physics - board of studies 433 2003 higher school ... a transformer allows the neon ... calculate...

General Instructions

• Reading time – 5 minutes

• Working time – 3 hours

• Write using black or blue pen

• Draw diagrams using pencil

• Board-approved calculators maybe used

• A data sheet, formulae sheets andPeriodic Table are provided atthe back of this paper

• Write your Centre Number andStudent Number at the top ofpages 13, 17, 21 and 25

Total marks – 100

Pages 2–28

75 marks

This section has two parts, Part A and Part B

Part A – 15 marks

• Attempt Questions 1–15

• Allow about 30 minutes for this part

Part B – 60 marks

• Attempt Questions 16–27

• Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part

Pages 29–42

25 marks

• Attempt ONE question from Questions 28–32

• Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Section II

Section I

Physics

433

2003H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C AT E

E X A M I N AT I O N

– 2 –

Section I75 marks

Part A – 15 marksAttempt Questions 1–15Allow about 30 minutes for this part

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet.

Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response ovalcompletely.

Sample: 2 + 4 = (A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9

A B C D

If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross through the incorrect answer and fill in thenew answer.

A B C D

If you change your mind and have crossed out what you consider to be the correct answer, thenindicate the correct answer by writing the word correct and drawing an arrow as follows.

correct

A B C D

1 The weight of an astronaut on the Moon is 1–6

of her weight on Earth.

What is the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon?

2 A satellite moves in uniform circular motion around Earth.

The following table shows the symbols used in the diagrams below. These diagrams are NOT drawn to scale.

Key

Which diagram shows the direction of F and v at the position indicated?

Earth

Satellite

F v

v

Earth

Satellite

F

Earth

Satellite F

v

Earth

Satellite

F

v

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

net force on satellite

velocity of satellite

F

v

(A) ms

(B) ms

(C) 9.8 ms

(D) ms

69 8

9 86

9 8 6

2

2

2

2

.

.

.

×( )

−

−

−

−

– 3 –

3 For a satellite moving in uniform circular motion around Earth, the centripetal force isprovided by the gravitational force.

The mass of Earth is ME.

The mass of the satellite is MS.

The distance of the satellite from the centre of Earth is d .

Which of the following equations should be used to calculate the speed of this satellite?

4 Two planets, X and Y, travel around a star in the same direction, in circular orbits.

Planet X completes one revolution about the star in time T. The radii of the orbits are inthe ratio 1 : 4.

How many revolutions does planet Y make about the star in the same time T?

(A) 1–8 revolution

(B) 1–2 revolution

(C) 2 revolutions

(D) 8 revolutions

X

Y

r

4r

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

E

E

E

E S

vGM

d

vGM

d

vGM

d

vGM M

d

=

=

=

=

2

– 4 –

5 An astronaut set out in a spaceship from Earth orbit to travel to a distant star in ourgalaxy. The spaceship travelled at a speed of 0.8 c. When the spaceship reached the starthe on-board clock showed the astronaut that the journey took 10 years.

An identical clock remained on Earth. What time in years had elapsed on this clock whenseen from the astronaut’s spaceship?

(A) 3.6

(B) 6.0

(C) 10.0

(D) 16.7

6 The diagram shows a DC generator connected to a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO).

What output voltage would be observed for this generator on the CRO?

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

Time (s)

Vol

tage

(V

)

0 Time (s)

Vol

tage

(V

)

0

Vol

tage

(V

)

Time (s)0 Time (s)

Vol

tage

(V

)

0

N

S

CRO

– 5 –

7 A non-magnetic metal disk is balanced on a support as shown in the diagram below. Thedisk is initially stationary. A magnet is moved in a circular path just above the surface ofthe disk, without touching it.

As a result of this movement the disk begins to rotate in the same direction as the magnet.

The observed effect demonstrates the principle most applicable to the operation of the

(A) DC motor.

(B) galvanometer.

(C) generator.

(D) induction motor.

8 A neon sign requires a 6000 V supply for its operation. A transformer allows the neonsign to operate from a 240 V supply.

