1. Phreaks and Hackers Part1: PhreakLilya NachalovaMohammad Eghlima

2. Introduction Art of social engineering Definition Famous phone phreaks PhreakGenealogyInteresting resources HistoryAppendixes They are interrelated together. They have different natures, phreaks were people who did not wanted topay money for their long distance call, not all of them but almost of them.And the hackers who wants to help to computer science at general andcrackers as the understanding of public society who want to do bad thingsagainst others through computers. PhreakAt first we are going to declare and identified phreak subculture, through themeaning of Phreak word to genealogy and some of its techniques and issuesit made for society. HackAfter that we will discussed the hack term and differentiate it from somecommon public misunderstanding.2 3. Introduction Art of social engineeringDefinition Famous phone phreaksPhreakGenealogyInteresting resourcesHistoryAppendixesThe term phreak is a combination of the words phone and freak. [1] Phone: do you know phone???? First voice: 10 March 1876, Mr. Watson , come here. I want to see you. Freak: refers to a person with something strikingly unusual abouttheir appearance or behavior.Phreaking[1] is a slang term describe: The activity of a culture of people who study, experiment with or exploretelecommunication systems, such as equipment and systems connected to publictelephone. In this context mainly refers to the use of various audio frequencies to manipulatea phone system specially for making free long distance call.Phreak, phreaker, or phone phreak are names used for and by individuals whoparticipate in phreaking. 3 4. Introduction Art of social engineeringDefinition Famous phone phreaksPhreakGenealogyInteresting resourcesHistoryAppendixesmotivation: As a product of the home computing trend and the futuristic spirit that followedthe space race (which culminated in the moon landing in 1969), several technology-orientedsubcultures formed. One of them was phreaks subculture. Furthermore long distance call wasexpensive, but human being does not like non-free things ! And also there were some curiouspersons.Who were they? [2] A collection of electronics fanatics in the 60s and 70s Some of the phreakers were university students. Some of them even were blind. few of them had been members of an organized movement: most were businessmen,some were general laborers or students, and one was even a millionaire. All of those specialized in fooling the phone companies switches into connectingfree calls all over the continent. Because identities were usually masked, an exactgroups and percentages cannot be calculated.Keep this in your mind, this is the big bang The reason for this wave of phreaking was that Bell the inventor had made publiclyavailable technical information that anyone needed to build a blue box, even youwho are looking at me right now 4 5. IntroductionArt of social engineering DefinitionFamous phone phreaksPhreak Genealogy Interesting resources History AppendixesThe chronological events in Phreaking history[1]: Switch hook and tone dialer 2600 hertz Multi frequency Blue boxes Computer hacking Toll fraud Diverters Voice mail boxes End of multi-frequency 5 6. Introduction Art of social engineeringDefinition Famous phone phreaksPhreakGenealogyInteresting resourcesHistoryAppendixes Switch hook and tone dialer Possibly one of the first phreaking method it allows placing calls from a phone where the rotary dial or keypad has been disabled by a key lock or other means to prevent unauthorized calls from that phone It is done by rapidly pressing and releasing the switch hook to open and close the subscriber circuit, simulating the pulses generated by the rotary dial By rapidly clicking the hook for a variable number of times at roughly 5 to 10 clicks per second, separated by intervals of roughly one second, the caller can dial numbers as if they were using the rotary dial. How: one click with a following interval can be either "one" or "zero" and subsequent clicks before the interval are additively counted What about modern DTMF capable exchange? can also be exploited by a tone dialer that generates the DTMF tones used by modern keypad units Combination: switch hook && tone dialer: the key lock can be circumvented by switch-hooking and then the tone dialer can be then used to operate automated DTMF controlled services that cant be used with rotary dial. 6 7. Introduction Art of social engineering Definition Famous phone phreaksPhreak GenealogyInteresting resources HistoryAppendixes 2600 hertz AT&T implement fully automatic switches. (probably 50s) These switches used tone dialing, a form of in-band signaling, and included some tones which were for internal telephone company use One internal-use tone was a tone of 2600 Hz which caused a telephone switch to think the call was over, leaving an open carrier line which could be exploited to provide free long-distance and