opes
Mas
s ex
cess
and
nu
clea
r bin
ding
ene
rgy
N
ucle
ar p
roce
sses
Describingthesizeofthe
nucl
eus
Si
mul
atio
n
Sket
chin
g a
grap
h to
sho
w
varia
tion
of b
indi
ng e
nerg
y pe
r nu
cleo
n w
ith n
ucle
on n
umbe
r
Bala
ncin
g nu
clid
e eq
uatio
ns
IC
T to
ols
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
36
37
34
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RC
ES
7.4
Rad
ioac
tivity
expl
ain
the
spon
tane
ous
and
rand
om
natu
re o
f nuc
lear
dec
ay
de
scrib
e th
e sc
ient
ific
and
envi
ronm
enta
l im
porta
nce
of
back
grou
nd ra
diat
ion
with
refe
renc
e to
its
exi
sten
ce a
nd o
rigin
illust
rate
the
rand
om n
atur
e of
ra
dioa
ctiv
e de
cay
by o
bser
vatio
n of
the
fluct
uatio
ns in
cou
nt ra
te
describetheenvironm
entalhazardsof
ionizations
and
the
safe
ty
lis
t pre
caut
ions
whi
ch s
houl
d be
take
n in
the
hand
ling
and
disp
osal
of
radi
oact
ive
mat
eria
l
defin
e th
e te
rms
activ
ity a
nd d
ecay
co
nsta
nt a
nd u
se
A
= λ
N
recognize,
use
and
repr
esen
t gr
aphi
cally
sol
utio
ns o
f the
dec
ay la
w
base
d on
x =
x0exp(-λ
t)
defin
e ha
lf-life(t ½)
us
e th
e re
latio
n λ
= (ln
2)/t ½
desc
ribe
the
use
of ra
dioi
soto
pes,
pr
ovid
ing
one
exam
ple
of e
ach
of th
e fo
llow
ing:
the
use
of tr
acer
s, th
e us
e of
pe
netra
ting
prop
ertie
s of
radi
atio
n, th
e us
e ofionizing
radi
atio
n in
radi
othe
rapy
an
d le
ak d
etec
tion
Ty
pes
of ionizing
ra
diat
ion
Ba
ckgr
ound
radi
atio
n
Hazardsandsafety
prec
autio
ns
R
adio
activ
e de
cay
R
adio
isot
opes
Si
mul
atin
g nu
clea
r dec
ay
D
iscu
ssin
g na
ture
of n
ucle
ar
deca
y
Solv
ing
prob
lem
s us
ing
the
liste
d fo
rmul
ae
M
easu
ring
back
grou
nd
radi
atio
n
Visitingindustrieswhichmake
use
of ra
dio
activ
ity
Dis
cuss
ing
proc
edur
es in
the
hand
ling
and
disp
osal
of
radi
oact
ive
was
te.
IC
T to
ols
R
esou
rce
pers
ons
G
M tu
be
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
38
35
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RC
ES
7.5
Com
mun
icat
ion
ap
prec
iate
that
info
rmat
ion
may
be
carri
ed b
y a
num
ber o
f diff
eren
t ch
anne
ls, i
nclu
ding
wire
-pai
rs, c
oaxi
al
cabl
es, r
adio
and
mic
row
ave
links
, opt
ic
fibre
s
defin
e th
e te
rm m
odul
atio
n an
d be
abl
e to
dis
tingu
ish
betw
een
ampl
itude
modulation(AM)andfrequenc
y modulation(FM)
re
call
that
a c
arrie
r wav
e, a
mpl
itude
m
odul
ated
by
a si
ngle
au
dio
frequ
ency
, is
equi
vale
nt to
the
carri
er
wav
e fre
quen
cy to
geth
er w
ith tw
o si
deba
nd fr
eque
ncie
s
unde
rsta
nd th
e te
rm b
andw
idth
reca
ll th
e fre
quen
cies
and
wav
elen
gths
us
ed in
diff
eren
t cha
nnel
s of
co
mm
unic
atio
n
dem
onst
rate
an
awar
enes
s of
the
rela
tive
adva
ntag
es o
f AM
and
FM
tra
nsm
issi
ons
st
ate
the
adva
ntag
es o
f the
tra
nsm
issi
on o
f dat
a in
dig
ital f
orm
, co
mpa
red
with
the
trans
mis
sion
of d
ata
in a
nalo
gue
form
unde
rsta
nd th
at th
e di
gita
l tra
nsm
issi
on
of s
peec
h or
mus
ic in
volv
es a
nalo
gue-
to-digitalconversion(ADC)b
efore
trans
mis
sion
and
dig
ital-t
o-an
alog
ue
conversion(D
AC)a
fterreception
un
ders
tand
the
effe
ct o
f the
sam
plin
g ra
te a
nd th
e nu
mbe
r of b
its in
eac
h sa
mpl
e on
the
repr
oduc
tion
of a
n in
put
sign
al
di
scus
s th
e re
lativ
e ad
vant
ages
and
di
sadv
anta
ges
of c
hann
els
of
com
mun
icat
ion
in te
rms
of a
vaila
ble
C
omm
unic
atio
n C
hann
els
M
odul
atio
n
D
igita
l Com
mun
icat
ion
R
elat
ive
mer
its o
f ch
anne
ls o
f co
mm
unic
atio
n
At
tenu
atio
n
VisitingBroadcastingstations.
