Physical Science

IntroductionChapters 1

On time for class!!!

Tardy – 3 times count as an absence.

5 absences are allowed.Loss of credit will result on the 6th.

Exempt Absences

• Religious Holidays• Medical (with doctor’s note)• Funerals• Legal • 2 Field Trips per Term• College Visits

•3 Junior Year •3 Senior Year

Materials Needed for Class

• 5 Subject Notebook • Writing Utensil• Physical Science Book

Textbooks

All Textbooks will be covered at all times!!!

Textbooks will be covered today!!!

FOOD

NO FOOD OR DRINK, OTHER THAN WATER,

IS ALLOWED IN CLASS.

Equipment

FAILURE TO PROPERLY USE AND CARE FOR THE

EQUIPMENT COULD RESULT IN YOUR

REMOVAL FROM CLASS.

Grading

•30% - Homework•30% - Tests•10% - Quizzes•15% - Labs•10% - Term Project• 5% - Notebook

 

Grading •97-100 - A+•93-96 - A•90-92 - A-•87-89 - B+•83-86 - B•80-82 - B-

•77-79 - C+•73-76 - C•70-72 - A-•67-69 - D+•63-66 - D•60-62 - D-

•59 and below - F

Year Grading

•20% - Term 1 •20% - Term 2•10% - Mid-Year Exam•20% - Term 3•20% - Term 4•10% - Final Exam

 

Homework

+ (95%) (75%)- (50%) 0 (00%)

Exams and Quizzes

• Exams will be given on days 3, 5, and 7.

• Quizzes could be given on any day.

Emergency Exit from 127

• Turn left down the hall.• Stay to the left hand side.• Exit building.• Cross road to softball field.

Physical Science Book

1. Hingham High School Website2. Go to the left column – Teachers3. Select – Mr. Clune4. Select – Physical Science5. Select – Physical Science Book6. Type in ID: jsmith147. Type password: physics

Homework

Log onto the online Physical Science Book

Find your assign section: 1-3 Write down the title of the section.

Chapter 1

The Nature of Science

Chapter 1 Pretest1. True or False: Science and

technology are not related.2. Which of the following are areas

of science?a. biology and chemistryb. astronomy and geologyc. zoology and botanyd. all of the above

3. Why do scientists document their observations and experiments?

4. Which number is largest?a. 1.13 X 109

b. 3.51 X 103

c. 5.88 X 105

d. 7.92 X 102

5. Which unit can be used to measure volume?

a. mb. m2

c. m3

Chapter 1 Pretest

6. Which of the following units is the longest?

a. meterb. centimeterc. kilometerd. millimeter

Chapter 1 Pretest

7. What is the slope of a line?

Chapter 1 Pretest

8. What types of graphs have you seen before?

Chapter 1 Pretest

Chapter 1 PretestB

ar

Chapter 1 Pretest

Line

Chapter 1 PretestPie

or

Circl

e

Section 1.1 Interest Grabber

Science Improves Our Quality of Life

Advances in science have led to devices that make our lives easier and more pleasant. For example, the microwave oven makes it possible to prepare meals and snacks in minutes rather than hours.

Section 1.1 Interest Grabber

1. Name five household devices that make your life easier or more pleasant.

2. Go through your list and describe how

each device’s function was accomplished

before its invention.

Section 1.1 Interest Grabber

2. Go through your list and describe how

each device’s function was accomplished

before its invention.

How does science start?

Science ends with?

Pure Science

The study of nature in the world around us.

Applied Science: Technology

The practical use of scientific information.

Natural Sciences

PhysicalScience

EarthScience

LifeScience

Physical Sciences

PhysicsChemistry

Chemistry

Structure

of matter

Composition

Properties

Reactions

Physics

Force

Physics

Sound

Physics

Light

Physics

Electricity

Physics

Energy

Physics

Motion

Homework

Section 1-1 Review Sheet

Due: 9/14/09

Natural Science

Physical

The study

of living things.

Experiment

Design Your Own Experiment

Suppose that you want to conduct a test to see which brand of cleanser produces the best results when cleaning a kitchen floor. Think about how you would conduct this test.

1. What materials would you need?

2. What procedure would you follow?

3. How would you determine which cleanser produces the best results?

We need a problem!!!