international calls. At that time, long-distance calls were quite expensive. [3] Joe Engressia was blind, but he had been compensated by the fascinating gift of perfect pitch. He could recall a note he had heard, and perfectly reproduce it by whistling. At age eight, he had already discovered that he could manipulate the system of telephone switches by whistling certain tones. So he discovered the tone 2600 Hz approximately in 1957. Discovered that whistling the fourth E above middle C (a frequency of 2600 Hz) would stop a dialed phone recording. [3] 7 8. IntroductionArt of social engineering DefinitionFamous phone phreaks PhreakGenealogy Interesting resources History Appendixes 2600 hertz (continued ) Joe was arrested after connecting free calls for some friends by simplywhistling into the receiver. So we can call it first interacting between societyand such kind of crime. He was arrested again in 1971, and was given a suspended sentence inexchange for promising never to manipulate telephones again. Bill from New York experienced same behaviors in the recorder he ownedwith this tone. John Draper (Captain Crunch) discovered through his friendship withEngressia that the free whistles given out in his cereal boxes also produced a2600 Hz tone when blown. This allowed control of phone systems that worked on single frequency (SF)controls. One could sound a long whistle to reset the line, followed by groupsof whistles (a short tone for a "1", two for a "2", etc.) to dial numbers 8 9. Introduction Art of social engineering Definition Famous phone phreaksPhreak GenealogyInteresting resources HistoryAppendixes Multi Frequency The most common signaling on the long distance network was multi- frequency (MF) controls. The specific frequencies required were unknown until 1964. When The Bell System published the information in the Bell System Technical Journal in an article describing the methods and frequencies used for interoffice signaling, secrets reveal. The journal was intended for the companys engineers; however, it found its way to various college campuses across the United States. With this one article, the Bell System accidentally gave away the keys to the kingdom. The second generation of phreaks arose at this time. Including the New Yorkers "Evan Doorbell", "Ben Decibel" and Neil R. Bell and Californians Mark Bernay, Chris Bernay, and Alan from Canada.9 10. IntroductionArt of social engineering DefinitionFamous phone phreaks PhreakGenealogy Interesting resources History Appendixes Multi Frequency (continued ) Each conducted their own independent exploration and experimentation ofthe telephone network, initially on an individual basis, and later within groupsas they discovered each other in their travels "Evan Doorbell," "Ben" and "Neil" formed a group of phreaks known as GroupBell. Mark Bernay initiated a similar group named the Mark Bernay Society. Both Mark and Evan received fame amongst todays phone phreakers forInternet publication of their collection of telephone exploration recordings. These recordings, conducted in the 60s, 70s, and early 80s are available atMarks website Phone Trips.[4] 10 11. Introduction Art of social engineering Definition Famous phone phreaks PhreakGenealogyInteresting resources HistoryAppendixes Multi Frequency (continued ) Pay attention to device in middle persons hand11 12. Introduction Art of social engineeringDefinition Famous phone phreaksPhreakGenealogyInteresting resourcesHistoryAppendixes Blue Boxes Draper was a very active phreaker. He kept a list of contacts and directed the exchange of ideas between phreakers. Like some of them, he was an electronics fanatic. He built the tone generators that allowed total control of the entire telephone system. These generators were called MF-boxes or Blue boxes. Blue box gave their owners complete access to national and international telephone traffic - totally free. Since all information concerning the MF-system had been made public. As it is not exactly cheap to replace an entire telephone system, there are still countries whose systems can be manipulated by blue boxes. Persons like Draper inspired a feeling of unlimited power over the telephone system. One of Drapers more known tricks was to connect back to himself around the globe through seven countries, simply for the incredible satisfaction of hearing his own voice with a 20-second delay. 