What is the ratio of the number of secondary turns to the number of primary turns for thetransformer?

(A) 1 : 40

(B) 1 : 25

(C) 25 : 1

(D) 40 : 1

S

N

Path

Disk

– 6 –

9 A current of 5.0 A flows in a wire that is placed in a magnetic field of 0.5 T. The wire is0.7 m long and is at an angle of 60° to the field.

What is the approximate magnitude of the force on the wire?

(A) 0 N

(B) 0.9 N

(C) 1.5 N

(D) 1.8 N

I = 5.0 A

60°

0.7 m

B = 0.5 T

– 7 –

10 A flexible wire loop is lying on a frictionless table made from an insulating material. Thewire can slide around horizontally on the table and change shape freely, but it cannotmove vertically. The loop is connected to a power supply, a switch and two terminalsfixed to the table as shown.

When the switch is closed, a current I flows around the loop.

Which of the following diagrams most closely represents the final shape of the loop afterthe switch is closed?

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

I

I

I

I

Wire loop

Switch

– 8 –

11 Which of the following did the Braggs investigate using X-ray diffraction?

(A) Cathode rays

(B) Crystal structure

(C) Photoelectric effect

(D) Superconductivity

12 In a first-hand investigation that you performed, you used a discharge tube containing aMaltese Cross. You would have observed an image similar to the one shown below.

Which of the following statements is a valid conclusion from the observations made inthis Maltese Cross investigation?

(A) Cathode rays pass through glass.

(B) Cathode rays pass through metals.

(C) Cathode rays are charged particles.

(D) Cathode rays travel in straight lines.

– 9 –

13 An n-type semiconductor is produced when silicon crystal is doped with small quantitiesof phosphorus.

How will this doping change the crystal’s electrical conductivity?

(A) The conductivity will decrease because there are fewer holes in the valence band.

(B) The conductivity will increase because there are more holes in the valence band.

(C) The conductivity will decrease because there are fewer electrons in the conductionband.

(D) The conductivity will increase because there are more electrons in the conductionband.

14 Heinrich Hertz used a set-up similar to the one shown below to investigate the productionand detection of electromagnetic radiation.

A glass sheet was placed between the transmitter and receiver.

Which of the following observations is consistent with the photoelectric effect that Hertzproduced?

(A) Radio waves were blocked when the glass sheet was in place.

(B) Ultraviolet waves were blocked when the glass sheet was in place.

(C) The maximum spark length was longer when the glass sheet was in place.

(D) The maximum spark length was shorter when the glass sheet was in place.

Transmitter Receiver

High voltagesource of

radio waves

– 10 –

15 A positively-charged ion travelling at 250 m s−1 is fired between two parallel chargedplates, M and N. There is also a magnetic field present in the region between the twoplates. The direction of the magnetic field is into the page as shown. The ion is travellingperpendicular to both the electric and the magnetic fields.

The electric field between the plates has a magnitude of 200 V m−1. The magnetic fieldis adjusted so that the ion passes through undeflected.

What is the magnitude of the adjusted magnetic field, and the polarity of the M terminalrelative to the N terminal?

Polarity of M relative to N

positive

negative

positive

negative

Magnitude of magneticfield (teslas)

0.8

0.8

1.25

1.25

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

M

N

– 11 –

BLANK PAGE

© Board of Studies NSW 2003

– 12 –

Section I (continued)

Part B – 60 marksAttempt Questions 16–27Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part

Answer the questions in the spaces provided.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Question 16 (6 marks)

Please turn over

2003 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

Physics

– 13 –434

Centre Number

Student Number


A student performed a first-hand investigation to examine projectile motion.

A ball resting on a horizontal table was given an initial push at X, resulting in the ballfollowing the path XYZ as shown.

A data logger used the motion sensor to measure the horizontal distance to the ball.When the ball was at position Y, a distance of 1.50 m from the motion sensor, it leftthe edge of the table.

In the first trial, the range was 0.60 m. The graph below was obtained from the datalogger.