Solving Problems

2 + 2 = ?

Problem

Exercise

Problem

A problem is a situation in which something appears to be missing.

Xn = ?

Solving Problems

Use what you know, predict a solution,

try it.

Hypothesis

Solving Problems

Look for patterns!!!

2 5 11 23 47 ?95

Solving Problems

Develop a model!!!

Solving Problems Break the problem into

smaller parts.

2*5+11*3=?10 + 33 =?

43

Scientific Method

Hypothesis

Experimentno

yesTheory and Laws

Scientific Theory

A Scientific TheoryScientific Theory is an explanation based on many observations supported by

experimental results.

Scientific Law

A Scientific LawScientific Law is a rule of nature that sums up related

observations and experimental results to describe a pattern in

nature.

Experiment

An ExperimentExperiment is an organized procedure for testing

a hypothesis.

Parts of the Experiment

Control Group

Experimental Group

Constant

Manipulated Variable

Responding Variable

Experiment

Will Aspirin prevent heart attacks?

Aspirin

Scientific Method

Problem:Aspirin prevent heart attacks?

Scientific Method

Problem:Aspirin prevent heart attacks?

Hypothesis:Aspirin does prevent heart attacks.

Test Hypothesis: Experiment

Analyze Results

Draw Conclusion

Control Group

In an experiment, a standard for comparison that is often

needed to form a meaningful conclusion.

Experimental Group

In an experiment, the group that the experiment is

performed on.

Constant

In an experiment, the factor that doesn’t change.

Amount of aspirin, food, water, etc…

Manipulated Variable

In an experiment, the factor adjusted to a different value by the experimenter to see what

effect it will have on the dependent variable.

Responding Variable

In an experiment, the factor whose value changes because of a change in the independent

variable.

Homework 1-2

Section 1-2Worksheet

Due: 9/16/10

Chapter 1- 3

Measurement

Using Scientific Notation

scientific notationa way of expressing a value as the product of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10.

150,000,000km

1.5x108km

Multiplying in Scientific Notation

(2x108) (3x104)x

1. Multiply numbers in front:

2x3=6

2. Add the exponents:

8+4=12

3. Put back together:

6x1012

4. Check Scientific Notation:

6.0x1012

YES

Dividing in Scientific Notation

(4x1022) (8x104)÷

1. Divide numbers in front:

4÷8=.5

2. Subtract the exponents:

22-4=18

3. Put back together:

0.5x1018

4. Check Scientific Notation:

No0.5x1018

5x1017

Adding and Subtracting in Scientific Notation

(4x104) (8.2x103)+

1. Change numbers to same exponent:

2. Add the numbers in front:

4+0.82=4.82

(4x104) (0.82x104)+

3. Put back together:

4.82x104

4. Check Scientific Notation:

Yes

Standards of Measurement

English System

Standards of Measurement

International System of Units

(SI)Metric System

English vs. Metric

feetyardm

ileinch

es

meter

Metric System

Based on Powers of Ten

103

102

101

100010010

10-1

10-2

10-3

0.10.010.001

Metric System Prefixes

BaseUnit

kiloMega

Giga

milli

micronano

deci centi

Metric System Prefixes

Giga - G 1,000,000,0001 x 109

Mega - M 1,000,000 1 x 106

Kilo - k 1,000 1 x 103

deci - d 0.1 1 x 10-1

centi - c 0.01 1 x 10-2

milli - m 0.001 1 x 10-3

micro - µ 0.000 001 1 x 10-6

nano - n 0.000 000 0011 x 10-9

Metric System Prefixes

milli

nano0 000123 mm = ____nm

123.nm

.

Metric System Prefixes

123 kg = ____Mg

0.123Mg

Mega

kilo

.

Metric System Prefixes

12,300,000 mm = ____km

12.3km

kilo milli

Using SI

Units

Length – Meter (m)

Length – Kilometer (km)

1km=.6mile

Volume – Liter (L)

Volume – Liter (L)

1dm3=1L

Volume – Liter (L)

Volume – Liter (L)

1cm

1cm

1cm

1cm3=1mL

Volume – Liter (L)

1L=1.05qt

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

, K

) BP of H2O

FP of H2O

Absolute Zero

(K = °C + 273)

Time – Seconds (s)

Mass – KiloGram (kg)

1kg=2.2lb

s

Derived Units

Derived units are made from combinations of base units.