12 13. IntroductionArt of social engineeringDefinitionFamous phone phreaks Phreak Genealogy Interesting resourcesHistory Appendixes Blue Boxes (continue ) In October 1971, Esquire Magazine published a story called "Secrets of theLittle Blue Box"[5][6][7] by Ron Rosenbaum, and Draper was arrested andimprisoned shortly after its publication. He was approached by the Mafia (who wanted to exploit his skills), andseverely beaten after he refused. Upon his release, an old friend-Steve Wozniak came to his aid and made himquit phreaking in favor of programming. He wrote the word processing program Easy Writer , which was sold by IBMwith their PCs. He made more than a million dollars off the project. This article featured Engressia and John Draper prominently, synonymizing their names with phreaking.13 14. Introduction Art of social engineeringDefinition Famous phone phreaks Phreak GenealogyInteresting resourcesHistoryAppendixes Social Effect - Yippy In the same year (1971), the hippies discovered the possibility of making free calls. A militant faction of the hippie movement, known as yippies , started a magazine called Youth International Party Line(the name both referred to the political nature of the movement and to its obvious telephonic emphasis). The papers mission was to teach methods of telephone fraud Yippies are a kind of tough hippies that do not hesitate to use violence and terrorism to obliterate (as far as possible) American society. Yippies consist of people that have become so sick of American society and its system that they only see one solution to the problem - total destruction. As opposed to classical anarchists, they were not opposed to technology; rather, they exploited all knowledge and resources available to them. One of the most frightening aspects of the yippie movement was that many of its members were quite intelligent. The yippies repres yippies ented fundamentally different values and norms, which rocked the foundation of American culture. This political force would later sow the seeds of the ideology that is today known as cyberpunk. Prominent yippie leaders include Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin.14 15. IntroductionArt of social engineering DefinitionFamous phone phreaksPhreak Genealogy Interesting resources History AppendixesSocial Effect TAP (Technical Assistance Program) In 1973, a faction of technology fanatics broke away from the yippie movementand formed an expressly anti-social and anarchistic organization around the paper(now known as TAP , or Technical Assistance Program ) . In this new version, the magazine provided instruction in subjects far beyondsimple telephone scams: it contained formulas for explosives, blueprints forelectronic sabotage, information on credit card fraud, etc. Much of this content was naturally "exciting" for teenagers and slightly immatureyoung men (!), and the periodical was widely copied and transmitted across theglobe. Within a short period of time, there was a global network of phreakers. The basicphilosophy of the paper is still the same as that of the yippie party (YouthInternational Party). In TAP, peculiar forms of writing were introduced, such as substituting "z" for "s",0 (zero) for o, and spelling the word freak "phreak". 15 16. Introduction Art of social engineering Definition Famous phone phreaks PhreakGenealogyInteresting resources HistoryAppendixes Social Effect Rolig Teknik In Sweden, a sister publication to TAP surfaced. It was called Rolig Teknik ("Fun With Technology"), and aroused some attention in the dailies. Rolig Teknik was started by Nils Johan Alstra, a legendary figure in Swedish underground culture. He was inspired by TAP, and published several articles between 1984 and 1993, all based on the same social philosophy as that of its American counterpart.16 17. IntroductionArt of social engineeringDefinitionFamous phone phreaksPhreakGenealogy Interesting resourcesHistory Appendixes Computer hacking The 1980s, the revolution of the personal computer, the popularity ofcomputer bulletin board systems. These BBSes became popular for computer hackers and our phreaks, andserved as a medium for them to share their discoveries and experiments. This not only led to unprecedented collaboration between phone phreaks, butalso spread the notion of phreaking to others. At that moment telephone company was popular in US, but monopoly ofAT&T forced that to divestiture. During this time, phreaking lost its label for being the exploration of thetelephone network, and began to focus more on toll fraud Computer cracker(Hacker) began to use phreaking methods to find thetelephone numbers for modems belonging to businesses, which they couldlater exploit.17 18. Introduction Art of social engineering Definition Famous phone phreaks PhreakGenealogyInteresting resources HistoryAppendixes Computer hacking (continue ) Groups then formed around the BBS hacker/phreaking (H/P) community. Such as the famous Masters of Deception (Phiber Optik) and Legion of Doom (Erik Bloodaxe) groups. In 1985 an underground e-zine called Phrack (a combination of the words Phreak and Hack) began circulation among BBSes, and focused on hacking, phreaking, and other related technological subjects[9]. In the early 1990s H/P groups like Masters of Deception and Legion of Doom were shut down by the US Secret Services Operation Sundevil[10]. Into the turn of the 21st century, phreaks begans to focus on the exploration and playing with network, and the concept of toll fraud became widely popular among serious phreakers. It