Com
parin
g tra
nsm
issi
ons
of
data
in d
igita
l for
m a
nd a
nalo
g fo
rm
IC
T to
ols
Res
ourc
e pe
rson
s
En
code
rs
Dec
orde
rs
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
38
39
36
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: U
NIT
CO
NTE
NT (S
KIL
LS,
ATTI
TUD
ES A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RC
ES
band
wid
th, n
oise
, cro
sslin
king
, sec
urity
, si
gnal
atte
nuat
ion,
repe
ater
s an
d re
gene
ratio
n
reca
ll th
e re
lativ
e m
erits
of b
oth
geos
tatio
nary
and
pol
ar o
rbiti
ng
sate
llites
for c
omm
unic
atin
g in
form
atio
n
unde
rsta
nd a
nd u
se s
igna
l atte
nuat
ion
expr
esse
d in
dB
and
dB p
er u
nit l
engt
h
reca
ll an
d us
e th
e ex
pres
sion
num
ber
of d
B =10log(P 1
/P2)fortheratiooftwo
pow
ers
In
vitin
g re
sour
ce p
erso
ns w
ho
know
dea
l with
sat
ellit
e
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
40
9.0 ASSESSMENTCandidatesforAdvancedLevelcertificationtakePapers1,2,3,4and5inasingleexaminationseries.Candidatesmayonlyenterforallthefivepaperspersitting.Papers1,2,3and4areexternallyassessedwhilePaper5isas-sessedinternally.ThesyllabusisexaminedinMay/JuneandOctober/November.ThosewhosittheOctober/Novem-berexaminationseriesareallowedtocarryforwardtheirPaper5(continuousassessmentmark)tothenextMay/Juneexamination.TheMay/Juneexaminationseriesforthissubjectwillnotbeavailabletoschoolcandidates.
(a) Assessment Objectives
Theassessmentobjectiveslistedbelowreflectthosepartsofthesyllabusaimsthatwillbeassessedintheexamina-tion.
Skill A: Knowledge with understanding
Candidates should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of: scientificphenomena,facts,laws,definitions,conceptsandtheories scientificvocabulary,terminologyandconventions(includingsymbols,quantitiesandunits) scientificinstrumentsandapparatus,includingtechniquesofoperationandaspectsofsafety scientificquantitiesandtheirdetermination scientificandtechnologicalapplicationswiththeirsocial,economicandenvironmentalimplications.
Thesyllabuscontentdefinesthefactualknowledgethatcandidatesmayberequiredtorecallandexplain.
Skill B: Handling, applying and evaluating information
Candidatesshouldbeable(inwordsorbyusingsymbolic,graphicalandnumericalformsofpresentation)to: locate, select, organise and present information from a variety of sources translate information from one form to another manipulate numerical and other data use information to identify patterns, report trends, draw inferences and report Conclusions present reasoned explanations for phenomena, patterns and relationships make predictions and put forward hypotheses apply knowledge, including principles, to new situations evaluate information and hypotheses demonstrate an awareness of the limitations of physical theories and models.
