physics in andean countries: a perspective from condensed matter, novel materials, and...

8/14/2019 Physics in Andean Countries: A Perspective from Condensed Matter, Novel Materials, and Nanotechnology

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CENM

Physics in Andean countries: aperspective from condensed

matter, novel materials, andnanotechnology

P. Prieto

APS FellowDirector of the Center of Excellence for Novel Materials CENM

Universidad del Valle, Cali - Colombia

April Meeting Denver, Colorado May 2 2009

2009 APS April MeetingFIP

Physics in Latin America


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Feynman, 1959 Theres Plentyof Room at the Bottom

K. Eric Drexler Millennium Technology Conference14 June 2004

Explore & exploit unique phenomena

and effects at atomic, molecular, andsupra-molecular dimensions to creatematerials, devices, and systems withfundamentally novel properties andfunctions. Nanoscale gathers

multidisciplinary approaches: Physics,Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics,Materials Sciences, and TICs, all ofgreat benefit to humanity.

Applications are exciting; scientific &

engineering potential is vast.

Nanotechnology represent an opendisposition by policy makers toexploit its full potential for the

benefit of society.

Nanotechnology and Novel Materials

a

na

nome t

er

Gate

SiO2

Silico

1.2 nm


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Household

appliances

Manufacturingand materialsCatalysts

Coatings

Composite

materials

Fabrics

Fuelcells

Lubricants

Metal

AircraftAutomobiles

Clothing

Food

Lumber

PaperSporting

goods

Electronicsand IT

Embedded

displays

Logic chips

Memory chips

Optical

components

Sensors

Solar

cellsStorage

media

Computers

Consumer

electronics

Hard

drives

Healthcare andlife sciences

Biological

labels

Contrast

media

Orthopedic

materials Dental

equipment

Medical

instruments

Pharmaceuticals

> 1% of products in

segment incorporate

emergingnanotechnology

> 10% of products in

segment incorporate

emerging

nanotechnology

Intermediate

products

Final goods

>10 years

2004

2009

2014

Source: October 2004 Lux Research

Report Sizing Nanotechnologys Value Chain

otential and impact of Nanotechnologyotential and impact of Nanotechnology


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Increased Interest in Nanotechnology R&DIncreased Interest in Nanotechnology R&D

Public expenditure in nanotech up by ~40% (nearly 3.5B in 2003)

PublicEx

pen

diture

(1M

=1M$

)

NNI

(USA)

FP6

(EU)

Source: European Commission (2003)


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http://www.ricyt.org/interior/difusion/pubs/elc2008/InnovaEN.pdf

INNOVATION: SOMETHING MORE THAN R&D. Latin American evidence from

innovation surveys: building competitive business strategies, Guillermo Anll(CEPAL), Diana Surez (Centro Redes)
http://www.ricyt.org/interior/difusion/pubs/elc2008/InnovaEN.pdfhttp://www.ricyt.org/interior/difusion/pubs/elc2008/InnovaEN.pdf


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Chile (581 publications)

Colombia (311)

Venezuela (291)

Peru (50)

* Andean Countries


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Latin American participation ininnovation processes

Mere passive receptors of scientific andtechnological transference of knowledge.

Public & private investment do notsupport S&T Research, Innovation &Implementation in Nanotech

Aggressive and long-term public andprivate investment is not state policy


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GDP: 130 BERD: 0.2% (260 M)

ME: 4.4 B

GDP: 89 BGERD: 0.1%

(90M)ME: 1.3 B

GDP: 10 BGERD:0.2%

(18M)ME: 190 MGDP: 141 B

GERD: 0.6%(850 M)

ME:3.8 B

GDP: 41 BGERD: 0.2%

(81M)

ME: 1.1 B

GDP: 165 BGERD: 0.3%

(500 M)ME: 2 B

RED DE INDICADORES DE CIENCA YTECNOLOGIA IBEROAMERICANA E

INTERAMERICANA RICYThttp://www.ricyt.org

Adapted from: CIA World Fact Book

2009 & IMF, World Economic OutlookDatabase April 2006

Current status of R&D in Andean nationsCurrent status of R&D in Andean nations

USA : GDP - 14TGERD: 2.5% (350 B)