Question 16 continues on page 15

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

00 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Linear fit: y = mx + bm (slope): 1.85b (y-intercept): 0.512Correlation: 1.00

Time (s)

Dis

tanc

e (m

)

Range

Motionsensor

X Y

Z

NOT TOSCALE

– 14 –

Marks

Question 16 (continued)

(a) For this trial, determine the horizontal speed of the ball as it left the edge ofthe table.

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(b) The experiment was repeated with the ball leaving the table at different speeds.Graph the relationship between the range and the horizontal speed at Y. Identifyon your graph the results from the first trial.

(c) The apparatus described in this first-hand investigation was used to carry out anidentical experiment on another planet where the acceleration due to gravity isless than that on Earth.

The horizontal speed of the ball as it left the table on the planet was the same asin part (a). Compare the range of the ball on the planet to that on Earth. Explainyour answer.

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End of Question 16

2

0

3

1

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Marks


A satellite of mass 150 kg is launched from Earth’s surface into a uniform circularorbit of radius 7.5 × 106 m.

(a) Calculate the magnitude of the gravitational potential energy Ep of the satellite.

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(b) From this uniform circular orbit, the satellite can escape Earth’s gravitationalfield when its kinetic energy is equal to the magnitude of the gravitationalpotential energy.

Use this relationship to calculate the escape velocity of the satellite.

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(c) Discuss the effect of Earth’s rotational motion on the launch of this satellite.

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2

3

1

– 16 –

Marks


Section I – Part B (continued)

MarksQuestion 18 (6 marks)

Michelson and Morley set up an experiment to measure the velocity of Earth relativeto the aether.

(a) Outline TWO features of the aether model for the transmission of light.

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(b) Recount the Michelson and Morley experiment, which attempted to measure therelative velocity of Earth through the aether, and describe the results theyanticipated.

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4

2


Physics

– 17 –435

Centre Number

Student Number


Two straight copper wires are suspended so that their lower ends dip into a conductingsalt solution in a beaker as shown. The length of the straight section of each wireabove the conducting salt solution is 35 cm and they are placed 1.5 cm apart. The endsof the wire do not touch the bottom of the beaker. The two wires are connected to aDC power supply.

A current of 2 amperes flows from the battery. Calculate the magnitude and directionof the initial force on each wire.

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Conductingsalt solution

35 cm

1.5 cm

NOT TOSCALE

3

– 18 –

Marks


Two solenoids (coils) with hollow cores are suspended using string so that they arehanging in the positions shown below. The solenoids are free to move in a pendulummotion.

In the first investigation shown in Figure 1, a strong bar magnet is moved towards thesolenoid until the north end of the magnet enters the solenoid and then the motion ofthe magnet is stopped.

In the second investigation, shown in Figure 2, a thick copper wire is connectedbetween the two terminals, A and B, at the ends of the solenoid. The motion of themagnet is repeated exactly in this second investigation.

Explain the effect of the motion of the magnet on the solenoid in the two investigations.

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Support

A B

N S

Support

A B

N S

Figure 1 – First investigation Figure 2 – Second investigation

Copper wire

4

– 19 –

Marks

BLANK PAGE


– 20 –



(a) Explain the relationship between the current in the primary coil and the currentin the secondary coil of an ideal step-down transformer in relation to theconservation of energy.

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(b) Explain why a transformer will work in an AC circuit but not in a DC circuit.

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2

3


Physics

– 21 –436

Centre Number

Student Number


Describe a first-hand investigation to demonstrate the effect on a generated electriccurrent when the strength of the magnet is varied.

In your description, include:

• a labelled sketch of the experimental set-up;

• how you varied the magnetic field strength;

• how other variables were controlled.

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5

– 22 –

Marks


(a) The following image shows a magnet hovering above a superconducting disk.

Explain why the magnet is able to hover above the superconductor.

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(b) Compare the model for the conduction of electricity in metals at roomtemperature with the model for conduction of electricity in superconductorsbelow the critical temperature.

