phyllanthus emblica linn euphorbiaceaeshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/77789/11/11...it...
TRANSCRIPT
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
13
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
Amla (Amalaki)
Botanical Name: Phyllanthus emblica Linn
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Chemical Constituents:
The fruit contains two hydrolysable tannins Emblicanin A and B, which have antioxidant
properties; one on hydrolysis gives gallic acid, ellagic acid, and glucose, whereas the other gives
ellagic acid and glucose.
Traditional Uses
Because of its cooling (Veerya )nature, amla is a common ingredient in treatments for a burning
sensation anywhere in the body and for many types of inflammation and fever; Amla has been
considered the best of the Ayurvedic rejuvenative herbs, because it is tridosa ghana. Uniquely,
it has a natural balance of tastes (sweet, sour, pungent, bitter and astringent) all in one fruit, it
stimulates the brain to rebalance the three main components of all physiological functions, the
water, fire, and air elements within the body.
Amla is used to revitalizing potency and the digestive system, treat constipation , reduce fever,
purify the blood, reduce cough, alleviate asthma, strengthen the heart, benefit the eyes,
stimulate hair growth, enliven the body, and enhance intellect. The fruits are consumed as fruit
or in the form of food products. This fruit also forms an important constituent of many
Ayurvedic preparations such as chyavanprash and triphala and is regarded as ‘one of the best
rejuvenating herbs’.
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
14
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
Gallic Acid: C7H6O5
IUPAC name : 3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoic acid,
Structure:
Gallic acid
Analytical Methods:
Methods Crude drugs/
Formulations
Method description Ref
UV method Triphala churna Wave length: 273 nm 18
UV method Polyherbal formulation Wave length: 273 nm 19
HPTLC Polyherbal formulation
(Terminalia chebula and
Terminalia arjuna)
Stationary phase: silica gel G F254
Mobile Phase: Toluene: Methanol: Ethyl
acetate: Formic acid ( 30 : 5 : 55 : 10)
Scanning wavelength: 280 nm
20
HPTLC Phyllanthus emblica Stationary phase: silica gel G F254
Mobile Phase: toluene: ethyl acetate:
formic acid: methanol (3:3:0.8:0.2)
Scanning wavelength: 278 nm
21
HPTLC Amla fruit extract and its
polyherbal formulation
Stationary phase: silica gel G F254
Toluene: ethyl acetate: acetic acid: formic
acid (20:45:20:05)
Scanning wavelength: 278 nm
22
HPTLC stem bark of Myrica Stationary phase: silica gel G F254 23
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
15
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
esculenta Mobile Phase: toluene-ethyl acetate-
formic acid-methanol (3 :3 : 0.6 :0.4)
Scanning wavelength: 280 nm
HPLC Amla Column: a reverse phase C18 (250 4.6
mm, 5 lm)
Mobile phase: 0.1% orthophosphoric acid
and acetonitrile in gradient elution.
Detector: UV detector
Wave length: 254 nm.
24
HPLC Phyllanthus emblica Column: C18 column
Mobile Phase: gradient elution of
methanol and 0.1% (v/v) acetic acid in
water
Detector: diode array detector
Wave length: 278 nm.
25
HPLC Polyherbal Tablet
Formulation
Column: Phenomenex Luna C18 (4.6 x
250mm, 5μ),
Mobile Phase: Water: Acetonitrile (80:
20%v/v)
Detector: UV detector
Wavelength: 272nm
26
HPLC Amla Column: C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm
I.D., 5 μm)
Mobile Phase: gradient elution
acetonitrile and water containing 0.01 %
v/v ortho phosphoric acid ( 80: 20)
Detector: UV detector
Wavelength: 272 nm
27
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
16
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
Gokharu (Gokshur or puncture vine)
Botanical Name: Tribulus terrestris Linn
Family: Zygophyllaceae
Chemical Constituents: A potential active component is steroidal saponins such as Diosgenin; it
is obtained by hydrolysis of crude saponins isolated from gokharu. It also contains a variety of
chemical constituents which are medicinally important, such as flavonoids, flavonol glycosides,
steroidal saponins, and alkaloids.