ME: 644 B

Total LA R&Dexpenditure is a smallpiece of a tiny pie

Total LAME: ~ 40 B

Mega military

expenditurewithouta clear enemy

Brazil: GDP 1T,

GERD: 1.1% (11B)ME: 24 B

GDP: gross domesticproduct

GERD: gross expenditurein R&DME: militar ex enditure
http://www.ricyt.org/http://www.ricyt.org/


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GDPGDP PopulationPopulation GERDGERDspendingspending

ResearcherResearcherss

MilitaryMilitaryexpenditureexpenditure

DevelopedDevelopedCountriesCountries

61.1% 22.3%84.4% 71.6%

USA: 644 BEU: 312 B

DevelopingDevelopingcountriescountries

38.9% 77.7%15.6% 28.4%

Brazil: 24 B

AndeanAndeannationsnations

0.18% 21% 0.2% 0.9% 16 B

Inverse Relationships

Adapted from: Adapted from: CIA World Fact Book &RICyT 2000, http://www.science.oas.org/r

The numbers paint a grim picture. How canwe improve this situation?


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0.5%

0.5-0.8%

0.8-0.9%

1-1.5%

1.5-2%

2-2.5%

2.5%

GDP & EDUCATION

IndonesiaNigeria

BrazilIndia

Mexico

Colombia VenezuelaEgypt Uruguay

Chile

Argentina

Italy

Japan Sweden

GermanyDenmark

South KoreaUSA

FinlandFranceNetherlands

Belgium

CanadaUKNorway

Spain


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Can we talk about innovation if wecontinue doing the same things?

Greater innovation to benefit of society

Can we evolve?


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Nanotechnology activity , measured by scientific

publications, has almost doubled worldwide between2000 & 2007In Iberian America, Spain & Brazil pioneered and leadin scientific production & technological development

in nanotech. The remaining Iberian nations showmarkedly lower production for the whole period.From 2000 to 2007, Iberian America had about 20,000documents in SCI. While the base total grew by 25%,during the same period articles on nanotech reacheda 100% increase. This is 3.5% of the total # of IberianAmerican publications registered in SCI for the period.

Nanotech activity in Iberian America is growing,

but it is still far behind worldwide figures.

Nanotech development in theregion


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The main Iberian American nations have implementedactive policies, constituting ad-hoc institutions &instruments to support nanotech, such as: RedNANOSPAIN, the Brazilian Initiative on Nanotechnology,

and the Argentine Nanotechnology Foundation (FAN)

The Iberian American institution with the highestparticipation in SCI is Spains Superior Council onScientific Research (CSIC). It participates with 11.8% of

the Iberian American production in nanotech, andreveals a marked increase of over 100% between 2000& 2007.

Leadership of Brazil and Spain has been a result

of the implementation of state policies and



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Given the relatively small scientific community andscant financial resources in each latin Americancountries , only decided regional collaboration can offerthe critical mass needed to render nanotech R&D the

necessary sustainability.

Iberian American collaboration is greatly importantinasmuch as it has increased the scientific production of

smaller nations by participating with more developednations.

Close collaboration within and with leadingnations in Nanotech development will bring

marked growth in Latin Americas participation.www.nanotecnologia.com.pe

Carlos Aguirre-Bastos POLITICAS PUBLICAS PARA ELDESARROLLO DE LA NANOTECNOLOGIA

http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/


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Internationally registered patents in nanotech, throughthe OMPI PCT accord, have increased by 183% between2000 & 2007.

Iberian Americas 560 patents are merely 0.74% ofnanotech patents registered in the PCT data base for2000-2007; showing rapid growth, from 13 to 133between 2000 & 2007.

The countries leading in numbers of patents in IberianAmerica are those with the higher scientific production.

There is potential and many are interested, but we

need to bridge the gap.



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Nanotechnology inNanotechnology in

Andean CountriesAndean CountriesSome Andean nations have

implemented state policiesappertaining to nanotechnology Inmany cases the intentions are

good, but the results are poor. If

not miserable!!


