physical education in finland - docente.unicas.it · physical education in finland salmikangas,...
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Physical Education in Finland
Salmikangas, Anna-Katriina, PhD
Senior Departmental Researcher
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Content
Basic information about PE in Finland
Results from the Liitu study, physical activity
of children and adolescents ->challenges and
recommendations
– information was gathered from the fifth, seventh,
and ninth grades
– Data was collected in 2014
– 63 schools (50 %) provided data for Grade 5, 65
schools (52 %) data for Grade 7, and 67 schools
(54 %) data for Grade 9.
– In the follow-up study, material will be collected at
two-year intervals (2016, 2018, 2020, etc.).
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Backround information
9 years compulsory basic education (7-16
years old children and young people)
– Right and responsibility for free education
Secondary education
– Vocational schools
– High schools
PE at schools reaches all the young people
from the same age group
PE teachers are required to have a Master’s
degree
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PA related to schools (Laakso et al 2007)
PE lessons
PA related to schools
– After school clubs
– Clubs of the schools
– Journeys to school
– PA during the breaks (school yards)
– PA events
• Skiing days
• Games
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Examples
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Decision-making about PE (Laine
2015)
Acts, national aims & amount of lesson,
basics of the curriculum
– Parliament, government, Ministry of Education and
Culture, National board of education
Accepted curriculum by the organizer of the
PE & annual plan of the curriculum
– Organizer of the curriculum (municipal, regional &
school level)
Organizer decides the amount of PE
(minimum is defined by the Statute)
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Differences of PE between
municipalities (Laine 2015)
Primary school min. 2 hours/week, 90 minutes
Group size (ideal 20 students)
Facilities & equipment
Competent PE teachers (85 %)
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Amount of PE lessons According to international recommendations (NASPE) there should be 150 minutes of physical education per week in primary schools, progressing to 225 minutes in secondary school.
According to Liitu study, there was most physical education in the 9th class (128 minutes/week) and least in the seventh class (95 minutes/week).
->Physical education should be increased at all levels of the school.
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Tasks & Aims of the PE in
comprehensive schools (Laine 2015)
Aims
– Influence on the wellbeing of the students by
supporting physical, social & mental ability to
function and positive attitude to one’s own body
• Positive experience
• Active lifestyle
PE as a tool to promote
– Equality, parity & togetherness, multiculturalism
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Principles to implement PE (Laine
2015)
Safety
Based on different seasons
Utilise local conditions
Uses facilities of schools, neighbourhood
sport facilities and nature
Separate groups for girls and boys
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Features of the Finnish PE lessons
(Laine 2015)
Do together
Do your best
Joy
Importance of the sense of physical competence
Development of different skills instead of different sports
Optional courses – Possibility to have a certificate of PA
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Example Contents of the PE lesson
for 9th class for Spring term
2 ice hockey
2 dancing
2 badminton
1 basketball
2 volleyball
1 bowling
2 downhill skiing
1 fitness/tests
2 floorball
1Frisbee golf
1 Finnish baseball
Each time 90 mins
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Aims & tasks for high schools (Laine
2015)
Promote healthy and active lifestyle
Make students to
– understand the significance of PA for physical,
social and mental well-being
– realize the significance of good fitness for coping
and ability to work
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5 general aims for high schools
(Laine 2015)
Develop one’s skills and knowledge of different sports
Willingness for independent sport hobby
Ability to evaluate one’s own physical abilities and set goals
Behave oneself, obey agreed rules and respect values of nature while doing outdoor activities
Ability to work independently and in groups
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Recommendations for PA in Finland
(Laine 2015)
7-12 years old should be PA at least 2
hours/week
13-18 years old should be PA at leats 1-1,5
hours/week
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Challenges and
recommendations are based
on the Liitu study (2015)
concerning , physical activity
of children and adolescents
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Challenges & recommendations 1 1/5 did recommended amount of PA per week, at least 1 hour daily
Lower in secondary classes
-> there is a need for comprehensive action extending across administrative boundaries. This applies to decision making and to practical measures – in municipalities, schools, homes, and sports clubs (role of PE teacher)
-> to promote physical activity in accordance with sex, age, and current activity levels, the ’voice’ of children and adolescents should be listened to at an earlier stage.
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Challenges & recommendations 2 5 % of respondents fulfilled the
recommendation of less than 2 hours screen
time per day, every day of the week
the young people themselves do not see a
need to decrease sitting and screen time
(Kokko et al. 2011)
-> to consider how screen time – and especially
sitting – could be replaced by physical activity in
all everyday environments.
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Challenges & recommendations 3 Secondary school pupils had a poorer sense of physical competence and perception of their own functional capacity, than those in primary school
At all class levels, girls indicated a poorer sense of physical competence than boys.
