physical activity & mood november 21, 2002. physical activity and depression non-clinical...
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Physical Activity & MoodPhysical Activity & Mood
November 21, 2002
Physical Activity and Physical Activity and DepressionDepression
Non-clinical depression Clinical depression (DSM)
– loss of interest, lowered mood, at least 2 weeks– at least 5 of the following
loss of appetite, weight gain or loss, sleep disturbance, decreased energy, psychomotor slowing, sense of worthlessness, guilt
Physical Activity & Non-Physical Activity & Non-clinical Depressionclinical Depression
Depression is reduced with physical activity Effect of exercise varies from small to
medium
PA and Clinical DepressionPA and Clinical Depression
Depression is reduced with PA Effect of exercise varies from medium to
large
Depression & PA:Depression & PA:ModeratorsModerators
Task type
Duration Combination of PA and psychotherapy
provides best reduction
Why Does PA Benefit Mood?Why Does PA Benefit Mood?
Cognitive explanations Physiological explanations
Cognitive ExplanationsCognitive Explanations
Expectancy hypothesis
Cognitive ExplanationsCognitive Explanations
Cognitive Behavioral hypothesis
Cognitive ExplanationsCognitive Explanations
Social Interaction hypothesis
Cognitive ExplanationsCognitive Explanations
Distraction hypothesis
Physiological ExplanationsPhysiological Explanations
Thermagenic hypothesis
Physiological ExplanationsPhysiological Explanations
Monoamine hypothesis
Physiological ExplanationsPhysiological Explanations
Opponent process hypothesis
Physiological ExplanationsPhysiological Explanations
Cerebral changes hypothesis (Cog. Func.)
ConclusionConclusion
“If exercise could be packed into a pill, it would be the single most widely prescribed and beneficial medicine in the nation” (Presidents Council on Physical Fitness, 1997)
Exercise Addiction:Exercise Addiction:How much of a good thing?How much of a good thing?
Can an activity associated with SO many benefits have the potential to be harmful?– Exercise dependence– Physical activity and eating disorders– Physical activity and steroid use
Exercise DependenceExercise Dependence
Number of definitions have been provided for exercise dependence that include:
– Behavioral correlates that might reflect dependence including PA duration, intensity & frequency
– Psychological correlates including a pathological commitment to PA
– combination of both of these People can be physically active 5, 6, or even 7 days a week
who are NOT dependent
Exercise DependenceExercise Dependence
Not only indicated by behavior but also by psychological reasons underlying that behavior
Diagnosed using DSM standards for substance dependence?
Can be defined as a multidimensional maladaptive pattern of PA, leading to significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three or more criteria from a possible list of seven
Exercise DependenceExercise Dependence
Tolerance effects - increased amounts of PA are necessary to achieve desired effect OR individual has markedly lower effects from same amt. of PA
Withdrawal effects - anxiety or fatigue are seen with cessation of PA, or PA is used to relieve or forestall onset of symptoms
Intention effects - PA is undertaken with greater intensity, frequency, or duration than was intended
Exercise DependenceExercise Dependence
Lack of control - PA is maintained despite a persistent desire to cut down or control it
Time - considerable time is spent in activities essential to PA maintenance
Reduction in other activities - other social, work, or recreational pursuits are reduced or dropped because of PA
Continuance - despite awareness of a persistent psychological physical or psychological problem, PA is maintained
Historical ContributionsHistorical Contributions
Frederick Baekeland - 1970
Exercise Dependence Exercise Dependence ResearchResearch
Hausenblas & Symons (2002) examined exercise dependence in over 2,300 exercisers who varied in their involvement
Represents effects during periods of no physical activity
Symptoms: Affective, Cognitive, Physiological, Social
Treatments of Exercise Treatments of Exercise DependenceDependence
Adams & Kirkby (1997) interviewed 24 physiotherapists w/ED clients
Treatments 71% experienced problems communicating--injured
runners refused to stop exercising