Foot ball

The legendry game

NAME- HEMANT SINGH RAWAT

CLASS- XII A

SUBJECT- PHYSICAL EDUCATION

ROLL NO.-

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO. 2 COLABA MUMBAI

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that HEMANT SINGH RAWAT, a student of class xII-A ROLL NO.___________ has successfully completed the research on the below mentioned project under the guidance of MR.SAGAR TALE during the year 2014-15 in partial fulfillment of physics practical examination conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.

EXTERNAL SIGNATURE SPORTS TEACHER SIGNATURE (sagar tale)

SCHOOL STAMP PRINCIPAL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people who have been concerned with project.

Then I would like to thank my principal MrS.Shinny gorge and physics teacher Mr.sagar tale, whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this project and make it full proof success his suggestions and his instructions has served as the major contributor towards the completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have helped me a lot.

HISTORY

1. During the very first international football match between Scotland and England in 1872, players not only wore

“knickerbockers” or long pants but bobble hats or caps too. The head dresses were a normal part of the footballing attire

at the time and lasted well into the 20th century.

2. Balls were not exactly round when the first club and country matches took place. A pig’s bladder was blown up like

a balloon, tied at the ends and placed inside a leather case, affording it an egg shape. The discovery of Indian rubber in

the 1860s gave the ball greater roundness.

3. While it is true footballs of yesteryear gained weight in wet conditions, they were in fact lighter than today’s ball. In 1889,

the spherical object used had to be between 12-15 ounces (340 – 425 grams) but this increased to 14-16 ounces (397 -

454 grams) in 1937.

4. In the FA rules of 1863, there was no mention of a crossbar. As in rugby today, a goal could be scored at any height as

long as the ball went between the sticks or posts. A tape was used to close the goal during the first internationals before a

crossbar replaced it in 1875.

5. Mob football, a descendant of the modern game, stormed into England around the 12th Century and caught on to such an extent it was banned by Royal decree by many kings and queens. It was a violent game in which “murder and manslaughter” were allegedly the only barriers to transporting the ball to village ends. King Henry VIII, however, is believed to have been a keen player.

6. Contrary to some beliefs, football was very much an upper class sport in England during its infancy. The rules of the game were largely drafted by students belonging to public schools and universities. The working class adopted the sport during the late 19th Century.

7. The first meeting of the Football Association on 26 October 1863 in

London did not end in total agreement among the 12 attendees. One club

walked out, refusing to accept the non-inclusion of hacking (kicking below the

knee) among the original rules.

8. Penalties or referees found no place in the original rules of the game. Gentlemen

would never intentionally foul, it was assumed. In fact debating techniques were almost as important as ball skills in those days as players could appeal against decisions first to

captains and then to umpires before referees, named so because they had originally been referred to by umpires, found their place on the pitch

in 1891.

9. It was only in the 20th Century that the penalty spot

was introduced. In the decade before penalties,

originally called the kick of

A 450-year-old football, made from a pig's bladder and pieces of leather,

laced together and found in the rafters

of Stirling Castle

The ancient Greek "Maradona", playing "Episkyros" with

a pala (National Museum of Archeology in Athens)

death, could be taken anywhere along a line 12-yards from goal.

10. The word soccer does not come from the United States but was a term used by public school and university students,

most notably at Oxford, in the 19th Century to shorten the new game “Association Football”. The predilection to shorten

words with “er” extended to Rugby too, known as rugger.

11. The FA’s 1863 rules of the game permitted the use of handling. Although a player could not handle the ball if it was on the ground, he was able to catch it in the air and make a mark to gain a “free” kick, which opposing players were not

allowed to charge down.

12. Goalkeepers, in their own half, could handle the ball both inside and outside the penalty area before 1912.

13. Before 1913 when a corner was taken, instead of deciding on an inswinger, outswinger or taking a short one, there was

nothing to stop a player dribbling the ball by himself. The rules were changed after several players teed themselves up

before scoring.

14. Referees attempted to catch up with play around the turn of the century decked in black trousers, blazer and bow tie!

RULESThe rules of football are officially referred to as the "Laws of

the Game".  The Laws of the Game are described very precisely (approximately 150 pages) on the FIFA website here.

There are 17 laws in total, each one briefly summarised below.