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3

3

– 23 –

Marks

BLANK PAGE


– 24 –



Outline Thomson’s experiment to measure the charge/mass ratio of an electron.

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4


Physics

– 25 –437

Centre Number

Student Number


A physics student was conducting an investigation on the photoelectric effect. Thestudent used an infrared laser with a wavelength of 1.55 × 10−6 m for this investigation.

(a) Calculate the energy of a photon from this laser.

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(b) When the laser light was shone onto a photo-cell, no current was detected. Thestudent increased the intensity of the light but still detected no current.

Explain this observation.

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3

2

– 26 –

Marks


Describe Einstein’s contributions to Special Relativity and to Quantum Theory andhow these contributions changed the direction of scientific thinking in the TwentiethCentury.

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6

– 27 –

Marks


In a particle accelerator called a synchrotron, magnetic fields are used to control themotion of an electron so that it follows a circular path of fixed radius.

Describe the changes required in the magnetic field to accelerate an electron to nearthe speed of light. Support your answer with appropriate mathematical relationships.

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Marks


Section II

25 marksAttempt ONE question from Questions 28–32Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Answer the question in a writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Pages

Question 28 Geophysics ........................................................................... 31–33

Question 29 Medical Physics ................................................................... 34–35

Question 30 Astrophysics ......................................................................... 36–38

Question 31 From Quanta to Quarks ....................................................... 39–40

Question 32 The Age of Silicon ............................................................... 41–42


Physics

– 29 –438

BLANK PAGE

– 30 –

Question 28 — Geophysics (25 marks)

(a) (i) Identify THREE principal methods used by geophysicists to investigatethe structure of Earth and the properties of Earth materials.

(ii) Describe the role that geophysicists play in the monitoring of nucleartest-ban treaties.

(b) Summarise the geophysical evidence that supports the theory of plate tectonics.

(c) (i) Describe how absorption and reflection of radiation can provideinformation about a reflecting surface.

(ii) The picture below shows a satellite image of a bushfire burning in aforested area. Images such as the one below can be used as a part of theprocess of monitoring changes in vegetation.

Explain how remote-sensing techniques can be used to monitor thespread of a bushfire, and the regrowth of vegetation in regions affectedby a bushfire.


Smoke

Burnt land

3

2

3

2

1

– 31 –

Marks


(d) (i) Outline the structure and function of a geophone.

(ii) The method of seismic refraction is depicted in the diagram below. Aseries of eight geophones, G1 to G8, are arranged in a straight line alonglevel ground. They are each separated by a distance of 10 m.

At a distance of 20 m from the first geophone, a hammer is used to strikethe ground to produce seismic waves.

The geophones are attached to a seismograph that records the time ofarrival of the waves after the hammer strikes the ground.

The data from the geophones are analysed and the arrival times of thedirect and refracted waves that reach each geophone are recorded. Thesedata are shown in the graph on page 33. On the graph, a circle representsthe arrival of the first wave to reach a geophone, and a square representsthe arrival time of the second wave to reach a geophone. The points onthe graph associated with the direct seismic wave and the refractedseismic wave are shown.


G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8

Hammer Geophones

Soft rock

Hard rock

20 m 10 m

2

– 32 –

Marks


(1) Explain why the line for the refracted wave crosses the line for thedirect wave on the graph.

(2) From the graph, calculate the speed of the direct wave in the softrock layer.

(e) Outline the application of Newton’s theory of universal gravitation to the fieldof geophysics, and discuss how information obtained from gravity surveys hasled to a greater understanding of the structure of Earth.

End of Question 28

8

2

2

Refracted wave

Direct wave

0 10 20G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.10

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0

Distance to geophones (metres)

Tim

e af

ter

ham

mer

impa

ct (

seco

nd)

Time of arrival of first wave at geophone

Time of arrival of second wave at geophone

Legend

– 33 –

Marks

Question 29 — Medical Physics (25 marks)

(a) (i) Identify the property of the hydrogen nucleus that makes it useful inmagnetic resonance imaging.