In answering such questions, candidates are required to use principles and concepts that are within the syllabus and apply them in a logical, reasoned or deductive manner to a new situation
Skill C: Experimental skills and investigations
Candidates should be able to:
1. plan experiments and investigations: definingtheproblem choice of equipment and procedure data collection methods good design features
2. collect, record and present observations, measurements and estimates
41
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
3. analyse and interpret data to reach conclusions
4. evaluate methods and quality of data, and suggest improvements.
The questions may be based on physics not included in the syllabus content, but candidates will be assessed on their practical skills rather than their knowledge of theory.
(b) Scheme of Assessment
Paper 1: Multiple Choice 1 hour
This paper consists of 40 multiple choice questions, all with four options. Candidates will answer all questions. Candi-dates will answer on an answer sheet. [40 marks]
Paper 2: Structured Questions 1 hour 30 minutes
This paper consists of a variable number of questions of variable mark value. Candidates will answer all questions. Candidates will answer on the question paper. [60 marks]
Paper 3: Free Response Questions 2 hours
This paper consists of 5free response questions. Each question carries 25 marks. Question 1 covers General Physics and Newtonian Mechanics, Question2coversOscillationsandWaves, Question 3 covers Electricity and Magnetism, Question 4 covers Matter and Question 5 covers Modern Physics.
Candidates will answer question 1 and any three questions from the remaining 4 questions. Question 1 is compulsory.Candidates will answer on separate answer sheets. [100 marks]
Paper 4: Practical Skills: 2 hours
This paper requires candidates to carry out practical work in timed conditions. The paper will consist of two exper-iments and one design practical drawn from different areas of Physics. The candidates will be assessed on their practical skills rather than their knowledge of theory. Candidates will answer all questions. Candidates will answer on the question paper. [50 marks]
Paper 5: Continuous Assessment
Continuous assessment will be done at the schools from term 1 of Form 5 to the end of term 2 of Form 6. Continuous assessmentcomprisesofTheorytests,PracticaltestsandaProject.Teacherswillberesponsibleforthecontinuousassessment of their candidates.
Onecontinuousassessmenttheorytestisadministeredattheendofeachofthe32topics.Thestandardofeachtestshould be 50% skill A and 50% skill B.Each test carries 20 marks. [The total possible mark is weighted to 35 marks]
Two continuous assessment practical tests are administered per term from term 2 of Form 5 to term 2 of Form 6. The standard of each practical test is 100% skill C.[The total possible mark is weighted to 35 marks]
Phys
ics
Sylla
bus
Form
s 5
- 6
42
39
Candidates will answer question 1 and any three questions from the remaining 4 questions. Question 1 is compulsory. Candidates will answer on separate answer sheets. [100 marks]
Paper 4: Practical Skills: 2 hours
This paper requires candidates to carry out practical work in timed conditions. The paper will consist of two experiments and one design practical drawn from different areas of Physics. The candidates will be assessed on their practical skills rather than their knowledge of theory. Candidates will answer all questions. Candidates will answer on the question paper. [50 marks]
Paper 5: Continuous Assessment
Continuous assessment will be done at the schools from term 1 of Form 5 to the end of term 2 of Form 6. Continuous assessment comprisesofTheorytests,PracticaltestsandaProject.Teacherswillberesponsibleforthecontinuousassessmentoftheir candidates.
Onecontinuousassessmenttheorytestisadministeredattheendofeachofthe32 topics. The standard of each test should be 50% skill A and 50% skill B.Each test carries 20 marks. [The total possible mark is weighted to 35 marks]
Two continuous assessment practical tests are administered per term from term 2 of Form 5 to term 2 of Form 6. The standard of each practical test is 100% skill C.[The total possible mark is weighted to 35 marks]
Everycandidatecarriesoutoneprojectin Physics from term 2 of Form 5 to term 2 of Form 6. The standard of theprojectis30% skill A and B, and 70% skill C. [The total possible mark is weighted to 40 marks]
Paper Type of Paper Duration Marks Weight % 1 Multiple Choice 1hr 40 11 2 Structured 1hr 30minutes 60 17 3 Free response 2hr 30minutes 100 28 4 Practical 2hr 30minutes 50 14 5 Continuous assessment Form 5 - 6 *110 30
* The total possible mark for continuous assessment is weighted to 110marks.