Field of Play.  The game can be played on either natural or artificial surfaces, the surface must be green and rectangular in shape.  The two long sides of the rectangle are called touch lines and the two shorter sides are called goal lines.  The field

is divided in half by the halfway line.

Ball.  Must be spherical, made of leather (or similar) 68-70 cm in circumference and of a certain pressure.   

Number of Players.  Two teams of no more than 11 players (one of which is the goalkeeper).  A game cannot start if

either team has less than 7 players.

Equipment.  Players must wear a jersey, shorts, stockings, shinguards and footwear.  

Referee.  The referee ensures the Laws of the Game are respected and upheld.

Assistant Referees.  There may be at most 2 assistant referees.

Duration of the Match.  The game is played in 2 halves consisting of 45 minutes each.  The half time interval must not exceed more than 15 minutes.  At the discretion of the

referee more time is allowed to compensate for any stoppage during play e.g.  Due to substitutions or care and attention of

injured players. 

Start and Restart of Play.  A kick-off starts play at the start of the match or after a goal.  A kick-off involves one player kicking the ball, from stationary, forward from the centre

spot.  All players must be in their own half prior to kick-off.  A coin is tossed pre-game,  the team which loses the toss are awarded the kick-off to start the game whilst the team that

win the toss are allowed to choose which direction they want to play.  After half time the teams switch direction and the other team will kick-off.  After a goal is scored, the team

which conceded the goal will kick-off to restart play.  

Ball in and Out of Play.  The ball is out of play once a goal has been scored or when the referee has stopped the game. 

The ball is in play at all other times.

Method of Scoring.  The ball crosses the goal line inside the goal mouth.

Offside.  It is an offence for a player to be in contact with the ball when they are closer to the opponents' goal than both the ball and the second-last opponent.   The offside rule exists to ensure there are always opponents (generally the goal keeper and a defender)  between a player receiving the ball and the goal.  Without the offside rule, play can become boring with

repeated long balls being kicked to a player stood next to the goalkeeper for an easy goal.

Fouls/Misconduct.  These are many and varied, broadly speaking it is an offence to use excessive force whilst playing

the game either deliberately or undeliberately or to handle the ball (unless you are a goal keeper).  The referee may show the yellow card to caution players for less serious

offences and the red card for more serious offences resulting in the player being sent off.  Two yellow cards are equivalent

to one red card.

Free Kicks.  Are given by the referee for fouls and misconduct. A free kick can either be direct or indirect.  A goal can be scored directly from a direct free kick.  A goal can only be scored from an indirect free kick if it touches at least one

other player first.  The free kick must be taken from a

stationary position with that position varying depending on whether the free kick was given inside or outside the goal

area and whether it's direct or indirect.  The opposing team must be a minimum of 9.15 m from the ball when the free

kick is taken.

Penalty Kicks.  Are given against a team when they commit an offence which would normally be awarded a direct free kick inside their goal area.  The ball is kicked from stationary from the penalty spot.  The opposing team must be outside of the

penalty area and at least 9.15 m from the ball. 

Throw-in.  Used to restart play after the whole of the ball has crossed the touch line.

Goal kick.  Used to restart play after a goal has been scored.

Corner Kick. Is given when the whole of the ball crosses the goal line and was last touched by a member of the defending team (and no goal was scored).  A corner kick is taken from

inside the corner arc closest to the point where the ball crosses the goal line.  The defending team must be at least

9.15 m from the ball when the corner kick is taken.

SPECIFICATION

The rules of specification outline certain factors relating to the playing set up of Gaelic Games.

They specify limitations relating to:

The Field of Play

The Players

Time

Equipment

1. FIELD OF PLAYPitch Dimensions

The field of play for Gaelic Games is rectangular and its dimensions are as follows:

Length - 130m minimum to 145m maximum

Width - 80m minimum to 90m maximum

Pitch Markings

At distances of 13m, 20m, 45m (football) and 65m (hurling), lines are marked parallel to the end lines. The intersection of these lines and the end lines with the sidelines are marked

with flags.

The midline of the field is marked parallel to the end lines and has a maximum length of 10m (Note: the dimensions may be

reduced by local bye-laws for U15 or younger grades).

Goalmouth and Scoring Space

The scoring space is marked in the centre of each end line by two goalposts 6.5m apart, with a height of not less than 7m

above ground level. A cross bar is fixed to the goal posts at a height of 2.5m above the ground (Note: goalpost dimensions

may be reduced by local bye-laws for U15 or younger grades).