(ii) Describe how X-rays are produced when electrons strike the anode in anX-ray tube.

(b) Outline the production of gamma rays and their use in the diagnostic procedureof positron emission tomography (PET).

(c) This question refers to the bone scan of a person with cancer, and a chest X-rayof a healthy person.

Bone-scan image X-ray image

(i) Compare how radiation is used to produce a bone scan image and anX-ray image.

(ii) Describe how a bone scan is able to provide information that an X-raycannot provide.


2

3

3

2

1

– 34 –

Marks

Awaiting Copyright Clearance



(d) The table below shows the speed of sound in, and density of, several differenttissues.

(i) Calculate the acoustic impedance of kidney tissue.

(ii) Ultrasound travelling through kidney tissue in the body encounters adifferent type of tissue. Identify the type of tissue that will result in thegreatest proportion of the incident pulse being reflected at the boundarybetween the kidney and the other tissue. Justify your choice.

(iii) Describe the properties of ultrasound that led to its use in themeasurement of bone density.

(e) An understanding of the properties of electrons, and our ability to control theirbehaviour, have played key roles in the development of CAT scans and positronemission tomography imaging technologies.

Justify this statement with reference to the production and display of imagesused for medical diagnosis.

End of Question 29

8

3

2

1

Density (kg m−3)

952

1025

1038

1065

1076

Speed of sound in tissue (m s−1)

1450

1570

1560

1550

1580

Tissue

Fat

Blood

Kidney

Liver

Muscle

– 35 –

Marks

Question 30 — Astrophysics (25 marks)

(a) (i) Define the term resolution of a telescope.

(ii) Describe ONE method by which the resolution of a ground-based systemcan be improved.

(b) An H-R diagram for the globular cluster M3 is shown below.

The stars in the Lyrae gap have an absolute magnitude of 0.6. Use thisinformation and their position on the H-R diagram to determine the distance ofM3 from Earth.


Lyrae Gap

12

14

16

18

20

10 000 7 500 5 000

Temperature (K)

App

aren

t mag

nitu

de

3

2

1

– 36 –

Marks


(c) The diagram below is a comparison of the spectrum of quasar 3C 273 and aspectrum from a light source on Earth.

(i) From this comparison, identify the feature of the quasar spectrum that isrepresentative of the spectra produced by quasars.

(ii) The spectra above are both examples of absorption spectra.

(1) Account for the production of a star’s absorption spectrum.

(2) Describe how a spectrum from a star can provide information on thesurface temperature of that star. Give a specific example to illustrateyour answer.


2

2

1

– 37 –

Marks



(d) The H-R diagram for a cluster is shown below.

(i) Why is the cluster considered young?

(ii) Stars X and Z are both part of the same cluster but have different mainsequence nuclear reactions and different evolutionary pathways.

(1) Contrast the fusion reactions in star X and star Z.

(2) Predict TWO possible evolutionary pathways for star X.

(e) Evaluate the impact of studying the visible spectrum of light on our understandingof celestial objects.

End of Question 30

8

3

2

1

Main sequence

Star X

Star Z

O B A F G K MSpectral class

1 000 000

10 000

100

1

0.01

0.0001

0. 000 001

Lum

inos

ity (

Sun

= 1)

Apparent m

agnitude

−5

+5

+10

+15

+20

0

−10

Cluster

– 38 –

Marks

Question 31 — From Quanta to Quarks (25 marks)

(a) (i) Identify the structure of the Rutherford model of the atom.

(ii) Describe how Bohr refined Rutherford’s model of the hydrogen atom.

(b) The table below shows the different types of quarks and their charge.

The standard model of matter says that protons and neutrons are composed ofup and down quarks. There are three quarks in each particle.

Compare protons and neutrons in terms of their quark composition.

(c) The equations shown below describe three different types of transmutationreactions involving uranium.

(i) Identify which reaction is naturally occurring, and justify your answer.

(ii) Identify ONE transmutation reaction above that has a practicalapplication, and describe the application.