was influence of the website Phone Trips[11].18 19. IntroductionArt of social engineeringDefinitionFamous phone phreaks Phreak Genealogy Interesting resourcesHistory Appendixes Toll fraud 1984: AT&T breakup. many small companies intent upon competing in the long distance market At the time, there was no way to switch a phone line to have calls automatically carried by non-AT&T companies. Customers of these companies would be required to: Dial a local access number. Enter their calling card number. And finally enter the area code and phone number they wish to call. It was hard for customer, bad for business, so the companies kept the calling card numbers short usually 6 or 7 digits. This opened up a huge vulnerability to phone phreaks with a computer. 19 20. Introduction Art of social engineering Definition Famous phone phreaks PhreakGenealogyInteresting resources HistoryAppendixes Toll fraud (continues ) - calling card numbers 6-digits 1,000,000 combinations. 7-digits 10,000,000 combinations. If a company had 10,000 customers, a person attempting to "guess" a card number would have a good chance Once every 100 tries for a 6-digit card and once every 1000 tries for a 7-digit card. It was easy for people but computer made it far easier even. Code hack programs were developed for computers with modems. The modems would: Dial the long distance access number Enter a random calling card number (of the proper number of digits) And attempt to complete a call to a computer bulletin board system (BBS). If was successful, means it had found a working card number, and it saved that number todisk. If no, it would hang up and try a different code. Using this methodology, code hacking programs would turn up hundreds (or in some cases thousands) of working calling card numbers per day. These would subsequently be shared amongst fellow phreakers. 20 21. IntroductionArt of social engineering DefinitionFamous phone phreaks PhreakGenealogy Interesting resources History Appendixes Toll fraud (continues ) - calling card numbers Using this methodology, code hacking programs would turn up hundreds (or in some cases thousands) of working calling card numbers per day. These would subsequently be shared amongst fellow phreakers. There was no way for these small phone companies to identify the culprits of these hacks. They had no access to local phone company records of calls into their access numbers, and even if they had access, obtaining such records would be prohibitively expensive and time-consuming. In the early 1990s, the tracking down got better, but the problem did not completely disappear. It solved when most companies were able to offer standard 1+ dialing without the use of an access number. 21 22. IntroductionArt of social engineering DefinitionFamous phone phreaks PhreakGenealogy Interesting resources History Appendixes Diverters Call forwarding was not available for many business phone lines in the 80s and 90s. They were forced to buy equipment that could do the job manually between two phone lines. In closing time, they programmed diverters to answer all calls then pick up another line, call their answering service and bridge two lines together. Phreakers recognized the opportunity, they would spend hours manually dialing businesses after hours, attempting to identify faulty diverters. One one found, he could use it for one of many purposes. In addition to completing phone calls anywhere in the world at the businesses expense. Examples for usage were: Dial 1-900 phone sex/entertainment numbers. Use the phone line to harass their enemies without fear of being traced. Victimized small businesses required to foot the bill for the long distance calls By 1993, call forwarding was offered and finish.22 23. IntroductionArt of social engineering DefinitionFamous phone phreaks PhreakGenealogy Interesting resources History Appendixes Voice mail boxes The BBS era of the 1980s became unsecure for phreakers. Phreaks discovered voice mail boxes as ways to network and keep in touch. Once a vulnerable mailbox system was discovered, word would spread around the phreak community. They would use the system as a "home base" for communication with one another until the rightful owners would discover the intrusion and wipe them off. The popularity of the Internet in the mid-1990s, along with the better awareness of voice mail by business and cell phone owners, made the practice of stealing voice mailboxes less popular. 