Traditional uses:
Gokharu is used in folk medicines as a tonic, aphrodisiac, astringent, stomachic,
antihypertensive, diuretic, lithotriptic, and urinary disinfectant. The dried fruit of the herb is
very effective in most of the genitourinary tract disorders. It is a vital constituent of Gokshuradi
Guggul, a potent Ayurvedic medicine used to support proper functioning of the genitourinary
tract and to remove the urinary stones. It has been used for centuries in Ayurveda to treat
impotence, venereal diseases, and sexual debility.
In addition to all these applications, the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India attributes cardio
tonic properties to the root and fruit. In Unani medicine, gokharu is used as diuretic, mild
laxative, and general tonic.28 It has diuretic, aphrodisiac, antiurolithic, immunomodulatory,
antidiabetic, absorption enhancing, hypolipidemic, cardiotonic, central nervous system,
hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antispasmodic, anticancer, antibacterial,
anthelmintic and ant carcinogenic activities 29.
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
17
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
Diosgenin: C27H42O3
IUPAC name :( 3β, 25R)-spirost-5-en-3-ol
Structure:
Diosgenin
Analytical methods:
Methods Crude drugs/
Formulations
Method description Ref
UV method Trigonella fornum – graecum
L Callus culture
Wave length: 430 nm
Colour Development: With anisaldehyde
sulfuric acid and ethyl acetate
30
UV method Dioscorea opposite Thunb.
tubers and bulbils
Wave length:547 nm
Color Development: With 5% vanillin-
glacial acetic acid-perchloric acid
31
HPTLC Fenugreek stem, leaves,
seed extracts and a
polyherbal antidiabetic
formulation containing
fenugreek powder as one of
the ingredients.
Stationary phase: silica gel G F254
Mobile Phase: toluene: ethyl acetate:
methanol (7:3:1 v/v/v)
Derivatization: anisaldehyde sulfuric acid
reagent.
Scanning wavelength: 430 nm
32
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
18
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
T. terrestris Stationary phase: silica gel G F254
Mobile Phase: toluene: ethyl acetate:
methanol (7:3:1 v/v/v)
Derivatization: anisaldehyde sulfuric acid
reagent.
Scanning wavelength: 430 nm
33
HPTLC Fenugreek Seeds Stationary phase: silica gel G F254
Mobile Phase: Toluene-ethyl acetate-
formic acid (5 : 4 : 1)
Derivatization: anisaldehyde sulfuric acid
reagent.
Scanning wavelength: 450nm
34
HPTLC Market formulation Stationary phase: silica gel G F254
Mobile Phase: Toluene: Ethyl acetate:
Formic acid: GAA (2:1:1: 0.75)
Derivatization: anisaldehyde sulfuric acid
reagent.
Scanning wavelength: 194 nm
35
HPTLC fenugreek seeds Stationary phase: silica gel G F254
Mobile Phase: Toluene: Ethyl acetate:
Methanol (15:2:2 )
Scanning wavelength: 205 nm
36
HPLC T. terrestris Column: phenomenex RPC18 column (250
x4.6mm, 5µm),
Mobile phase : Acetonitrile: Water (90:10
v/v)
Detector: UV detector
Wavelength: 203 nm.
37
HPLC Divya Madhunashini Vati Column: RP C18
ods Hypersil column (150 × 38
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
19
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
4.6 mm, 5μm)
mobile phase: acetonitrile: water (90:10)
Detector: UV detection
Wavelength: 203 nm
HPLC Fenugreek seeds Column: Reverse-phaseC8 column 250 mm
× 4.6 mm, 5 μ, Symmetry (waters).
Mobile Phase: water and acetonitrile
gradient elution
Detector: PDA
Wavelength: 205 nm
36
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
20
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
Galo: (Amrita and Gaduchi)
Botanical name: Tinospora cordifolia (wild) Miers ex Hook. F and Thoms
Family: Menispermaceae
Chemical Constituents:
A variety of constituents such as alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, steroids, glycosides, aliphatic
compounds, polysaccharides etc. are present in Tinospora cordifolia. Sesquiterpene glucoside
tinocordifolioside, tinosponone, tinocordioside and cordioside; Sesquiterpens like tinocordifolin
are present. Alkaloids like berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine ect are also reported.
