PHYSICAL EDUCATION

BASKETBALL

3º E.S.O.

HISTORY

In early December 1891, Dr. James Naismith, a Canadian-born physical education professor and instructor at the International Young Men's Christian Association Training School (YMCA) (today, Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA, was trying to keep his gym class active on a rainy day. He invented a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied and at proper levels of fitness during the long New England winters. After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 3.05 m elevated track. In contrast with modern basketball nets, this peach basket retained its bottom, and balls had to be retrieved manually after each "basket" or point scored; this proved inefficient, so the bottom

of the basket was removed. Whenever a person got the ball in the basket, his team would gain a point. Whichever team got the most points won the game. The baskets were originally nailed to the balconies of the playing court, but this proved impractical when spectators on the balcony began to interfere with shots. The backboard was introduced to prevent this interference; it had the additional effect of allowing rebound shots; and metal hoops replaced the peach baskets.

The first official game was played in a YMCA gymnasium on January 20, 1892 with nine players. The game ended at 1–0.

-BASKETBALL-

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

BASKETBALL

3º E.S.O.

MAIN CARACTERISTICS

Basketball is a team sport. Two teams of five players each (there are more players on the bench waiting for their turn) try to score by shooting a ball through a hoop.

The team with the ball is called the offense and the team without the ball is called the defense. Each team is assigned a basket to defend. This means that the other basket is their scoring basket. At halftime, the teams switch baskets.

When a team makes a basket, they score two points and the ball goes to the other team. If a basket, or field goal, is made outside of the three-point arc (now 6,75m from the top of the key in FIBA competitions), then that basket is worth three points. A free throw is worth one point.

Each game is divided into sections. All levels have two halves. The halves are divided into ten minutes quarters (twelve minutes long in the NBA). There is a gap of several minutes between halves. Gaps between quarters are relatively short. If the score is tied at the end of regulation, then overtime periods (5 minutes) are played until a winner emerges.

A limited number of time-outs, clock stoppages requested by a coach for a short meeting with the players, are allowed.

Substitutions are unlimited but can only be done when play is stopped. The time allowed is actual playing time; the clock is stopped while the play is not

active. The ball is moved down the court toward the basket by passing or dribbling. In addition to stealing the ball from an opposing player, there are other ways for a

team to get the ball. One such way is if the other team commits a foul or violation. The referees (officials) control the game.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

BASKETBALL

3º E.S.O.

EQUIPMENT

The only essential equipment in a basketball game is the basketball, the basket and the court.

The COURT (28m x 15m) is a flat, rectangular surface with baskets at opposite ends. The court is divided into two main sections by the mid-court line.

The BASKET is a steel rim (45cm in diameter) with an attached net affixed to a backboard (180cm x 105cm). The white outlined box on the backboard is 45cm high and 59cm wide. The top of the rim (hoop) is 3,05m above the court.

The size of the BASKETBALL depends on the category and gender. For men, the official ball is size 7, and for women the official basketball is size 6.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

BASKETBALL

3º E.S.O.

Unsporting foul in FIBA (falta antideportiva)

VIOLATIONS

Walking/Travelling. Taking more than two steps without dribbling the ball when you run is traveling. Moving your pivot foot once you've stopped dribbling is travelling. Jumping and landing without do anything with the ball (you should shoot or pass the ball) is travelling.

Double Dribble. Dribbling the ball with both hands on the ball at the same time or picking up the dribble and then dribbling again is a double dribble.

Carrying/palming. When a player dribbles the ball with his hand too far to the side off or, sometimes, even under the ball.

Held ball. Occasionally, two or more opposing players will gain possession of the ball at the same time. In order to avoid a prolonged and/or violent tussle, the referee stops the action and awards the ball to one team or the other on a rotating basis.

Backcourt violation. Once the offense has brought the ball across the mid-court line, they cannot go back across the line during possession. If they do, the ball is given to the other team.

