Physical Ocean VideolabPhysical Ocean Videolab

The AnswersThe Answers

Station 1: What are 2 ways the Station 1: What are 2 ways the tide mobile is innacurate?tide mobile is innacurate?

1.1. SpaceSpace

2.2. SizeSize

Why do most coastal areas Why do most coastal areas experience 2 tides a day?experience 2 tides a day?

High tide to high tide = 12 hours (due High tide to high tide = 12 hours (due to Earth’s rotation) and 24 minutes to Earth’s rotation) and 24 minutes (due to the moon’s orbit.(due to the moon’s orbit.

at any point in time, two high tides are at any point in time, two high tides are happening on the earth's surface: the happening on the earth's surface: the direct tidedirect tide on the side facing the on the side facing the moon and the moon and the indirectindirect tide on the tide on the opposite side of the planet opposite side of the planet

New Moon: (Spring (largest New Moon: (Spring (largest Tide)Tide)

11stst Quarter Moon: Neap Quarter Moon: Neap (smallest) tide(smallest) tide

Full Moon: Spring Tide, Full Moon: Spring Tide, 33rdrd Quarter Moon: Neap Tide Quarter Moon: Neap Tide

How do you think Franklin got How do you think Franklin got the data to make his map?the data to make his map?Was it accurate?Was it accurate?• He used information collected from He used information collected from

traveling ships and his cousin traveling ships and his cousin Timothy Folger, a Nantucket ship Timothy Folger, a Nantucket ship captain.captain.

• Pretty good job!!Pretty good job!!

Ocean CurrentsOcean Currents

Surface Currents & NamesSurface Currents & Names

Warm = RED

Cold = BLUE

There are two main sections of There are two main sections of ocean waterocean water: : 1.1. surface layer: the layer at the top of the ocean that is well surface layer: the layer at the top of the ocean that is well

mixed by waves, tides, and weather events like rain or a mixed by waves, tides, and weather events like rain or a hurricane. The surface layer sits on top of the deep water hurricane. The surface layer sits on top of the deep water because the surface layer is less dense. The depth of the because the surface layer is less dense. The depth of the surface layer varies depending on location and season, but surface layer varies depending on location and season, but the depth is typically a couple hundred meters. the depth is typically a couple hundred meters.

2.2. the deep watersthe deep waters. Surface water movement takes place in . Surface water movement takes place in the form of currents. Currents move ocean water the form of currents. Currents move ocean water horizontally at the ocean's surface.horizontally at the ocean's surface.

Surface currents are driven mainly by the Surface currents are driven mainly by the windwind. . Other forces such as Other forces such as the the CoriolisCoriolis effect effect and the location of and the location of

land masses do affect surface current patterns. In fact, land masses do affect surface current patterns. In fact, huge circular patterns called current gyres can be seen huge circular patterns called current gyres can be seen when looking at the world's ocean currents. when looking at the world's ocean currents.

From the equator to middle latitudes, the circular motion is From the equator to middle latitudes, the circular motion is clockwise clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise counterclockwise in the Southern hemisphere. in the Southern hemisphere.

The Sun warms water at the equator and then water and heat The Sun warms water at the equator and then water and heat are transported to higher latitudes. are transported to higher latitudes.

Explain why Norway remains Explain why Norway remains ice-free while Labrador, ice-free while Labrador, Canada is ice-bound in winter.Canada is ice-bound in winter.

Current that warms Norway:Current that warms Norway:

• North Atlantic DriftNorth Atlantic Drift

Current that Cools Labrador:Current that Cools Labrador:

• Labrador Current!!Labrador Current!!

Station 3:Station 3:

Effects of cold water?Effects of cold water?Effects of salty water?Effects of salty water?#4: Why is upwelling so important?#4: Why is upwelling so important?cold, deep water contains nutrients and cold, deep water contains nutrients and

dissolved gases, that with sunlight, create dissolved gases, that with sunlight, create favorable conditions in which phytoplankton favorable conditions in which phytoplankton can photosynthesize. (Phytoplankton are can photosynthesize. (Phytoplankton are the base of oceanic food webs; therefore, the base of oceanic food webs; therefore, areas of upwelling are important areas of upwelling are important ecologically and economically)ecologically and economically)

Station 4Station 4

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/volvooceanrace/interactives/waves/index.htmlvolvooceanrace/interactives/waves/index.html

Where does the energy of a Where does the energy of a breaking wave originate?breaking wave originate?

• WindWind

• Earthquakes underwaterEarthquakes underwater

As the speed of waves As the speed of waves increases, what happens to the increases, what happens to the interval of time between them?interval of time between them?

• It shortensIt shortens

B & CB & C

As waves grow larger, the As waves grow larger, the wavelengthwavelength gets longer, the gets longer, the crestcrest gets taller, the gets taller, the troughstroughs get deeper, and the wave get deeper, and the wave speed and period increases.speed and period increases.

Popular shoreline feature: beaches! Popular shoreline feature: beaches!

#5#5

1. What type of sediment falls out first?1. What type of sediment falls out first?

Larger/HeavierLarger/Heavier

Last?Last?

Smaller/LighterSmaller/Lighter

3. Could a layer be squeezed in?3. Could a layer be squeezed in?

Earthquake??Earthquake??

4. Could layers be vertical?4. Could layers be vertical?

Earthquake??Earthquake??

Define the Law of Define the Law of SuperpositionSuperposition

• Layers (of rocks) are arranged in a Layers (of rocks) are arranged in a time sequence, with the oldest on time sequence, with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the the bottom and the youngest on the top, unless later processes disturb top, unless later processes disturb this arrangement. this arrangement.

• The law was first proposed in the The law was first proposed in the 17th century17th century by the Danish scientist by the Danish scientist Nicolas StenoNicolas Steno. .

Law of (original) Law of (original) HorizontalityHorizontality

Rock layers form in the horizontal Rock layers form in the horizontal position, and any deviations from this position, and any deviations from this horizontal position are due to the horizontal position are due to the rocks being disturbed later. rocks being disturbed later.

6. Explain the difference in sediment 6. Explain the difference in sediment found at the mouth of a river found at the mouth of a river compared to sediment found 50 km compared to sediment found 50 km offshore from a delta.offshore from a delta.

Mouth of a river: unsettled Mouth of a river: unsettled (movement)(movement)

50 km offshore from a Delta: (settled – 50 km offshore from a Delta: (settled – potentially forming layers)potentially forming layers)

Station 6Station 6#2: Is black sand old or young?#2: Is black sand old or young?

• Young compared to the earth. It was Young compared to the earth. It was cooled in the water after pouring out cooled in the water after pouring out of the volcano which is why it is of the volcano which is why it is glassyglassy

#3 Why do precious gems #3 Why do precious gems sometimes accumulate in sometimes accumulate in sand?sand?