3

2

n103+Kr92

36+Ba141

56→n1

0+U235

92(3)

He42

+Th23490

→U23892(2)

U23992

→n10

+U23892(1)

Charge

+ 2–3 e

− 1–3 e

− 1–3 e

+ 2–3 e

− 1–3 e

+ 2–3 e

Quark

Up

Down

Strange

Charm

Bottom

Top

3

2

1

– 39 –

Marks


(d) The two graphs below show the gravitational and electrostatic forces actingbetween two protons in the nucleus of an atom.

(i) If the distance between protons in a nucleus is 1.0 × 10−15 m, determineboth the gravitational and the electrostatic force at this distance.

(ii) Explain why these two forces cannot explain the stability of the nucleus,and why there is a need for the strong nuclear force.

(iii) Describe TWO properties of the strong nuclear force.

(e) Describe the requirements for a nuclear fission explosion, and describe howthese are controlled in a nuclear reactor.

End of Question 31

8

2

2

2

1000

800

600

400

200

00 1 2 3 4

Electrostatic force

Nucleon distance d (× 10−15 m)

F (

N)

0−1−2−3−4−5−6−7−8

0 1 2 3 4

Gravitational force

Nucleon distance d (× 10−15 m)

F (

× 10

−34 N

)

– 40 –

Marks

Question 32 — The Age of Silicon (25 marks)

(a) (i) Identify ONE electronic system that is digital, and ONE electronic systemthat is analogue.

(ii) Use diagrams to describe the variation between digital and analoguevoltage outputs with time.

(b) Construct a truth table showing the outputs at P, Q and R for each of the possibleinput states of A and B in the following circuit.

(c) The graph below shows how the density of transistors on a silicon chip hasincreased over the last 30 years.

(i) Use the data in the graph to predict the change in computer performancefrom 1970 to 2005. Justify your answer.

(ii) Discuss the validity of using the graph to predict computer performanceup to 2060.


2

3

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010103

104

105

106

107

108

Year

Tra

nsis

tor

dens

ity (

cm−2

)

Gate 3

Gate 1 Gate 2 R

Q

A

B

P

Gate 1 InverterGate 2 ORGate 3 AND

3

2

1

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Marks


(d) The circuit below uses a thermistor as a temperature sensor to control theoperation of a relay. The relay will close when the voltage across the relay coilis greater than 6 volts. The resistance of the thermistor, RTHERM, is given in thegraph.

(i) Calculate the voltage at point A at a temperature of 15°C. Neglect theeffect of the 100 kΩ resistor and the operational amplifier on the voltageat point A.

(ii) Determine the value of R so that the relay will close only when thetemperature falls below 15°C.

(e) Describe and compare the physical principles underlying the operation of inputand output transducers. Use an analogue ammeter and a solar cell as examples.

End of paper

8

3

3

0 5 10 15 20 25

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Temperature (°C)

RT

HE

RM

(kΩ

)

22 kΩ100 kΩ

−

+

R

A

ThermistorRelay coil

+12 V

– 42 –

Marks

BLANK PAGE

– 43 –

BLANK PAGE


– 44 –

– 45 –

DATA SHEET

Charge on electron, qe –1.602 × 10–19 C

Mass of electron, me 9.109 × 10–31 kg

Mass of neutron, mn 1.675 × 10–27 kg

Mass of proton, mp 1.673 × 10–27 kg

Speed of sound in air 340 m s–1

Earth’s gravitational acceleration, g 9.8 m s–2

Speed of light, c 3.00 × 108 m s–1

Magnetic force constant, 2.0 × 10–7 N A–2

Universal gravitational constant, G 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2