* The final total mark possible for continuous assessment is weighted to 110 marks
40
(c) Specification grid The relationship between assessment objectives/skills and the Papers of the subject is as follows:
Paper Skill A Skill B Skill C Total Marks
1 18 22 0 40 2 25 35 0 60 3 45 55 0 100 4 0 0 50 50 5 24 23 63 *110
TOTAL 360
*The final total mark possible for continuous assessment is weighted to 110 marks 10. APPENDIX (a) MATHEMATICAL REQUIREMENTS
Arithmetic Candidates should be able to: - recogniseanduseexpressionsindecimalandstandardform(scientific)notation - recognise and use binary notation - useanelectroniccalculatorforaddition,subtraction,multiplicationanddivision.Findarithmeticmeans,powers(including reciprocals and square
roots),sines,cosines,tangents(andtheinversefunctions),exponentialsandlogarithms(lgandln) - take account of accuracy in numerical work and handle calculations so that significant figures are neither lost unnecessarily nor carried beyond what is
justified - make approximate evaluations of numerical expressions (e.g. π2 ≈ 10) and use such approximations to check the magnitude of calculated results.
Algebra Candidates should be able to: - changethesubjectofanequation.Mostrelevantequationsinvolveonlythesimpleroperationsbutmayincludepositiveandnegative indices and
square roots. solve simple algebraic equations. Most relevant equations are linear but some may involve inverse and inverse square relationships. Linear
simultaneous equations and the use of the formula to obtain the solutions of quadratic equations are required. substitute physical quantities into physical equations using consistent units and check the dimensional consistency of such equations set up simple algebraic equations as mathematical models of physical situations, and identify inadequacies of such models
10. 0 APPENDIX
MATHEMATICAL REQUIREMENTS
ArithmeticCandidates should be able to: recogniseanduseexpressionsindecimalandstandardform(scientific)notation recognise and use binary notation use an electronic calculator for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Find arithmetic means, powers
(includingreciprocalsandsquareroots),sines,cosines,tangents(andtheinversefunctions),exponentialsandlogarithms(lgandln)
takeaccountofaccuracyinnumericalworkandhandlecalculationssothatsignificantfiguresareneitherlostun-necessarilynorcarriedbeyondwhatisjustified
makeapproximateevaluationsofnumericalexpressions(e.g.π2≈10)andusesuchapproximationstocheckthemagnitude of calculated results.
Algebra
Candidates should be able to: changethesubjectofanequation.Mostrelevantequationsinvolveonlythesimpleroperationsbutmayinclude
positive and negative indices and square roots. solve simple algebraic equations. Most relevant equations are linear but some may involve inverse and inverse
square relationships. Linear simultaneous equations and the use of the formula to obtain the solutions of quadratic equations are required.
substitute physical quantities into physical equations using consistent units and check the dimensional consistency of such equations
set up simple algebraic equations as mathematical models of physical situations, and identify inadequacies of such models
recognise and use the logarithms of expressions like ab, a b, xn, ekx and understand the use of logarithms in rela-tion to quantities with values that range over several orders of magnitude
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
43
express small changes or uncertainties as percentages and vice versa understandandusethesymbols<,>,≤,≥,«,»,/,,<x>,Σ,∆x,δx,√
Geometry and trigonometry
Candidates should be able to: calculate areas of right-angled and isosceles triangles, circumference and area of circles, areas and volumes of
cuboids, cylinders and spheres use Pythagoras’ theorem, similarity of triangles, the angle sum of a triangle usesines,cosinesandtangentsofangles(especiallyfor0°,30°,45°,60°,90°) use the trigonometric relationships for triangles: Sine rule Cosine rule usesinθ≈tanθ≈θandcosθ≈1forsmallθ;sin2θ+cos2θ=1 understand the relationship between degrees and radians, convert from one to the other and use the appropriate
system in context.
Vectors
Candidates should be able to: findtheresultantoftwocoplanarvectors,recognisingsituationswherevectoradditionisappropriate obtain expressions for components of a vector in perpendicular directions, recognising situations where vector
resolution is appropriate.