Two rectangles of the following dimensions are formed in front of each set of goalposts.

A) Small Rectangle14m long by 4.5m wide. The distance from the inside of each

goalpost to the beginning of each line of width is 3.75m

B) Large Rectangle19m long by 13m wide. The distance from the inside of each

goalpost to the beginning of each line of width is 6.25mSubstitution Zone and Semi Circle Arc

A semi circle arc of 13m radius, centred on the mid-spot of the 20m line, is marked outside of each 20m line.

An area of the sideline extending 5m on either side of the centre line denotes the substitution zone. All substitutions and temporary replacements occur through this zone, when given permission by the referee (Note: an injured player may leave

the field at the nearest point to him)

2. THE PLAYERS

A team consists of 15 players. These are made up of one goalkeeper, six defenders, two midfielders and six attackers.

(Note: the positional line up is as below, but no player is restricted in his movement around the field). The teams line

up as follows:

A team may commence a game with 13 players, but must have fielded 15 players (inclusive of any players ordered off or

retired injured) by the start of the second half. A maximum of five substitutes are allowed. A substitution is not allowed in the case of a player ordered off (Note: in the case of extra time, an additional three substitutes are allowed. A player ordered off, in any circumstances, during normal time may not play in extra-time, but may be replaced).

Substitutions/temporary replacements may only be made during a break in play.  Before all official games, the referee must be given a list of players. The first 15 names on the list indicate those players constituting the actual team, unless

otherwise clearly indicated.

3. TIME

The playing time consists of two periods of 30 minutes each, but time is added on in each period for incidental or deliberate

delays.

In Senior Inter-county Championship and National League games, the playing time consists of two periods of 35 minutes

each.

Playing time may be reduced for U15 or younger grades.

A team must take the field not later than 10 minutes before the appointed starting time for Senior Inter-county

Championship and other selected games. In all other cases, a team must take the field not later than 5 minutes before the

appointed starting time.

4. EQUIPMENT

A football and a goal post..

TOURNAMENTs

1. FIFA cup2. international Nehru cup

3. Asia cup

4. merdeka cup5. Durand cup6. rovers cup

7. i.f.a cup8. santosh trophy9. federation cup10. DCM cup11. kopa cup

12. women federation cup13. air lines cup

14. UEFA cup

Olympic Games: football was included in Olympic Games in 1908 . Since, football competition has become a part of these

games.

Rajiv Gandhi gold cup: it is national level tournament for boys below 21 years

Subroto cup: it I sinter school level tournament.

antosh trophy: it is national level football tournament of football.

Sporting Personalities

. Lionel Messi (Argentina & Barcelona)

Four times World Player of the Year, Messi is by some distance the best player on the planet. His ability to mesmerize defenders with a mix of skill and pace is

unmatched and it often appears as though the ball is glued to his feet. The Barcelona star is versatile enough to play

anywhere across the frontline, but his country Argentina have so far failed to find a way to get the maximum out of this

extraordinary talent. Already one of the best soccer players of all time.

2. Cristiano Ronaldo (Portugal & Real Madrid)

Ronaldo may have less of an influence on games than Messi, but he is stronger and taller than the Argentine, and his goals-

to-games ratio similar. Since joining Real Madrid from Manchester United in 2009, Ronaldo has been a revelation, making the world record outlay of US$131 look less outrageous with every hat-trick. His famous stepover is

imitated in parks right across the world.

THE BASIC TECHNIQUES

In grassroots football, the basic techniques can be divided into three categories:

1. Control of the ball

a. Control / b. Keepy-uppy

ControlTo control the ball is to master it. Properly controlling the ball means that a move will be successful. The control movements to focus on are: directed control and gathering the ball while

moving – these introduce speed into the play.

Keepy-uppyIf repeated regularly, keepy-uppy develops the skills

ofdexterity, coordination and balance in young footballers. These skills favour the more rapid acquisition of

othertechniques.2. Running with the ball

a. Without obstacles / b. With obstacles = dribbling

Running with the ball

This is how an individual moves in free space with the ball. When a player is running well with the ball, he/she is in control of it at all times: this requires good balance and

excellent stability. Running with the ball while keeping the head up allows a continuous flow of information to be received and allows movement to be adapted to play.