Mass of Earth 6.0 × 1024 kg

Planck constant, h 6.626 × 10–34 J s

Rydberg constant, R (hydrogen) 1.097 × 107 m–1

Atomic mass unit, u 1.661 × 10–27 kg

931.5 MeV/c2

1 eV 1.602 × 10–19 J

Density of water, ρ 1.00 × 103 kg m–3

Specific heat capacity of water 4.18 × 103 J kg–1 K–1

k ≡

µπ0

2


Physics

439

E Gm m

r

F mg

v u

v u at

v u a y

x u t

y u t a t

r

T

GM

FGm m

d

E mc

l lv

c

tt

v

c

mm

v

c

p

x x

y y y

x

y y

v

v

v

= −

=

=

= +

= +

=

= +

=

=

=

= −

=

−

=

−

1 2

2 2

2 2

1

22

3

2 2

1 2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

4

1

1

1

∆

∆

∆

π

0

0

0

v f

Id

vv

ir

EFq

RVI

P VI

VIt

vrt

avt

av u

t

F ma

Fmv

r

E mv

W Fs

p mv

Ft

k

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

= = −

=

=

=

=

=

=

∝

λ

1

12

2

1

2

2

2

sinsin

Energy

therefore

Impulse

av

av av

∆∆

∆∆

Σ

– 46 –

FORMULAE SHEET

– 47 –

FORMULAE SHEET

dp

M md

I

I

m mr

GT

Rn n

hmv

AV

V

V

V

R

R

A

B

m m

f i

B A

=

= −

=

+ =

= −

=

=

= −

−( )

1

510

100

4

1 1 1

5

1 2

2 3

2

2 2

0

log

π

λ

λ

out

in

out

in

f

i

F

lk

I I

d

F BIl

Fd

nBIA

V

V

n

n

F qvB

EVd

E hf

c f

Z v

I

I

Z Z

Z Z

p

s

p

s

r

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=−[ ]+[ ]

1 2

2 12

2 12

sin

cos

sin

θ

τ

τ θ

θ

λ

ρ

0

– 48 –

1179 F

19.0

0Fl

uori

ne

17 Cl

35.4

5C

hlor

ine

35 Br

79.9

0B

rom

ine

53 I12

6.9

Iodi

ne

85 At

[210

.0]

Ast

atin

e

1157 N

14.0

1N

itrog

en

15 P30

.97

Phos

phor

us

33 As

74.9

2A

rsen

ic

51 Sb12

1.8

Ant

imon

y

83 Bi

209.

0B

ism

uth

1135 B

10.8

1B

oron

13 Al

26.9

8A

lum

iniu

m

31 Ga

69.7

2G

alliu

m

49 In11

4.8

Indi

um

81 Tl

204.

4T

halli

um

107

Bh

[264

.1]

Boh

rium

108

Hs

[265

.1]

Has

sium

109

Mt

[268

]M

eitn

eriu

m

110

Uun —

Unu

nnili

um

111

Uuu —

Unu

nuni

um

112

Uub —

Unu

nbiu

m

114

Uuq —

Unu

nqua

dium

116

Uuh —

Unu

nhex

ium

118

Uuo —

Unu

noct

ium

87 Fr[2

23.0

]Fr

anci

um

88 Ra

[226

.0]

Rad

ium

89–1

03

Act

inid

es

104

Rf

[261

.1]

Rut

herf

ordi

um

105

Db

[262

.1]

Dub

nium

106

Sg[2

63.1

]Se

abor

gium

57 La

138.

9L

anth

anum

89 Ac

[227

.0]

Act

iniu

m

1 H1.

008

Hyd

roge

n

Sym

bol o

f el

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t

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e of

ele

men

t

PE

RIO

DIC

TA

BL

E O

F T

HE

EL

EM

EN

TS

KE

Y

2 He

4.00

3H

eliu

m

3 Li

6.94

1L

ithiu

m

4 Be

9.01

2B

eryl

lium

Ato

mic

Num

ber

Ato

mic

Wei

ght

79 Au

197.