Time restrictions. There are different time restrictions situations: 3 seconds: This rule prohibits offensive players from remaining inside the paint

for longer than three seconds. 5 seconds: A player than has the ball has five seconds to pass or throw the ball. If

he does not, then the ball is awarded to the other team. 8 seconds: Teams are required to advance the ball over the mid-line within eight

seconds of gaining possession. 24 seconds (Shot clock): Teams are required to attempt a shot within 24 seconds

of gaining possession, and the shot clock would be reset when the ball touched the basket's rim or the opponents gained possession.

FOULS

Personal fouls. Personal fouls include any type of illegal physical contact such as hitting, pushing, slapping, holding or blocking. The personal foul penalties are:

• Free throws are awarded to a team according to some formats involving the number of fouls committed in a quarter and/or the type of foul committed. Fouling a shooter always results in two or three free throws being awarded the shooter, depending upon where he was when he shot. If he was beyond the three-point line, then he gets three shots.

• Inbounds. If fouled while not shooting, the ball is given to the team the foul was committed upon. They get the ball at the nearest side or baseline or out of bounds.

• Five or more fouls per quarter. If the team committing the foul has five or more fouls in that quarter, then the fouled player receives two free throws.

Flagrant foul. Violent contact with an opponent. This includes hitting, kicking, and punching. This type of foul results in free throws plus the offense retaining possession of the ball after the free throws.

Intentional foul. When a player makes physical contact with another player with no reasonable effort to steal the ball. It is a judgment call for the officials.

Technical foul. A player or a coach can commit this type of foul. This is about the 'manners' of the game: foul language, obscenity, obscene gestures, and even arguing can be considered a technical foul.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

BASKETBALL

3º E.S.O.

PLAYER POSITIONS

Point guard or “playmaker”: usually the fastest player on

the team, organizes the team's offense by controlling the

ball and making sure that it gets to the right player at the

right time.

Shooting

guard: helps point guard to advance with the

ball, creates a high volume of shots on offense;

guards the opponent's best perimeter player

on defense.

Small forward or forward: often primarily

responsible for scoring points via shots, cuts to the

basket and dribble penetration; on defense seeks

rebounds and steals, but sometimes plays more

actively.

Power forward: plays offensively often with their back

to the basket. On defense, plays under the basket (in a zone

defense) or against the opposing power forward (in man-

to-man defense).

Center: uses height and size to score (on offense), to protect the basket closely (on defense), or to rebound.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

BASKETBALL

3º E.S.O.

MAIN TECHNIQUE

DRIBBLING

Basic technique

Put your dribbling hand with your fingers spread comfortably. You should dribble being a push-pull motion of your arm, wrist and fingers. As the ball bounces back up, meet it with your fingers, with your wrist absorbing the force. Control the ball with your fingers and pads of your hands, not the palms. Keep your non-dribbling hand up for protection.

Control, or Low Dribble Use this when you're closely guarded. Keep your non-dribbling hand, or even your body between, the ball and the defender. Dribble the ball at knee level or lower. Advance the ball with a step and slide movement. Keep your free hand up to protect the ball while keeping you dribbling arm close to your body. If you keep you head up and eyes off the ball, you'll be able to see open teammates or openings for you.

Speed, or High Dribble Use this type of basketball dribbling when you need to advance the ball quickly. Keep your body nearly erect, leaning forward slightly. Extend your dribbling arm fully, pushing the ball out in front of your body. Keep the ball near waist level or higher to help maintain maximum speed.

CHANGE OF DIRECTION

Crossover Dribble

This technique let you change direction quickly. When your foot on the dribbling side (front) contacts the floor, push off hard toward your opposite foot (back) and bounce the ball across your body with a quick flick of your wrist and fingers. The lower you bounce the ball, the quicker your crossover.