-> to support a sense of physical competence among all children and young people.
->Attention to secondary pupils and especially to girls, in efforts to enhance their sense of physical competence in the home, in the school, and in leisure time.
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Challenges & recommendations 4 Secondary pupils have a lower sense of physical condition than primary pupils
All levels girls had a lower sense of physical condition than boys with a steady decline when as they move to higher levels
Girls show a marked decline in the value they place on physical education classes during secondary schooling
->Efforts should be made to promote pupils’ sense of physical competence, especially at secondary level, and among girls.
->particular attention should be given to creating a positive experience of physical activity among girls.
-> increasing autonomy in the classes, with an emphasis on developing one’s own individuality, and on self-comparison rather than comparison with external norms.
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Challenges & recommendations 5 The motivational climate in physical education
classes was experienced as more competitive
by secondary pupils than by primary pupils.
Physical education classes have a broad
spectrum of aims, and pupils consider a
variety of aims to be important -> differences
between boys and girls regarding the value
they placed on school physical education.
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Recommendation 5
-> the emphasis should be on creating a task oriented climate and on avoiding an excessively competitive atmosphere.
->Adequate physical activity is an essential basis for school physical education, and for increasing it, thereby promoting the health of children and young people.
->an emphasis on physical activity alone is unlikely to be effective, or to make lessons interesting or pleasant. It is important for the teacher to pay attention to the aims of physical education in the broadest sense
->From the point of view of differences between the sexes, it is recommended that girls and boys should be taught in separate groups, especially at secondary level, when the differences between the sexes become obvious.
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Challenges & recommendations 6
Primary pupils are much more likely to spend
the school breaks outside and to take part in
games during the breaks than secondary
pupils
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Recommendation 6
Children and adolescents should be offered
diverse opportunities for physical activity
during breaks.
New ideas are needed for promoting physical
activity during the breaks among secondary
pupils. The pupils themselves are likely to
produce the best ideas, hence there should be
a readiness to include them in the planning
process.
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Examples of the Children’s Plans
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Results of the Planning of the Pupils
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School yards projects
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Challenges & recommendations 7
Most pupils undertake short journeys to
school, either by bicycle or on foot; however,
in winter, and for those with journeys of more
than three kilometres, this physical activity
diminishes.
->All pupils should be encouraged to walk or
cycle to school throughout the year. Special
encouragement should be given to pupils who
live 3–5 kilometres from the school.
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Children’s Active Transport &
Independent Mobility
Active transport:
– Walking
– Biking
Independent mobility
– Able to move without adult supervision
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Physical Activity & Daily Trips of
Finnish Children and Youth (Finnish
Transport Agency 2012)
About 33 % of daily trips are to & from school
About 52 % of trips to leisure activities
About 15% to shopping and other errands
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Mobility Licenses (Hillman et. al.
1990)
Parental rules concerning children’s mobility
possibilities
Independently:
– Go to school and return alone
– Go to leisure activities
– Cross main roads
– Go out after dark
– Travel on public transportation
– Ride their bicycle
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Mobility Licenses by Parents in 1990
& 2011(Kyttä et. al.2013)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1990 2011
Go to school and return alone Cross main roads Travel alone by bus Bike along main roads
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Mobility Licenses of Finnish and
Italian Children (Kyttä et. al. 2013)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Finland Italy
%
go to school alone
can walk to other places alone
can cross big crossroads
can bike
can be outside when dark
can use buses
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Reasoning
Urban structure in general suitable for active
transportation (sidewalks)
In Finland social fears are not as prevalent as
in many other countries
Finnish parents are more afraid of traffic than
social threats
Seasons are not the answer
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Consideration for urban planning
New areas – Links to the existing urban structure
– Secure public transportation options
Neighbourhood schools
Dense urban areas
Amount of green areas
Sidewalks
Accessibility of services
Parents
Teachers
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Evaluation of the students in PE (Liitu
research)
Criteria – Skills
– Participation
– Trying to their best
– Responsible and polite behaviour towards other students
– Understanding the significance of PA for well-being and health
Grades 4-10 – Girls have better grades than boys, 7th class most
challenging
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A Parent view to Finnish PE
Overall, school days should be more active,
too much sitting
Optional courses are good
Trampoline jumping during the lunch break
Evaluation is a challenge
Less “gender-related” ideas about contents
of the PE lessons
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Greater and more diverse opportunities for
physical activity among children and young
people
In the provision of organized physical activity,
there has been only limited success in
identifying and especially in catering for the
diverse meanings of physical activity, in ways
that would form a basis for participation by
young people.
The provision of physical activity should
be developed to be more in line with the
wishes of children and adolescents.