physics, chemistry, and biology in ponds and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Physics, Chemistry, and Biology in Ponds and Lakes
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Ponds and Lakes Dominated by Heterotrophic Processes
• Example. A well‐mixed lake with V = 5x108 L is fed by a stream flowing at Q=2.4x107 L/d that contains 8 mg/L DO and has L = 10 mg/L. Waste from a small municipality (L = 95 mg/L, DO = 0 mg/L) enters the lake at 4.8 x 106 L/d. kd, kr, and DO* in the lake are 0.10 d−1, 0.05 d−1, and 11.2 mg/L, respectively. Assuming that the lake is at steady‐state:
a) Determine L and DO in the lake.b) Compute the rates (kg/d) at which advection,
reaeration, and biological reaction, each acting alone, increase or decrease DO and L in the lake.
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• Q1 = 2.4 x 107 L/d Q3 = Q1 + Q2 = 2.88 x 107 L/d• DO1 = 8 mg/L DO3 = ?• L1 = 10 mg/L L3 = ?• Q2 = 4.8 x 106 L/d• DO2 = 0 mg/L• L2 = 95 mg/L• kr = 0.05 d−1• kd = 0.10 d−1• DO* = 11.2 mg/L
V, kd Lin lake
DOin lake, kr Q3, L3, DO3
Q1 (stream),L1, DO1
Q2 (waste), L2, DO2
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V, kd Lin lake
DOin lake, kr Q3, L3, DO3
Q1 (stream),L1, DO1
Q2 (waste), L2, DO2
MB on L: 1 1 2 2 3 3 in lake0 dQ L Q L Q L k VL= + − −
( )( )
7 6
7 1 83 3
L mg L mg0 2.4 10 10 4.8 10 95d L d L
L 2.88 10 0.10 d 5 10 Ld
L L−
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞− −⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
x x
x x
L3 = Lin lake = 8.83 mg/L
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V, kd Lin lake
DOin lake, kr Q3, L3, DO3
Q1 (stream),L1, DO1
Q2 (waste), L2, DO2
MB on DO:
DO3 = DOin lake = 0.57 mg/L
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )in lake 1 1 2 2 3 3 in lake in lakeDO DO DO DO DO* DOd rd V Q Q Q k L V k Vdt
= + − − + −⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 1 2 2 3 3 3 30 DO DO DO DO* DOd rQ Q Q k L V k V= + − − + −
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
7 6 73
1 8 1 83
L mg L mg L0 2.4 10 8 4.8 10 0 2.88 10 DOd L d L d
mg mg 0.1 d 8.83 5 10 L 0.05 d 11.2 DO 5 10 LL L
− −
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= + −⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞− + −⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
x x x
x x
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V, kd Lin lake
DOin lake, kr Q3, L3, DO3
Q1 (stream),L1, DO1
Q2 (waste), L2, DO2
Advective outflow of biochemical oxygen demand:(2.88 x 107 L/d)(8.83 mg/L) (10‐6 kg/mg) = 254 kg/d
Rate of L utilization (i.e., the rate of DO utilization by biochemical reactions):
−rLV = kd (Lin lake) V= (0.10 d−1) (8.83 mg/L) (5 x 108 L)= 4.42 x 108 mg/d = 442 kg/d
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254Outlet
456Waste
240Stream
442Bioactivity
Lake
(a)
0Waste
16Outlet
442Bioactivity
Lake
192Stream
266Reaeration
(b)
Mass Balance Terms for L (kg/d)
Mass Balance Terms for DO (kg/d)
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Cladocerans
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Copepods
Cyclopoid
Calanoid
nauplii
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Limiting Nutrients for Algal Growth and Lake Productivity:Nitrogen, Phosphorus & Carbon
Nutrient Source Cycling
Nitrogen [Atmosphere], BiologicalGeologic
Phosphorus Geologic Physical, Chemical
Carbon Atmosphere Chemical, Biological
Redfield RatioC: N : P P limited N limited106 : 16: 1 N:P >20 N:P < 10
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Carbon: rarely limiting due to ready availability from the atmosphere
Nitrogen: can be limiting especially at very high phosphorus loading rates
Phosphorus: most common limiting nutrient and best predictor of algal biomass
Colimitation: very common for both nitrogen and phosphorus in combination to be limiting in short term (3-5 day) bioassays
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Phosphorus vs. Phytoplankton Biomass
0.1
1
10
100
1000C
hlor
ophy
ll (µg
L-1
)
1 10 100 1000Total Phosphorus (µg L-1)
y = 0.08x1.5
r2 = 0.91
Jones and Bachmann (1976)
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Common Threats to Lake and Stream Water Quality
• Point Sources: sewage and industrial effluent
• Non-Point Sources: fertilizers, animal wastes,erosion, failing septic systems, Canada geese
• Point sources have for the most part been controlled
• A key area for future research in limnology and lake management is the development of methods for quantifying and controlling non-point source nutrients
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CAFOs = Factory Farms
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0.997
0.998
0.999
1.000D
ensi
ty (g
ram
s/cm
3 )
0 5 10 15 20 25
Temperature (C°)
Max. Density @ 4 C°
The Impact of Temperature on Water Density
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0 5 10 15 20 25
Temperature (C°)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Dep
th (m
)
Summer Stratification
Epilimnion
Hypolimnion
Metalimnion
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time of Year
Depth (m)
8 10 12 14 16 18 20Temperature (°C)
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Temperate Lakes
Deep = usually Dimictic
Shallow = often Polymictic
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0 5 10 15 20 25Temperature (C°)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Dep
th (m
)
Summer Stratification
0 5 10 15 20 25Temperature (C°)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Dep
th (m
)
Fall Mixing
0 5 10 15 20 25Temperature (C°)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Dep
th (m
)
Spring Mixing
0 5 10 15 20 25Temperature (C°)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Dep
th (m
)
Winter Inverse Stratification
Thermal Stratification in a Dimictic Lake
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0
5
10
15
20
25
Dep
th (m
)Temperature
0
5
10
15
20
25
Dep
th (m
)
Light
0
5
10
15
20
25
Dep
th (m
)
Dissolved Oxygen0
5
10
15
20
25
Dep
th (m
)
Nutrients
A Eutrophic Dimictic Lake During the Summer
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Eutrophication and Nuisance algal blooms
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0
2
4
6
8
Secc
hi d
epth
(m)
0 10 20 30 40
Chlorophyll a (µg L−1)
Chlorophyll vs. Water Clarity
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0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time of Year
Depth (m)
2 4 6 8 10Chlorophyll concentration (µg/L)
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Vol
. Wt.