Graphs
Candidates should be able to: translate information between graphical, numerical, algebraic and verbal forms select appropriate variables and scales for graph plotting determine the gradient, intercept and intersection of linear graphs choose,byinspection,astraightlinewhichwillserveasthelineofbestfitthroughasetofdatapointspresented
graphically draw a curved trend line through a set of data points presented graphically, when the arrangement of these data
points is clearly indicative of a non-linear relationship recall standard linear form y = mx + c and rearrange relationships into linear form where appropriate sketchandrecognisetheformsofplotsofcommonsimpleexpressionslike1/x,x^2,1/x^2,sinx,cosx,e^(-x) draw a tangent to a curve, and understand and use the gradient of the tangent as a means to obtain the gradient of
the curve at a point understandandusetheareabelowacurvewheretheareahasphysicalsignificance.
Treatment of uncertainties
Candidates should be able to: convert absolute uncertainty estimates into fractional or percentage uncertainty estimates and vice versa show uncertainty estimates, in absolute terms, beside every value in a table of results calculate uncertainty estimates in derived quantities show uncertainty estimates as error bars on a graph estimate the absolute uncertainty in the gradient of a graph by recalling that absolute uncertainty = gradient of line
ofbestfit–gradientofworstacceptableline estimate the absolute uncertainty in the y-intercept of a graph by recalling that absolute uncertainty = y-intercept of
lineofbestfit–y-interceptofworstacceptableline express a quantity as a value, an uncertainty estimate and a unit.
44
Summary of key quantities, symbols and units
42
estimate the absolute uncertainty in the gradient of a graph by recalling that absolute uncertainty = gradient of line of best fit – gradient of worst acceptable line
estimate the absolute uncertainty in the y-intercept of a graph by recalling that absolute uncertainty = y-intercept of line of best fit – y-intercept of worst acceptable line
express a quantity as a value, an uncertainty estimate and a unit.
(b) Summary of key quantities, symbols and units
43
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
45
44
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
46
45
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
47
46
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
48
48
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
49
(c) Glossary of Assessment command words
This glossary should prove helpful to candidates as a guide, although it is not exhaustive and it has deliberately been kept brief. Candidates should understand that the meaning of a term must depend in part on its context. The number of marks allocated for any part of a question is a guide to the depth required for the answer.
1. Define(theterm(s)...)isintendedliterally.Onlyaformalstatementorequivalentparaphrase,suchasthedefiningequationwithsymbolsidentified,isrequired.
2. Whatismeantby...normallyimpliesthatadefinitionshouldbegiven,togetherwithsomerelevantcommentonthesignificanceorcontextoftheterm(s)concerned,especiallywheretwoormoretermsareincludedinthequestion.The number of marks indicated will suggest the amount of supplementary comment required.
3. Explain may imply reasoning or some reference to theory, depending on the context.
4. State implies a concise answer with little or no supporting argument, e.g. a numerical answer that can be obtained ‘by inspection’.
5. Listrequiresanumberofpointswithnoelaboration.Ifaspecificnumberofpointsisrequested,thisnumbershouldnot be exceeded.
6. Describerequirescandidatestostateinwords(usingdiagramswhereappropriate)themainpointsofthetopic.Itis often used with reference either to particular phenomena or to particular experiments. For particular phenome-na,thetermusuallyimpliesthattheanswershouldincludereferenceto(visual)observationsassociatedwiththephenomena. The amount of description intended is suggested by the indicated mark value.
7. Discuss requires candidates to give a critical account of the points involved in the topic.
8. Deduce/Predict implies that candidates are not expected to produce the required answer by recall, but by making a logical connection between other pieces of information. Such information may be wholly given in the question, or may depend on answers extracted in an earlier part of the question.
9. Suggest is used in two main contexts. It may imply either that there is no unique answer or that candidates are expectedtoapplytheirgeneralknowledgetoanewsituation(onethatmaynot,formally,beinthesyllabus).
10. Calculate is used when a numerical answer is required. In general, working should be shown.
11. Measure implies that the quantity concerned can be directly obtained from a suitable measuring instrument, e.g. length, using a rule, or angle, using a protractor.
12. Determine often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly, but is obtained by calculation, substituting measured or known values of other quantities into a standard formula, e.g. the Young modulus, relative molecular mass.
13. Show is used where a candidate is expected to derive a given result. It is important that the terms being used by candidates are stated explicitly and that all stages in the derivation are stated clearly.
14. Estimate implies a reasoned order of magnitude statement or calculation of the quantity concerned. Candidates should make any necessary simplifying assumptions about points of principle and about the values of quantities not otherwise included in the question.