DribblingThis is how an individual moves with the ball when faced by opponents. Dribbling allows the player in possession of the

ball to eliminate one or more opponents by: making a manoeuvre and taking individual risks,

setting up a team move, gaining time to allow support from team-mates,

deceiving an opponent (the concept of the feint).3. Striking the ball

a. Passes / b. Shots on goal

PassingThe action of giving the ball to a team-mate. This is an

essential part of team play. As the core of the game, passing allows a team to:

keep possession of the ball, set up attacks,

change the direction of play, counter attack,

provide a decisive or final pass.Crosses are a type of short or long pass, usually leading to a

shot. They serve as the last pass.

ShootingAn action with the objective of dispatching the ball into the

opponent’s goal. It is the logical conclusion, the culmination of an attack. It is what football is all about.

Shooting requires technical qualities (striking the ball well, accuracy), physical qualities (power, coordination, balance)

and mental qualities (determination, audacity, self-confidence).

Main individual tactics for defending Always keep between your opponent and your goal,

Always watch your opponent and the ball, Try to counter the opponents’ attacking build-up as soon as

possible by marking, Don’t give your opponent space. Slow your opponent down

when they run with the ball (shutting down), Try to get to the ball before your opponent, or otherwise

hinder them when they receive the ball. Contest all balls, Mark your opponent on the side of the ball, in other words

the side where he/she will make the pass, When a high ball comes in, jump a moment earlier than your

opponent, Do not dribble in your penalty area,

Avoid cross-pitch passes from the outside to the inside, Play on the outside along the touchline,

Don’t hit the ball randomly, build an attack from the back, If you lose the ball, strive to recover it,

Avoid ineffective tackles, don’t throw yourself at an opponent who has the ball. Wait until your opponent

changes the weight on his/her feet before challenging them, Never turn your back on an attacker,

Push your opponents towards the touchline,

Carefully follow play, even if the ball is far away, A good defender never gives up,

The goalkeeper must command his/her area.

COMMON INJURIES IN FOOTBALL PLAYERS

Traumatic injuries Knee injuries in football are the most common, especially those to the anterior or posterior cruciate ligament (ACL/PCL) and to the menisci (cartilage of the knee). These knee injuries can adversely affect a player's longterm involvement in the sport. Football players also have a higher chance of ankle sprains due to the surfaces played on and

cutting motions.

Shoulder injuries are also quite common and the labrum (cartilage bumper surrounding the socket part of the

shoulder) is particularly susceptible to injury, especially in offensive and defensive linemen. In addition, injuries to the acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) or shoulder are seen in football

players.

Football players are very susceptible to concussions. A concussion is a change in mental state due to a traumatic

impact. Not all those who suffer a concussion will lose consciousness. Some signs that a concussion has been

sustained are headache, dizziness, nausea, loss of balance, drowsiness, numbness/tingling, difficulty concentrating, and

blurry vision. The athlete should return to play only when clearance is granted by a health care professional.

Low-back pain, or back pain in general, is a fairly common complaint in football players due to overuse. Overuse can also lead to overtraining syndrome, when a player trains beyond the ability for the body to recover. Patellar tendinitis (knee

pain) is a common problem that football players develop and

can usually be treated by a quadriceps strengthening program.

HEAT INJURIES are a major concern for youth football players, especially at the start of training camp. This usually

occurs in August when some of the highest temperatures and humidity of the year occur. Intense physical activity can result

in excessive sweating that depletes the body of salt and water.

The earliest symptoms are painful cramping of major muscle groups. However, if not treated with body cooling and fluid replacement, this can progress to heat exhaustion and heat

stroke — which can even result in death.

HOW CAN FOOTBALL INJURIES BE PREVENTED?

o Perform proper warm-up and cool-down routineso Consistently incorporate strength training and

stretchingo Hydrate adequately to maintain health and minimize

crampso Stay active during summer break to prepare for return

to sports in the fallo Wear properly fitted protective equipment, such as a

helmet, pads, and mouthguardo Tackle with the head up and do not lead with the

helmeto Speak with a sports medicine professional or athletic trainer if you have any concerns about football injuries

or football injury prevention strategies

BIBLIOGRAPHY1 www.wikipedia.com

2 class xii physical education textbook

3 lab manual

Thank you