physical geography: weather and climate chapter 4 dr. emily berndt
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Physical Geography:Weather and Climate
Chapter 4
Dr. Emily Berndt
I. Weather and Climate
A. Weather:
B. Climate:
C. Geographers
Figure 4.2
II. Air Temperature
A. Why do temperatures vary from place to place?
II. Air Temperature
B. Earth Inclination
Figure 4.3
II. Air Temperature
iv. What if Earth’s axis was not tilted?
Figure 4.6
II. Air Temperature
v. Effects of Inclination
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.7
Figure 4.7
II. Air Temperature
C. Reflection and Reradiation
i. Reflection
ii. Reradiation
Figure 4.8
• How does the ocean temperature compare with the land temperature?
• What can you say about marine and continental environments?
Figure 4.9
• How does the ocean temperature compare with the land temperature?
• What can you say about marine and continental environments?
Figure 4.9
II. Air Temperature
D. Lapse Rate
Figure 4.10
Figure 4.11
Figure 4.12
III. Air Pressure and Winds
A. How do differences in air pressure from place to place affect weather conditions?
B. Why does air pressure change?
Figure 4.13
III. Air Pressure and Winds
C. Pressure gradient force:
III. Air Pressure and Winds
Figure 4.14
III. Air Pressure and Winds
Figure 4.14
III. Air Pressure and Winds
F. The Friction Effect
III. Air Pressure and Winds
G. The Coriolis Effect
Figure 4.15
III. Air Pressure and Winds
H. Global Air-Circulation Patterns
Figure 4.16
III. Air Pressure and Winds
Consider the type of climate at the Equator, 30°, 60° and 90°latitude.
Figure 4.16
III. Air Pressure and Winds
iii. Jet Stream
Global Air-Circulation Patterns
Global Air-Circulation Patterns
IV. Ocean Currents
Figure 4.17
V. Moisture in the Atmosphere
A. At any given time there is water vapor in the atmosphere
B. Relative Humidity: a percent representing the moisture content of the air
V. Moisture in the Atmosphere
C. Precipitation:
Consider a Rising Parcel of Air
V. Moisture in the Atmosphere
D.
Figure 4.20
V. Moisture in the Atmosphere
E. Types of PrecipitationFigure 4.21
V. Moisture in the Atmosphere
Figure 4.22
V. Moisture in the Atmosphere
Figure 4.24
Figure 4.25
L
•Describe the clouds and precipitation at the cold front.
•Describe the clouds and precipitation ahead of the warm front.
V. Moisture in the Atmosphere
F. Mid-latitude cyclone
formation
Figure 4.26
V. Moisture in the Atmosphere
G. Hurricane
Figure 4.27
Supercell
How does a rotating updraft form?
Formation of a Mesocyclone50% of Mesocyclones produce tornadoes
Paul Markowski (STL AMS Meeting, 2008)
V. Moisture in the Atmosphere
H. Tornado
VI. El NinoA. Normal
Condition:
B. El Nino:
VI. El NinoC. Southern
Oscillation: