physics of biological membranes, diffusion, · pdf fileeg.: in the case of the diffusion the...
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-Metabolic processes and transport processes.
- Macrotransport : transport of large amount of material
: through vessel systems
: in large distance
- Microtransport : small amount of material
: by diffusion
: in small distance
Name of the
transport process
What is
transported
Potential
Transport of
liquids and gases
macroscopic
material
pressure
difference(Dp)
Diffusion molecules concentration
difference(Dc)
Temperature heat temperature
difference (DT)
Electric current ions, electrons electric potential
(DU)
D
D
x
UJ
Current intensity:
- characteristic to the A surface
- m is: mass, volume, electric charge, energy, etc.
Unit can be: kg/s; m3/s; C/s (A); J/s…
dt
dmI
dm amount of material transported
in dt time across the A cross
section area
Current density:
dA
dIJ
dI is the transport intensity
perpendicular to dA surface
- vector quantity (direction = direction of the transport)
- it is defined at the point of the transport area
-differential quantity
Unit can be: kg/s/m2; m3/s/m2; C/s/m2 (A/m2); J/s/m2…
Specific conductivity:
U: - potential
: - negative gradient of U gives the driving force at any point of the transport
(potential energy, electric potential, temperature difference,
concentration gradient)
g: - generalized (specific) conductivity
Eg.: in the case of the diffusion the potential gradient is the gradient of the
concentration (dc/dx).
dx
dUgJ
potential gradient
specific conductivity
current density
b) Molecular approach:
Chemical potential of a single particle: m = m0 + kTlnc.
The gradient of the chemical potential: x
txc
c
Tk
x
txcTk
x
txf
),(),(ln),(m
dn moles are transported across the A surface in dt time: dn = cAū·dt.
dtx
txcADdtuAcdn
),(
x
txcD
dtA
dnJ
),(Fick’s I. law: The amount of transported material
across a unit area and unit time (the
rate of the diffusion) is proportional to
the gradient of the concentration. D is
the diffusion constant.
x
c
D
Dis constant at a given place and time.
Tkvm 2
3
2
1 2 m
Tk3v
2
1
2
1
mTD
D depends on:
1) temperature
4) geometry
r
TkD B
6
2) viscosity
3) mass
Einstein-Stokes
kB = Boltzmann constant
T = absolute temperature
= viscosity coefficient
r = radius of the particle
Fick’s IInd law
2
2 ),(
),(
),(
x
txcD
x
x
txc
Dt
txc
The change of the concentration in time at a given place is
proportional with the change of the concentration gradient with
the place at a given time.
Concentration gradient
x
txc
),(x
x x0
dc/dx
tD4
x2
etD2
M)t,x(c
tD2)t(x
In a special case:
e
MeMtxc
Dt
x 1
2
),(14
M is the amount of material at t=0
and x=0
D = diffusion coefficient
x = distance
t = time
The solution of Fick’s 2nd law and some consequences of it:
Gas exchange across the alveocapillary membrane:
Doxigén 110-9 m2s-1; DCO2 610-9 m2s-1; x = 1 mm =110-6 m;
toxigén = 250 ms; tCO2 = 40 ms;
Pl.: D 10-9 m2s-1; x = 5 nm =510-9 m;
s
s
m
mt
9
18
29
229
104
1025
104
105
= 6.25 ns.
D 10-9 m2s-1; x = 50 mm =510-5 m; = 0.625 s.
D 10-9 m2s-1; x = 1 m = 7.9 év.
Diffusion is effective
at small distances!
D
xttDtx
42)(
2
In the air: Doxigén 210-5 m2s-1;
DCO2 1.610-5 m2s-1
Swimming of E. coli:
rvdt
dvm 6
dtm
rv
v
dv 6
t
evtv
0)(
s7102
0
0)()( vtdtvd
d=4∙10-10 cm = 0.04Å
diameter of H-atom!
tD2)t(x
nmmssmtx 28108,2102102)( 87129
Distance travelled by the oxygen:
Fs=6πμrv F=m∙a=m(dv/dt)
velocity friction
Definition of osmosis
phydr = rgh = RTc= posm V=1/c (dilution)
pV = RT
van’t Hoff’s law: posm = RTc
Sugar in water.