0G

old

6 C12

.01

Car

bon

8 O16

.00

Oxy

gen

10 Ne

20.1

8N

eon

11 Na

22.9

9So

dium

12 Mg

24.3

1M

agne

sium

14 Si28

.09

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on

16 S32

.07

Sulf

ur

18 Ar

39.9

5A

rgon

19 K39

.10

Pota

ssiu

m

20 Ca

40.0

8C

alci

um

21 Sc44

.96

Scan

dium

22 Ti

47.8

7T

itani

um

23 V50

.94

Van

adiu

m

24 Cr

52.0

0C

hrom

ium

25 Mn

54.9

4M

anga

nese

26 Fe55

.85

Iron

27 Co

58.9

3C

obal

t

28 Ni

58.6

9N

icke

l

29 Cu

63.5

5C

oppe

r

30 Zn

65.3

9Z

inc

32 Ge

72.6

1G

erm

aniu

m

34 Se78

.96

Sele

nium

36 Kr

83.8

0K

rypt

on

37 Rb

85.4

7R

ubid

ium

38 Sr87

.62

Stro

ntiu

m

39 Y88

.91

Yttr

ium

40 Zr

91.2

2Z

irco

nium

41 Nb

92.9

1N

iobi

um

42 Mo

95.9

4M

olyb

denu

m

43 Tc

[98.

91]

Tech

netiu

m

44 Ru

101.

1R

uthe

nium

45 Rh

102.

9R

hodi

um

46 Pd10

6.4

Palla

dium

47 Ag

107.

9Si

lver

48 Cd

112.

4C

adm

ium

50 Sn11

8.7

Tin

52 Te12

7.6

Tellu

rium

54 Xe

131.

3X

enon

55 Cs

132.

9C

aesi

um

56 Ba

137.

3B

ariu

m

57–7

1

Lan

than

ides

72 Hf

178.

5H

afni

um

73 Ta18

0.9

Tant

alum

74 W18

3.8

Tun

gste

n

75 Re

186.

2R

heni

um

76 Os

190.

2O

smiu

m

77 Ir19

2.2

Irid

ium

78 Pt19

5.1

Plat

inum

79 Au

197.

0G

old

80 Hg

200.

6M

ercu

ry

82 Pb20

7.2

Lea

d

84 Po[2

10.0

]Po

loni

um

86 Rn

[222

.0]

Rad

on

58 Ce

140.

1C

eriu

m

59 Pr14

0.9

Pras

eody

miu

m

60 Nd

144.

2N

eody

miu

m

61 Pm[1

46.9

]Pr

omet

hium

62 Sm 150.

4Sa

mar

ium

63 Eu

152.

0E

urop

ium

64 Gd

157.

3G

adol

iniu

m

65 Tb

158.

9Te

rbiu

m

66 Dy

162.

5D

yspr

osiu

m

67 Ho

164.

9H

olm

ium

68 Er

167.

3E

rbiu

m

69 Tm

168.

9T

huliu

m

70 Yb

173.

0Y

tterb

ium

71 Lu

175.

0L

utet

ium

90 Th

232.

0T

hori

um

91 Pa23

1.0

Prot

actin

ium

92 U23

8.0

Ura

nium

93 Np

[237

.0]

Nep

tuni

um

94 Pu[2

39.1

]Pl

uton

ium

95 Am

[241

.1]

Am

eric

ium

96 Cm

[244

.1]

Cur

ium

97 Bk

[249

.1]

Ber

keliu

m

98 Cf

[252

.1]

Cal

ifor

nium

99 Es

[252

.1]

Ein

stei

nium

100

Fm[2

57.1

]Fe

rmiu

m

101

Md

[258

.1]

Men

dele

vium

102

No

[259

.1]

Nob

eliu

m

103

Lr

[262

.1]

Law

renc

ium

Act

inid

es

Lan

than

ides

Whe

re th

e at

omic

wei

ght i

s no

t kno

wn,

the

rela

tive

atom

ic m

ass

of th

e m

ost c

omm

on r

adio

activ

e is

otop

e is

sho

wn

in b

rack

ets.

The

ato

mic

wei

ghts

of

Np

and

Tc

are

give

n fo

r th

e is

otop

es 23

7 Np

and

99T

c.

physics - board of studies 433 2003 higher school ... a transformer allows the neon ... calculate...

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