Traditional Uses:
Guduchi or Amrita is reported to be potent vegetable tonic. Being a rejuvenator, it is indicated
in several diseases causing debility. The stem is one of the constituents of several Ayurvedic
preparations used in general debility, dyspepsia, fever and urinary diseases. The stem is bitter,
stomachic, diuretic, stimulates bile secretion, causes constipation, burning sensation, vomiting,
enriches the blood and cures jaundice. The extract of its stem is useful in skin diseases. 39,40,41
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
21
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
Berberine: (C20H18NO4+)
IUPAC name: 5, 6-dihydro-9,10-dimethoxybenzo[g]-1,3-benzodioxolo[5,6-a]quinolizinium
Structure:
Berberine
Analytical Methods:
Methods Crude drugs/
Formulations
Method description Ref
UV method Stem bark of B.aristata Scanning wave length :259 nm 42
HPTLC Unani formulation Stationary phase: silica gel G F254
Mobile Phase: Methanol: Acetic Acid:
Water (8:1:1)
Scanning wave length: 350 nm
43
HPTLC Berberis asiatica Stationary phase: silica gel G F254
Mobile Phase: -n-propanol : formic acid :
water (90 : 1 : 9)
Scanning wave length: 366 nm
44
HPTLC Argemone mexicana Stationary phase: silica gel G F254
Mobile Phase: toluene: ethyl acetate (9:3)
Scanning wave length:266 nm
45
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
22
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
HPTLC Punarnavashtak
Kwath
Stationary phase: silica gel G F254
Mobile Phase: toluene: ethyl acetate:
methanol: formic acid (3:3:0.2:0.8)
Scanning wave length: 280 nm
46
HPLC Stem of T. cordifolia and T.
sinensis
Column: a reverse phase C18
Mobile phase : acetonitrile: water (10:90
v/v)
Detector: UV detector
Scanning wave length: 266 nm.
47
HPLC Berberis aristata DC, its
extract, and its formulation
Column: a reverse phase C18
Mobile Phase: acetonitrile and potassium
dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) in a
gradient flow
Detector: Diode array detector
Wave length: 346 nm
48
HPLC Poly-herbal formulation Column: C18 Kroma plus (250 x 4.6 mm)
column
Mobile Phase: 0.5%Triethylamine :
Acetonitrile (10 :90), pH 3.0
Detector: UV detector
Wave length: 230 nm
49
Several researchers have reported the quantitative estimation of active constituent in
individual drugs and very few methods are available for simultaneous analysis of berberine
along with other markers in poly-herbal formulations.
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
23
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
Rasayana plants are said to possess properties such as ant ageing, rejuvenating, improving
memory and prevent diseases all of which imply that they increase the resistance of body.
Ayurvedic system contains several powerful antioxidant herbs as well as Rasayana drugs which
can prevent degenerative diseases. For example, Amla (Emblica officinalis), or Indian
Gooseberry is prized for its concentrations of naturally occurring vitamin C. Gokharu (Tribulus
terrestris), Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) are another Rasayana drugs. Dr. Nampalliwar et al has
undertook a clinical study on Rasayana churna to prove rejuvenation therapy in middle age
group related common health problems and to provide Rasayana Chikitsa for improving general
health 50
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
24
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
Amalakyadi Churna:
Amalakyadi churna is an important Ayurvedic formulation, is official in Ayurvedic formulary of
India is combination of four reputed herbs, comprised of the fruits Emblica officinalis, Piper
longum, Terminalia chebula, roots of Plumbago zeylenica and Sendha namak. The formulation
is dispensed for the treatment of digestive impairment, fever and dyspepsia.
Amalakyadi churna was evaluated for quality control parameters by Jain et al. These
parameters include determination of extractive values, ash values, foaming index, and swelling
index, determination of pH value, various physical parameters and preliminary phytochemical
screening51. A simple, rapid and validated fingerprint method has been carried out by Porwal et
al for estimation of piperine in Amalakyadi churna by spectrophotometric approach at 342.6
nm. 52.
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
25
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
Pippali(Long pepper)
Botanical Name: Piper longum
Family: Piperaceae
Chemical constituents 53, 54, 55,56
It contains alkaloids mainly piperine (4-5%), volatile oil, resin, starch, gum, fatty oils and
inorganic matter. It also contains piperlonguminine, piplartine, waxy alkaloid N-
isobutyldecatrans-2-trans-4-dienamide, piperidine alkaloids – piperonaline, piperundecalidine,
a lignan derivative sesamin and terpenoids resin dihydrostigmasterol. Several aristolactams and
dioxoaporphines have been isolated from long pepper.