Distilled water.
For diluted solutions.
Semipermeable
membrane.
pVxTR ln0mm
The chemical potential of water:
In equilibrium:
21 mm
The difference in two pressure values:
2
112 ln
x
x
V
TRpppozm
For non diluted solutions:
2
2
watersugar
sugarosm
ccRTp
v
RTcpthancWhen osm
water
sugar v
2
vwater: molar
volume of water
Osmotic pressure is additive:
1 osmolal is the osmotic pressure of 1 molal material.
0.1 molal NaCl → 0.2 osmolal
0.1 molal CaCl2 → 0.3 osmolal
Estimation of the magnitude:
RT20oC 2.44 MPa M-1
if c = 0.3 molal than
posm = 2.44 MPaM-1 0.3 M-1 0.73 MPa (7.3 bar)
in see water: 2.6 MPa 260 m high water column!
in tyres: 0.2 MPa
iosm cRTp
solventg
solutemoleMolality
1000
kgmoleunitionconcentratRault :;
How to measure it?
1. By using the van’t Hoff’s law: Pfeffer osmometer
2. By using the Rault’s law
increase in boiling point: mT
M
GT DD
' G’: g solute in 1000g
solvent
M: molar mass
DTm: molal boiling point increase
phydr = rgh = RTc= posm
depends on the solvent
Isoosmotic ↔ Isotonic
???
Calculated ↔ Measured
Rejection coefficient: 0 < s < 1
s = 1: solute is completely excluded
osmolality = tonicity
s = 0: solute is not excluded
osmolality ≠ tonicity (e.g. in biological
membranes rather tonicity)
Importance of osmosis in biology
- „Epsom salt” („bath salt”, MgSO4)
- iso-, hyper-, hypotonic solutions
hemolysis
physiological saline:0.9 m/m%
(~300 mOsm) NaCl
(sea water: 3.5%)
- dialysis,
haemodialysis,
peritoneal
dialysis
-reverse
osmosis
-Starling effect: the equilibrium between the blood
plasma and the intersticium
unbalance → oedema
35 Hgmm
(4,67 kPa)
Plasm hydrostatic
pressure
2 Hgmm
(0,27 kPa)
Interstitium
hydrostatic pressure
0 Hgmm Interstitium colloid
osmotic pressure
25 Hgmm
(3,33 kPa)
8 Hgmm
(1,07 kPa) Resulting pressure
15 Hgmm
(2,00 kPa)
Plasm hydrostatic
pressure
Interstitium
hydrostatic
pressure
1 Hgmm
(0,27 kPa)
3 Hgmm
(0,27 kPa)
Interstitium colloid
osmotic pressure
8 Hgmm
(1,07 kPa) Resulting pressure
25 Hgmm
(3,33 kPa) Colloid osmotic pressure Arterial end
Vein end
Comparison Passive
diffusion
Facilitated
diffusion
Active transport
Mediator Membrane lipids Ionofores, proteins
(permeases)
Membrane proteins
Direction of the
flux
In the concentration
gradient.
In the concentration
gradient.
Against the
concentration gradient
as well.
Connection to cell
energy supply
None None, or indirect Direct connection
Specificity None Large Large
Saturation None Possible Possible
Specific inhibition None Possible Possible
Reversibility Reversible Reversible Irreversible
Fick’s laws are
valid
Yes No, Michaelis-
Menten kinetics
No, Michaelis-Menten
kinetics
Transzported
materials
Lipid soluble, small
molecular mass
neutral molecules.
Ions, polar
compound
Large variety of
compounds, ions,
proteins, etc.
Comparison of transport processes across the mambrane