15.Sketch(appliedtographwork)impliesthattheshapeand/orpositionofthecurveneedonlybequalitativelycor-rect.
16. However, candidates should be aware that, depending on the context, some quantitative aspects may be looked
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
50
for,e.g.passingthroughtheorigin,havinganintercept,asymptoteordiscontinuityataparticularvalue.Onasketch graph it is essential that candidates clearly indicate what is being plotted on each axis.
17.Sketch(appliedtodiagrams)impliesthatasimple,freehanddrawingisacceptable,thoughcareshouldbetakenover proportions and the clear exposition of important details.
18. Compare requires candidates to provide both similarities and differences between things or concepts.(D)Dataandformulae
The following data and formulae will appear as pages 2 and 3 in Papers 1, 2 and 3.
50
12. Determine often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly, but is obtained by calculation, substituting measured or known values of other quantities into a standard formula, e.g. the Young modulus, relative molecular mass.
13. Show is used where a candidate is expected to derive a given result. It is important that the terms being used by candidates are stated explicitly
and that all stages in the derivation are stated clearly. 14. Estimate implies a reasoned order of magnitude statement or calculation of the quantity concerned. Candidates should make any necessary
simplifying assumptions about points of principle and about the values of quantities not otherwise included in the question.
15. Sketch (appliedtographwork)impliesthattheshapeand/orpositionofthecurveneedonly be qualitatively correct. 16. However, candidates should be aware that, depending on the context, some quantitative aspects may be looked for, e.g. passing through the
origin,havinganintercept,asymptoteordiscontinuityataparticularvalue.Onasketch graph it is essential that candidates clearly indicate what is being plotted on each axis.
17. Sketch (appliedtodiagrams)impliesthatasimple,freehanddrawingisacceptable,thoughcareshouldbetakenoverproportionsand the clear exposition of important details.
18. Compare requires candidates to provide both similarities and differences between things or concepts.
(D)Dataandformulae The following data and formulae will appear as pages 2 and 3 in Papers 1, 2 and 3.
DATA speed of light in free space c = 3.00 x 108ms−1 permeability of free space
µ𝑜𝑜 = 4𝜋𝜋 x 10−7 Hm−1
permittivity of free space ɛ0 = 8.85 x 10−12 Fm−1 (1/4𝜋𝜋ɛ0 = 8.99 x 109 mF−1)
elementary charge
e = 1.60 x 10−19 C
the Planck constant
h = 6.63 x 10−34 Js
unified atomic mass unit
1 u = 1.66 x 10−27 kg
rest mass of electron
𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑒 = 9.11 x 10−31 kg
rest mass of proton 𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝 = 1.67 x 10−27 kg
51
molar gas constant
R = 8.31 JK−1mol−1
the Avogadro constant
𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 = 6.02 x 1023mol−1
theBoltzmannconstant
k = 1.38 x 10−23 JK−1
gravitational constant
G = 6.67 x 10−11Nm2kg−2
acceleration of free fall
g = 9.81 ms−2
FORMULAE
uniformly accelerated motion s = ut + ½𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎2 𝑣𝑣2 = 𝑢𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑎s
work done on/by a gas W = p ∆V gravitational potential ∅ = – Gm/r hydrostatic pressure p = 𝜌𝜌gh pressure of an ideal gas p = 13
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑉𝑉 < 𝑐𝑐2 >
simple harmonic motion 𝑎𝑎 = –𝜔𝜔2𝑥𝑥 velocity of particle in s.h.m. 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 cos 𝜔𝜔t 𝑣𝑣 = ±𝜔𝜔√(𝑥𝑥𝑜𝑜2 − 𝑥𝑥2) Doppler effect 𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 = 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑣𝑣
𝑣𝑣± 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠
electric potential V = 𝑄𝑄4𝜋𝜋ɛ0𝑟𝑟