Therapeutic uses 56, 57 58 59
It is useful in ‘vata’ and ‘kapha’, bronchitis, asthma, abdominal complaints, fever, leucoderma,
urinary discharges, tumours, piles, diseases of the spleen, pains, inflammations, leprosy,
insomnia, jaundice, hiccough, increases biliousness, hepatoprotective and antiallergic.It is also
used in antifertility and antiamoebic.
Powdered long pepper mixed with honey is useful in cold, cough, asthma and hiccough. It is an
important ingredient of medicated oil used externally in sciatica and paraplegia. Powder of long
pepper is suspended in warm water and given to women after parturition to check hemorrhage
and fever, as vermifuge, it is prescribed for colic in children.
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
26
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
Piperine: C17H19NO3
IUPAC name: 1-[5-(1, 3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-oxo-2, 4-pentadienyl] piperidine
Structure:
Piperine
Analytical Method:
Methods Crude drugs/
Formulations
Method description Ref
UV method Piper spp. Wave length:328nm 60
UV method Chitrakadi Vati Wave length:342 nm 61
UV method Sitopaladi churna Wave length:342.5 nm 62
HPTLC Piper Species Stationary phase: silica gel G F254
Mobile Phase: toluene–ethyl acetate–
diethyl ether 6:3:1
Scanning wavelength: 337 nm
63
HPTLC Piper nigrum
and Piper longum
Stationary phase: silica gel G F254
Mobile Phase: hexane: ethylacetate:
glacial acetic acid (3:1:0.1)
Scanning wavelength: 343 nm
64
HPLC Piper nigrum L. Column: (250x4 mm, 5 μ) C18
column
Mobile phase: Acetonitrile: Water:
65
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
27
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
Acetic acid (60:39.5:0.5).
Detector: UV detector
Wave length: 340 nm.
HPLC Piper guineense Column: C18 column (250 X 4.6 mm)
Mobile phase : methanol: water
(80:20)
Detector: UV detector
Wavelength: 343nm
66
HPLC Food Products Column: a reverse phase C18
Mobile Phase: 50mM potassium
dihydrogen orthophosphate (pH 3.5):
Acetonitrile (40:60)
Detector: diode array detector
Wavelength: 340 nm
67
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
28
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
Chitrak :
Botanical name: Plumbago zeylanica
Family: Plumbaginaceae
Chemical constituents:
It contains countless secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, naphthaquinones,
glycosides, steroids, saponins, triterpenoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, coumarins,
carbohydrates, fixed oiland fats and proteins 68, 69, 70, 71. In all of these compounds the most
imperative principle active compound naphthoquinones plumbagin, 3-biplumbagin,
chloroplumbagin, chitranone, elliptone etc.
Traditional Uses:
P. zeylanica is a popular medicinal herb throughout Africa and Asia. It has been used asa
remedy for skin diseases, infections and intestinal worms viz. leprosy, scabies, ringworm,
hookworm, dermatitis, acne, sores and ulcers. Since time immemorial. The traditional systems
of medicine in different parts of the continents have been utilizing all parts of P. zeylanica for a
variety of treatments. Chitrak is also used in the preparation of herbal medicines such as Dabur
Chitrak Haritaki, Divya, Chandraprabhavati etc.
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
29
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
Plumbagin: (C11H8O3)
IUPAC name: 2-ethyl-5-hydroxy-4-naphthoquinone
Structure:
Plumbagin
Analytical methods:
Methods: Crude drugs Method description Ref
UV method Chitrak root Wavelength: 520 nm 72
HPTLC Plumbago indica and
Plumbago zeylanica
Stationary phase: silica gel
60F254
Mobile Phase: hexane: ethyl
acetate (8:2).
Scanning wavelength: 265 nm.
73
HPTLC Plumbago zeylanica
LINN
Stationary phase: silica gel
60F254
Mobile Phase: Toluene : Ethyl
acetate (3:1)
Derivatization: Anisaldehyde‐
Sulphuric Acid reagent
Scanning wavelength: 270 nm.