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In 2005, the National Secretariat of Science andTechnology (SENACYT), through the office of theVice President, published the document outlining the

National Policy for Science, Technology, andInnovation 2005-2010.

Among the objectives of the policy, it seeks to fund

basic sciences and natural sciences, includingnanotechnology.

Results are yet to be noted!!!www.nanotecnologia.com.pe

Carlos Aguirre-Bastos POLITICAS PUBLICASPARA EL DESARROLLO DE LA

Nano in Ecuador
http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/http://www.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://gruponovha.org/images/bandera_ecuador.gif&imgrefurl=http://gruponovha.org/adopcion.html&h=300&w=400&sz=16&tbnid=1qynE-ZwxRFT3M::&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbandera%2Becuador&hl=es&usg=__gzQViTPD2jfrJ1xnvVvWljqNHJs=&ei=W6PjSd22CeLfnQflg7GiCQ&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=4&ct=imagehttp://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/


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CONICYT, created in 1967, advises the President onscientific issues. It grants scholarships for graduatestudies and funds R&D projects. Chile has been aclear participant and is well aware of the importance

of nanoscience R&D.

The Center for Nanoscience in Valparaiso seeksto strengthen activities in experimental research infields related to the S&T of systems at the nanoscale.

http://www.conicyt.cl/573/propertyvalue-1735.htmlhttp://www.cenava.cl

Nano in Chile


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CIMAT: Center for advanced interdisciplinaryresearch in materials science was created in 1998,for a 10-year period, through a national effort foradvanced research in priority areas

Nano in Chile

http://www.conicyt.cl/573/propertyvalue-1735.html

Bio-related Materials

Mechanics of Complex Materials

Catalytic & Polymeric Materials
http://www.cimat.cl/quehacemos_investigacion01.php


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Creation of the National System for Scientific Technological Development, SINDECYT, 1977 ViceMinistry of Science and Technology

In Bolivia, nano is truly nano!

www.nanotecnologia.com.peCarlos Aguirre-Bastos POLITICAS PUBLICAS PARA

EL DESARROLLO DE LA NANOTECNOLOGIA

Nano in Bolivia
http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/


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The Strategic National Plan for Science, Technology,and Innovation for Competitivity and HumanDevelopment (PNCTI) 2006-2021, includes themanipulation and design of nanomaterials as a

thematic hub within the Materials Program(PROMAT). [Gutarra, 2007].

The Plan expects to increase public and private

investment in nanomaterials.

Peru began with a good plan, on paper. Good plansneed good cash flow and competent humanresources, still lacking! www.nanotecnologia.com.pe

Carlos Aguirre-Bastos POLITICAS PUBLICAS PARAEL DESARROLLO DE LA NANOTECNOLOGIA

Nano in Per
http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/


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The government launched, in 1995,the National Plan in Science,Technology, and Innovation (PNCTI)

for 2005-2030.

Venezuela wants to improve its long-term participation in ST&I. Studies areunderway. Greater percentage of the

GDP is promised for R&D.

Stay tuned. Al, presidente!!!www.mct.gob.ve

Nano in Venezuela


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In 2004, COLCIENCIAS selected 8 strategic areas toenhance productivity & competitivity in Colombianeconomy, one was Advanced Materials &Nanotechnology.

Colombia still needs clear and long-term statepolicies to support Nanotech R&D. Some short-termwork has proven successful, as is the case with the

Excellence Center for Novel Materials

www.nanotecnologia.com.pe

Carlos Aguirre-Bastos POLITICAS PUBLICAS PARAEL DESARROLLO DE LA NANOTECNOLOGIA

Nano in Colombia
http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/http://www.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.33ff.com/flags/XL_flags_embossed/Colombia_flag.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.33ff.com/flags/banderasmundo/bandera_Colombia.html&h=240&w=360&sz=5&tbnid=EW7Kkn_7TqzrqM::&tbnh=81&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbandera%2Bcolombia&hl=es&usg=__Xx10lHBKb4dkI7XKi_sPBkjLndQ=&ei=2qLjSdqjJM3lnQeEgZ2xCQ&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=3&ct=imagehttp://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/


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Created in 2005, the CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR NOVELMATERIALS www.cenm.org is part of a high-prioritynational effort funded primarily by COLCIENCIAS, gathering

19 recognized multidisciplinary research groups from 10public and private universities. It collaborates withinternational entities in materials research.