Density is the ratio of an object's mass to its volume.

Density = MassVolume

gcm3

Precision is a gauge of how exact a

measurement is and can the results be

repeated.

Precision

Precision

The precision of a calculated answer is limited by the least precise measurement used in

the calculation.

2.54m 2.6m 2.538m

Accuracy is the closeness of a measurement to the actual

value of what is being measured.

Accuracy

2.54m 2.6m 2.538m

actual value = 2.53m

neither precise

nor accurate

precise not

accurate

notprecise accurate

precise accurate

Thermometer

Measures Temperature Fahrenheit (°F) Celsius (°C) Centigrade (°C) Kelvin (K)

Significant Figures

What is a significant figure?There are 2 kinds of numbers:Exact: the amount of money in your account. Known with certainty.

What is a significant figure?

Approximate: weight, height—anything MEASURED. No measurement is perfect.

When to use Significant figures

When a measurement is recorded only those digits that are dependable are written down.

When to use Significant figures

If you measured the width of a paper with your ruler you might record 21.7cm.

To a mathematician 21.70, or 21.700 is the same.

But, to a scientist 21.7cm and 21.70cm is NOT the same

21.700cm to a scientist means the measurement is accurate to within one thousandth of a cm.

But, to a scientist 21.7cm and 21.70cm is NOT the same

If you used an ordinary ruler, the smallest marking is the mm, so your measurement has to be recorded as 21.7cm.

How do I know how many Sig Figs?

Rule: All digits are significant starting with the first non-zero digit on the left.

How do I know how many Sig Figs?

Exception to rule: In whole numbers that end in zero, the zeros at the end are not significant.

How many sig figs?7400.50.000037 x 105

7,000,000

111111

How do I know how many Sig Figs?

2nd Exception to rule: If zeros are sandwiched between non-zero digits, the zeros become significant.

How do I know how many Sig Figs?

3rd Exception to rule: If zeros are at the end of a number that has a decimal, the zeros are significant.

How do I know how many Sig Figs?

3rd Exception to rule: These zeros are showing how accurate the measurement or calculation are.

How many sig figs here? 1.2 2100 56.76 4.00 0.0792 7,083,000,000

2 2 4 3 3 4

How many sig figs here? 3401 2100 2100.0 5.00 0.00412 8,000,050,000

4 2 5 3 3 6

What about calculations with sig figs?

Rule: When adding or subtracting measured numbers, the answer can have no more places after the decimal than the LEAST of the measured numbers.

Add/Subtract examples

2.45cm + 1.2cm = 3.65cm,

Round off to = 3.7cm

7.432cm + 2cm = 9.432 round to 9cm

Multiplication and Division

Rule: When multiplying or dividing, the result can have no more significant figures than the least reliable measurement.

A couple of examples

56.78 cm x 2.45cm = 139.111 cm2

Round to 139cm2

75.8cm x 9.6cm = ?

Homework

Section 1-3 Due: 9/17/09

PresentingScientific

Data

Section 1-4

Graphing

Graphs are visual display of information or data.

Line Graph

Direct Proportion

A relationship between two variables in which their ratio is constant.

Linear (Straight line!!)

Slope

The steepness of a line, equal to the ratio of a vertical

change to the corresponding horizontal change.

Slope =RiseRun

yx

=

Inverse Proportion

A relationship in which the product of two variables is a

constant when all other variables are held constant.

Bar Graph

A Bar Graph is useful for comparing information collected by countingcounting.

Bar Graph

Line Graph

Line graphs are used to show trends or how the data changes over time.

Pie or Circle Graph

Pie or Circle Graph

A Pie or Circle Graph is used to represent the total. The slices of the Pie represent

the part or percentage of the total.

Communicate Data!!!!!

Homework

Section 1-4Wordwise

MathDue: 9/20/10

Test: 9/25!!

Homework – (Note Cards!!!!)

Page: 28Look-up Voc. Words

Write down definitions!Due: 9/18

Test: 9/19!!

No Need to Count Pennies Lab

Table 2-1

Coins Mass (g) Thickness (mm)

1

2

3

4

6

8

10

Coins

Mass (g

)