Spin or Reverse Dribble

It's good if the crossover isn't available because you're guarded too closely. Advantage: You keep your body between the defender and the ball. Disadvantage: You lose sight for a moment of your teammates and the basket. If you're dribbling right and need to go left - stop, plant your left foot and pivot on it as you spin in the opposite direction with your back to the defender. Keep the ball close to your body as you spin and switch it to your left hand. As you complete the turn, dribble with your left hand and keep your head up to see the floor.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

BASKETBALL

3º E.S.O.

JUMP STOPS

Jump stop or one-count stop

The jump stop is helpful offensive footwork that can be used at the end of a dribble, or to receive a pass. The jump stop is executed taking one small step and then landing on both feet simultaneously. Either foot can be used as the pivot foot.

Two-count stop or Stride

The two-count stop is executed landing on your back foot and then on your front foot. The back foot becomes the pivot foot, so don't move it if you stop dribbling.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

BASKETBALL

3º E.S.O.

PIVOTING

Pivoting, or turning, requires you to keep one foot, your "pivot foot", stationary, while you turn, or spin, your body around on the ball of your pivot foot. Pivoting can be done with, or without, the ball.

LAY-UP

A layup in basketball is a two-point shot attempt made by leaping from below, laying the ball up near the basket, and using one hand to bounce it off the backboard and into the basket.

Layups can be broadly categorized into two types: the underhand (underarm) and the overhand (overarm). The overhand layup is similar to a jump shot but from a considerably close range. Overhand layups almost always involve the action of the backboard. The underarm layup involves using most of the wrist and the fingers to 'lay' the ball into the basket or off the board. This layup is more commonly known as the finger roll.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

BASKETBALL

3º E.S.O.

PASSES

Chest pass

To perform a chest pass, hold the basketball close to your chest, with your fingers spread around the ball. As you push the ball to your teammate (after making eye contact with them to ensure they realise the pass is about to be made), take a step forward and extend your arms sharply. As your arms straighten after releasing the ball, snap your wrists inward. Your thumbs should be together and pointing downwards, whereas your fingers should always follow the direction of your target.

This is the safest and most accurate pass you can use. It is safe because higher passes, which loop upwards, are likely to be intercepted by the opposing team. Chest level is also the easiest area of the body to receive a pass. Passes that arrive below chest level are difficult to catch and are likely to be less controlled.

Bounce pass

To perform a bounce pass, firstly draw the defender to one side of you by faking a move, then pass the ball under their outstretched arms. To keep the ball down, push it with your fingers in the direction of your teammate. Always check your angles when making a bounce pass: ensure the ball hits the ground two-thirds of the distance towards your teammate (not in the middle).

This pass is useful when you are being tightly marked and you want to avoid your defender’s arms.

Overhead pass

To perform an overhead pass, hold the ball above your head using your fingers to cup it. When making the pass, release the ball from behind your head to your teammate’s chest. Make sure you exaggerate the flicking movement in your fingers and wrists, as this will provide much of the power in the pass.

Despite dangers of interception, the overhead pass can be useful for getting the ball over defenders who are marking you tightly. It can also be used with success when there is an obvious height difference between you and the defender.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

BASKETBALL

3º E.S.O.

DEFENSIVE STANCE

In order to stop the ball and avoid dribble penetration, you must begin with a good defensive stance. If you don't have a good stance, you won't have a good defensive slide, and you'll constantly be out of position and off-balance.

Here are the keys to a great defensive stance:

Fronts of the feet - Most of your weight should be on your toes. Heel should still be in contact with the ground. Your feet should be pointing straight ahead.

Wide base - Your feet should be slightly wider than shoulder width apart. This provides you more balance and allows you to react faster.

Hips and knees bent - Butt should be behind the heels and your knees should be pointing forward.

Knees inside of feet - This helps create better push-off power.

Butt down - Staying low helps maintain balance. Like if you were sat on a chair.

Shoulders over knees - Your shoulders should be over your knees with your chest out and back straight or slightly arched.

Eyes focused on the player's waist or chest.