Research at CENM focuses on 4 Interdisciplinary Research

Themes Advanced Coatings Composite Materials

Nanomagnetism

Solid-State Devices, Sensors, and Mesoscopic Systems

CENM
http://www.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.33ff.com/flags/XL_flags_embossed/Colombia_flag.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.33ff.com/flags/banderasmundo/bandera_Colombia.html&h=240&w=360&sz=5&tbnid=EW7Kkn_7TqzrqM::&tbnh=81&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbandera%2Bcolombia&hl=es&usg=__Xx10lHBKb4dkI7XKi_sPBkjLndQ=&ei=2qLjSdqjJM3lnQeEgZ2xCQ&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=3&ct=image


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CENM

CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FORNOVEL MATERIALS

19 research groups Researchers: 70PhDs

Sponsorship: PhD and Msc. students:

Publications: 213

High-tech robust equipment:

PPMS (Physical Property MeasurementSystem)

AFM Atomic Force microscope

Microraman

Spectrophotometers

SEM Scanning Electron Microscope


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NANOCOLOMBIA wascreated as a private institutionto promote businessinvestments or joint ventures

in nanotechnology.

Nano in Colombia

FUNDACIN LATINOAMERICANA PARA EL AVANCE DE LA CIENCIA

Desde 1990 tejiendo Redes Acadmicas con el Propsito de Construir Nacinhttp://www.funlaci.org


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State policies must bridge the academia-industry gap

Govt & Private ST&I investment shows results

Trilogy endeavor to explore new frontiers. It can andmust be done.

Knowledge transference through strategic partnerships &patents, knowledge management, and disseminationthrough widespread technological transference initiatives

Bring ST&I work to the elementary school classroom andto the general population in simple language

Plausible Strategies


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THE TRIPLE HELIX MODEL OF UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY- GOVERNMENT RELATIONS

Academia

IndustryState $$


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In spite of achievements, limitations persist.Studies have reviewed policy, strategy, &plans, arriving at conclusions dealing with:

Limited impact Lack of real political will & decision Lack of funds Lack of culture for research andinnovation Only good intentions

Velho, 2004; OEA, 2004; Albornoz, 2002; BID, 2001

In Brief


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Many in the region are still not convinced

that ST&I should be a national priority.

Many others are still not aware of whatnanotechnology means or what applications

it may have.

Some are reticent to accept ST&I as aninstrument of change.

Most are sure that military spending is mostimportant.

As a summary


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Again, big change does not come about bydoing the same things.

Until now, we have only had nano policieswith nano investments for nanotech R&D; wemust pave the way for Mega-investments andlong-term commitments by state and privateentities

Food for Thought


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http://www.ricyt.org/interior/difusion/pubs/elc2008/Nano

Guillermo Anll and Diana Surez Innovation: somethingmore than R&D Latin American evidence from innovation

surveys: building competitive business strategies 2008

Robert Grosse R&D by TNCs in Latin America NationalScience Foundation, Info Brief, Latin America Shows

Rapid Rise in S&E Articles, August 2004. NSF 04-336.Danelia Sabilln Rodrguez Innovation in current and futurescientific cooperation: the south view Centro de Estudiosy Control de Contaminantes (CESCCO). Tegucigalpa, Honduras2002

Principaux indicateurs de la science et de la technologie,Volume 2008/2 ISSN 1011-792X OCDE 2008

Carlos Aguirre-Bastos Polticas publicas para el desarrollo dela nanotecnologaAcademia Nacional de Ciencias de

Bolivia

References and sources


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Gratitude is owed to the organizers of the 2009 APS AprilMeeting FIP Physics in Latin America for hosting this talk and toall of you for your kind attention.

Gracias!

Ah mismo, al otro lado del rio, hay toda clasede aparatos mgicos, mientras nosotros

seguimos viviendo como burros

Cien aos de soledad Gabriel Garca Mrquez

Acknowledgements

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