Chlo
roph
yll C
onc.
(µg/
L)
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Vol
. Wt.
Tem
pera
ure
(°C)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time of Year
Lake Washington ChlorophyllTemperature
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Aquatic foodweb
phytoplankton
zooplankton
planktivores
top consumers
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Clear Lake PeruvianUpwelling
Fish
Zooplankton
Phytoplankton
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“The phytoplankton-zooplankton interrelationship appears to be particularly dependent on the species composition of the biota; hence, if the phytoplankton is composed primarily of species edible [and of nutritional value] for zooplankton, one may find a relatively low phytoplankton standing crop”
R.A. Vollenweider (1976)
Mem. Ist. Ital. Idrobiol. 33: 53-83.
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Hypereutrophy and N limitation
• Anoxic hypolimnion (bottom layer)
• Denitrification (NO3 converted to N2)
• Reduced conditions in sediments (Fe3+ Fe2+)
• Supply of NO3 and PO43-
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Cyanobacteria
• Competitive Advantages– Can fix atmospheric nitrogen– Buoyancy regulation– Luxury P uptake (polyphosphate crystals)– Poor food quality and edibility to zooplankton
• Competitive Disadvantages– Slow growers relative to other phytoplankton
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"On May 2, 1878, George Francis of Adelaide, Australia, published the first scholarly description of the potentially lethal effects produced by cyanobacteria . . . in a letter to Nature . . . Symptoms--stupor and unconsciousness, falling and remaining quiet, as if asleep, unless touched, when convulsions come on, with head and neck drawn back by rigid spasm, which subsides before death. Time--sheep, from one to six or eight hours; horses, eight to twenty-four hours; dogs, four to five hours; pigs, three or four hours."
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From the website for CellTech, the company harvesting and selling Super Blue Green® Algae.
1. Super Blue Green® Algae is over 60% high quality (complete) protein
2. and is the richest source of chlorophyll known to man.
3. It is a (vegetable) source of vitamin B-12, and in fact contains more B-12 than any other vegetable!
4. Super Blue Green® Algae is 100% vegetarian, 100% natural and 100% wild-grown.
5. It is enzyme active for super absorption by your body and, it contains over 60 minerals and trace minerals.
6. Are there any medically proven health benefits? Super Blue Green® is a food, not a drug or medicine. Therefore, we cannot promote it as having proven health consequences.
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Lake Washington Story• Mean depth 32 m• Max depth 61 m• HRT = 2.4 yr-1
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Case Study: Lake Washington
From: W.T. Edmondson (1994) Lake & Reservoir Management 10: 75-84.
0
25
50
75
100
125
Dis
solv
ed P
Inpu
ts (m
etri
c to
ns y
r.-1)
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Year
Watershed Loading
Sewage Effluent
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From: W.T. Edmondson (1994) Lake & Reservoir Management 10: 75-84.
Change in Lake Washington phytoplankton composition and biomass
0
1
2
3
Phyt
o. B
iovi
ol. (
mm
3L
-1)
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Year
Other Phytoplankton
Cyanobacteria
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0
25
50
75
100
125Pe
rcen
t of 1
964
Valu
e
1965 1970 1975
Year
Phytoplankton
Phosphate
Nitrate
Inorganic Carbon
From: W.T. Edmondson (1991) The Uses of Ecology.
Change in Lake Washington nutrient concentrations, and phytoplankton biomass after waste water diversion
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05
101520 D
aphn
ia L
-1
0
2
4
6
8
10
Secc
hi (m
)
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Year
Secchi Depth
Daphnia
Trophic Equilibrium
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05
101520 D
aphn
ia L
-1
0
2
4
6
8
10
Secc
hi (m
)
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Year
Secchi Depth
Daphnia
Trophic Equilibrium
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05
101520 D
aphn
ia L
-1
0
2
4
6
8
10
Secc
hi (m
)
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Year
Secchi Depth
Daphnia
Trophic Equilibrium
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0
2
4
6
8
10
Biom
ass (
µg C
hla/
l)
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Time of Year
Lake Washington seasonal phytoplankton succession
Others
Cyanos
Greens
Cryptos
Diatoms