23 24. Introduction Art of social engineering Definition Famous phone phreaksPhreak GenealogyInteresting resources HistoryAppendixes End of multi-Frequency June 15, 2006, in 48 states of US. Replaced by T1 carrier. This exchange, located in Wawina Township, Minnesota, was run bythe Northern Telephone Company of Minnesota Many phone phreaks from across North America and the world made callsinto what was the last group of MF-able inward trunks in the continentalUnited States. A message board was set up on +1 (218) 488-1307, for phone phreaks acrossthe world to "say their goodbyes" to MF signalling and the N2 in Wawina. During the days prior to the cutover, many famous phone phreaks suchas Mark Bernay, Joy Bubbles, Bob Bernay, and Captain Crunch could be heardleaving their comments on the message board. The official date for the cutover from N2 to T-carrier was Wednesday, June 14.and Finish for old Phreaking.24 25. IntroductionArt of social engineeringDefinitionFamous phone phreaksPhreakGenealogy Interesting resourcesHistory Appendixes The art of social engineering Is more widespread (and often more effective). Based on attacking the weakest link in the entire phone and banking system: the human being. Comes from the telemarketing field, where it is part of the telemarketers job to dissimulate him- or herself and focus on the customers weaknesses. The following is an example of social engineering by a phreaker. loosely based on a case published in a highly improper hacker periodical. From original author: WARNING: use this example to protect yourself and others from becoming victims of this type of crime, not to commit the same type of crime yourself. If you abuse this information, I will be sorely disappointed Definition: P = Phreaker V = Innocent victim T = The victims telephone25 26. Introduction Art of social engineeringDefinition Famous phone phreaks Phreak GenealogyInteresting resourcesHistoryAppendixesThe art of "social engineering (continue )T : Ring! V : Hello!P: Hello, is this Mr. X? V: Yes... whos calling?P : Good morning, this is Noam Chomsky at the Accounts Security Division of the Chase ManhattanBank. How are you doing this morning?V : Ee.. just fine. Whats the problem?P : We have a situation here right now involving our databases. Your Chase Visa card is currentlyunusable due to the loss of a large portion of our customer files. If you would give me your cardnumber and PIN, we can restore your account immediately.V : Just a minute, who did you say you were?P : My name is Noam Chomsky, and Im with the Accounts Security Division of Chase ManhattanBank. Theres a situation here... (repeats what he just said)V : (Suspicious) I wasnt aware of this. Is there a number I can call you back on?P : Sure, no problem. I appreciate your carefulness. Give me a call back at 800-555-5555, (fakenumber that connects to a phone booth or that has been programmed into the phone companyswitches by P himself, which he can remove at will without trace. Naturally, its not his home phonenumber).V : Thanks! Talk to you in a moment.T : Click. Silence. Buzz...P : Chase Manhattan Bank, Accounts Security Division, Noam Chomsky speaking. How can I helpyou?V : Great! This is Mr. X. I was afraid you were a scammer. OK, my Visa card number is XXXX... and myPIN is XXXX.P : (Pauses, writing). Thank you. We will restore your account as soon as possible. Please refrainfrom using your card during the next 24 hours. Goodbye, and thank you for your cooperation.V : Goodbye. T : Click.26 27. IntroductionArt of social engineeringDefinitionFamous phone phreaksPhreakGenealogy Interesting resourcesHistory Appendixes Famous phone phreaks[12] John Draper (Captain Crunch) Mark Abene (Phiber Optik) Denny Teresi Joybubbles (Joe Engressia, The Whistler) Patrick Kroupa (Lord Digital) Kevin Mitnick Kevin Poulsen (Dark Dante) Steve Wozniak (Berkeley Blue) Jered Morgan (Lucky225) C. Douglas Brickner (doug) William Quinn (decoder) Brad Carter (RBCP) Matt Blaze (M.F. Tones)27 28. IntroductionArt of social engineeringDefinitionFamous phone phreaks Phreak Genealogy Interesting resourcesHistory Appendixes Phone History: http://inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventors/a/telephone.htm Freak: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak Phreak: http://home.c2i.net/nirgendwo/cdne/ch4web.htm Phone world, Last FM switces: http://www.phworld.org/sounds/wawina/ Phone trip(Phreaker e magazine): http://www.wideweb.com/phonetrips/28 29. Introduction Art of social engineeringDefinition Famous phone phreaks Phreak GenealogyInteresting resourcesHistoryAppendixes1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phreaking2.http://home.c2i.net/nirgendwo/cdne/ch4web.htm3.Robson, Gary D. (April 2004). "The Origins of Phreaking". Blacklisted! 411.Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2008-06-21.4. "Phone Trips: http://www.wideweb.com/phonetrips/5. "Secrets of the Little Blue Box". Retrieved 2010-09-04.6. "Steve Jobs and Me: He said my 1971 article inspired him. His iBook obsessedme.". Retrieved 2011-10-12.7. "Secrets of the Little Blue Box": The 1971 article about phone hacking thatinspired Steve Jobs.". Retrieved 2011-10-12.8. "Welcome to Woz.org". Retrieved 2008-06-21.9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrack10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sundevil11. http://www.wideweb.com/phonetrips/12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phreaking#Famous_phone_phreaks 29