capacitors in series 1/C = 1/𝐶𝐶1 + 1/𝐶𝐶2 + . . . capacitors in parallel C = 𝐶𝐶1 + 𝐶𝐶2 + . . . energy of charged capacitor W = 12QV electric current I = An𝑣𝑣q resistors in series R = 𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 + . . . resistors in parallel 1/R = 1/𝑅𝑅1 + 1/𝑅𝑅2 + . . . Hall voltage 𝑉𝑉𝐻𝐻 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵ntq alternating current/voltage 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥𝑜𝑜 sin𝜔𝜔𝑎𝑎 radioactive decay 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥𝑜𝑜exp(-𝜆𝜆𝑎𝑎) decay constant λ = 0.693
𝑡𝑡12
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
51
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molar gas constant
R = 8.31 JK−1mol−1
the Avogadro constant
𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 = 6.02 x 1023mol−1
theBoltzmannconstant
k = 1.38 x 10−23 JK−1
gravitational constant
G = 6.67 x 10−11Nm2kg−2
acceleration of free fall
g = 9.81 ms−2
FORMULAE
uniformly accelerated motion s = ut + ½𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎2 𝑣𝑣2 = 𝑢𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑎s
work done on/by a gas W = p ∆V gravitational potential ∅ = – Gm/r hydrostatic pressure p = 𝜌𝜌gh pressure of an ideal gas p = 13
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑉𝑉 < 𝑐𝑐2 >
simple harmonic motion 𝑎𝑎 = –𝜔𝜔2𝑥𝑥 velocity of particle in s.h.m. 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 cos 𝜔𝜔t 𝑣𝑣 = ±𝜔𝜔√(𝑥𝑥𝑜𝑜2 − 𝑥𝑥2) Doppler effect 𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 = 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑣𝑣
𝑣𝑣± 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠
electric potential V = 𝑄𝑄4𝜋𝜋ɛ0𝑟𝑟
capacitors in series 1/C = 1/𝐶𝐶1 + 1/𝐶𝐶2 + . . . capacitors in parallel C = 𝐶𝐶1 + 𝐶𝐶2 + . . . energy of charged capacitor W = 12QV electric current I = An𝑣𝑣q resistors in series R = 𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 + . . . resistors in parallel 1/R = 1/𝑅𝑅1 + 1/𝑅𝑅2 + . . . Hall voltage 𝑉𝑉𝐻𝐻 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵ntq alternating current/voltage 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥𝑜𝑜 sin𝜔𝜔𝑎𝑎 radioactive decay 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥𝑜𝑜exp(-𝜆𝜆𝑎𝑎) decay constant λ = 0.693
𝑡𝑡12
(E) Commonly Used Materials And Apparatus
The list is not exhaustive: other items are usually required, to allow for variety in the questions set.Cells:1.5VConnecting leads and crocodile clipsDigitalammeter,minimumranges0–1Areadingto0.01Aorbetter,0–200mAreadingto0.1mAorbetter,0–20mAreadingto0.01mAorbetter(digitalmultimetersaresuitable)Digitalvoltmeter,minimumranges0–2Vreadingto0.001Vorbetter,0–20Vreadingto0.01Vorbetter(digitalmulti-metersaresuitable)Lampandholder:6V60mA;2.5V0.3APowersupply:variableupto12Vd.c.(lowresistance)Rheostat(withamaximumresistanceofatleast8Ω,capableofcarryingacurrentofatleast4A)SwitchWire:constantan26,28,30,32,34,36,38s.w.g.orsimilarmetricsizesLongstemthermometer:–10°Cto110°C×1°CMeanstoheatwatersafelytoboiling(e.g.anelectrickettle)Plastic or polystyrene cup 200 cm3 StirrerAdhesiveputty(e.g.Blu-Tack)Adhesivetape(e.g.Sellotape)Balanceto0.1g(thisitemmayoftenbesharedbetweensetsofapparatus)Bar magnetBarecopperwire:18,20,26s.w.g.orsimilarmetricsizesBeaker: 100 cm3, 200 cm3 or 250 cm3 Card Expendablesteelspring(springconstantapprox.25Nm–1;unstretchedlengthapprox.2cm)G-clamp Magnadur ceramic magnets Mass hanger Micrometerscrewgauge(thisitemmayoftenbesharedbetweensetsofapparatus)Modellingclay(e.g.Plasticine) Newton-meter(1N,10N)
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
Physics Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
Pendulum bob Protractor Pulley Rulewithamillimetrescale(1m,0.5m,300mm)ScissorsSlottedmasses(100g,50g,20g,10g)oralternativeStand,bossandclampStopwatch(candidatesmayusetheirwristwatches),readingto0.1sorbetterStout pin or round nail String/thread/twine Vernierordigitalcallipers(thisitemmayoftenbesharedbetweensetsofapparatus)Wire cutters