74
HPTLC Kankayan Vati Stationary phase: silica gel 75
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
30
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
60F254
Mobile Phase: Toluene: Ethyl
acetate: Formic acid (6.5:3.5:0.1)
Scanning wavelength: 281 nm
HPLC Plumbago indica and
Plumbago zeylanica
Column: Phenomenex Luna C 18
(2) (250×4.6mm) column
mobile phase: methanol : sodium
dihydrogen phosphate (5 mM)
(9:1)
Flow rate: 0.8 mL/ min
Detector: UV detector
Wavelength: 265 nm.
73
HPLC Tablet formulation Column: Purospher STAR RP-18
encapped Hibar ® column 250×4.6
mm, 5 μm
Mobile phase : acetonitrile and
0.1% orthophosphoric acid in
water(Gradient elution)
Flow rate: 1 mL/ min
Detector: UV detector
Wave length: 255 nm.
76
HPLC Drosera peltata Smith
var. glabrata
Column: Agilent Eclipse XDB C 18
Mobile phase : gradient elution
system of acetonitrile and water
(containing 0.1% phosphoric acid,
V/V)
Flow rate: 1 mL/ min
Detector: UV detector
Wave length: 269 nm
77
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
31
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
HPLC Plumbago
zeylanica L and
Embelia ribes extracts
Column: C18 column (250 X 4.6
mm)
Mobile Phase: acetonitrile: 50 mM
potassium dihydrogen phosphate
Buffer (45:55)
flow rate: 1 ml/min
Detector: UV detector
Wavelength: 290 nm.
78
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
12
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
Chapter 4: Review of literature
Rasayana Churna:
India has a rich heritage of traditional medicine with different components like Ayurveda,
Siddha and Unani. Traditional health care has been flourishing in this country for many
centuries. Ayurveda and other Indian systems of medicines may be explored with the modern
scientific approaches for better leads in the health care14. Plants with complex phytochemical
mixture have advantage over single molecules for treating various diseases, with an added
advantage of being non-toxic.
Sushruta, ancient Indian physician, defined Rasayana as a measure, which prolongs and
provides positive health, improves mental faculties and provides resistance and immunity
against diseases. Charaka-Samhita, a great ancient classic treatise of Ayurveda states that the
means of obtaining optimum nourishment to the dhatus are called Rasayanas. 15
Rasayana Churna is a classical Ayurvedic formulation, which comprises dried powders of three
well known rejuvenating drugs viz. dried stem of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia Miers.), dried
fruit of Gokshur (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) and dried pericarp of Amalaki (Emblica officinalis
Gaertn. or Phyllanthus emblica Linn.) in equal proportions. It is used in Ayurveda as Rasayana
to enhance general body resistance, promote longevity, as anti-stress and adaptogen.
Standardization of herbal formulations is essential in order to assess their quality and efficacy.
With this approach, Soni et al have established quality parameters of Rasayana churna like
authentication, organoleptic properties, physicochemical parameters, heavy metal analysis and
microbial load. They have also reported qualitative HPTLC finger printing of raw materials and
Rasayana Churna16
Methods for quantitative estimation of three active constituents separately in Rasayana Churna
by RP-HPLC has also been reported. 17.
Joshi H.R. Review of literature
32
L.J.I.P. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya
Harde (Haritaki, black Myroblans)
Botanical Name: Terminalia chebula Retz.
Family: Combretaceae
Chemical constituents:
In Terminalia chebula, 33% of the total phytoconstituents are hydrolysable tannins and are
responsible for pharmacological activity. These tannins contain phenolic carboxylic acid like
gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulic acid and gallotannins such as 1,6 di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 3,4,6
tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 2,3,4,6 tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 1,2,3,4,6 penta-O galloyl-β-D-
glucose. Ellagitannin such aspunacalagin, casurarinin, corilagin and terchebulin and others such
as chebulanin, neo chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid also reported.
Traditional uses:
They are used as a mild laxative and as an astringent against wounds and abscesses. In the
dental care dried powder is applied against stomatitis and against ulcers of the gum. The plant
is used as an antidote against bites of snakes. In India and Southeast Asia the fruit is used as a
popular folk medicine for antissive, diuretic, homeostatic, laxative and cardiotonic treatments.