PhrasesPhrases

11 English11 English

Grammar ReviewGrammar Review

Prepositional PhrasesPrepositional Phrases

A A prepositional phraseprepositional phrase consists of a consists of a preposition, its object, and any preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object. Ex: Basketball modifiers of the object. Ex: Basketball was first played was first played with real baskets. with real baskets.

When a prepositional phrase modifies When a prepositional phrase modifies a noun or pronoun it is called an a noun or pronoun it is called an adjective phraseadjective phrase. It tells what kind or . It tells what kind or which one. Ex: Was Michael Jordan which one. Ex: Was Michael Jordan the greatest player the greatest player in historyin history??

Prepositional PhrasesPrepositional Phrases

When a prepositional phrase modifies a When a prepositional phrase modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb, it acts as an verb, adjective, or adverb, it acts as an adverb and is called an adverb and is called an adverb phraseadverb phrase. . It tells where, when, how, or to what It tells where, when, how, or to what extent. Ex: Early hoops were extent. Ex: Early hoops were constructed constructed of peace baskets. of peace baskets.

In general, prepositional phrases should In general, prepositional phrases should be placed before or immediately after be placed before or immediately after the words they modify. Ex: the words they modify. Ex: From the From the standsstands, wild applause broke out for the , wild applause broke out for the team. team.

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Complete questions 1-5 of Part A Complete questions 1-5 of Part A and 1-5 of Part B in your grammar and 1-5 of Part B in your grammar workbook. workbook.

Appositive PhrasesAppositive Phrases

An An appositiveappositive is a noun or pronoun that is a noun or pronoun that identifies or renames another noun or identifies or renames another noun or pronoun. Ex: Passengers in a hot-air pronoun. Ex: Passengers in a hot-air balloon ride in the gondola, a small balloon ride in the gondola, a small basket beneath the balloon. basket beneath the balloon.

An An essential or restrictive appositiveessential or restrictive appositive is is needed to make the meaning of a needed to make the meaning of a sentence complete (no commas). Ex: sentence complete (no commas). Ex: The British tycoon The British tycoon Richard BransonRichard Branson has has made several attempts to circle the made several attempts to circle the world nonstop in a balloon. world nonstop in a balloon.

Appositive PhrasesAppositive Phrases

A A nonessential or nonrestrictive nonessential or nonrestrictive appositiveappositive adds extra meaning to a adds extra meaning to a sentence. It is not needed to make sentence. It is not needed to make the meaning of the sentence clear the meaning of the sentence clear (commas used). Ex: Steve Fossett(commas used). Ex: Steve Fossett, , an American financier,an American financier, is another is another dedicated competitor in around-the-dedicated competitor in around-the-world ballooning. world ballooning.

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Complete questions 1-4 of Part A Complete questions 1-4 of Part A and 1-3 of Part B on page 37 of your and 1-3 of Part B on page 37 of your grammar workbook. grammar workbook.

VerbalsVerbals

A A verbalverbal is a verb form that acts as a is a verb form that acts as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. noun, an adjective, or an adverb. There are three types of verbals: There are three types of verbals: participles, gerunds, and infinitives. participles, gerunds, and infinitives. Each of these verbals can be used to Each of these verbals can be used to form phrases. A form phrases. A verbal phraseverbal phrase consists of a verb plus its modifiers consists of a verb plus its modifiers and complements. and complements.

Participial PhrasesParticipial Phrases

A A participleparticiple is a verb form that functions is a verb form that functions as an adjective. There are two kinds of as an adjective. There are two kinds of participles: present participles and past participles: present participles and past participles. The present participle participles. The present participle always ends in always ends in –ing–ing. Most past . Most past participles end in participles end in –d–d or or –ed–ed. Ex: The . Ex: The fallingfalling prices were good news for prices were good news for consumers. The consumers. The improvedimproved designs made designs made the automobiles cheaper and more the automobiles cheaper and more reliable. reliable.

Absolute PhrasesAbsolute Phrases

An An absolute phraseabsolute phrase consists of a participle consists of a participle and the noun or pronoun it modifies. An and the noun or pronoun it modifies. An absolute phrase has no grammatical absolute phrase has no grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence. It connection to the rest of the sentence. It does not function as a part of speech, and does not function as a part of speech, and it does not belong to either the complete it does not belong to either the complete subject or the complete predicate. Usually, subject or the complete predicate. Usually, an absolute phrase relates to the rest of an absolute phrase relates to the rest of the sentence by providing additional the sentence by providing additional details about circumstances or time. details about circumstances or time.

Absolute PhrasesAbsolute Phrases

Its popularity waningIts popularity waning, the Model T , the Model T was retired from production in 1927. was retired from production in 1927.

Our deadline fast approachingOur deadline fast approaching, we , we realized that we would have to test realized that we would have to test our solar-powered lawn mower or our solar-powered lawn mower or else go back to our first idea. else go back to our first idea.

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Complete questions 1-6 on page 40 Complete questions 1-6 on page 40 of your grammar workbook. of your grammar workbook.

Gerund PhrasesGerund Phrases

A A gerundgerund is a verb form that ends in is a verb form that ends in –ing–ing and functions as a noun. Ex: and functions as a noun. Ex: SkiingSkiing is a winter sport. Thank you is a winter sport. Thank you for for listeninglistening. .

A A gerund phrasegerund phrase consists of a consists of a gerund plus its modifiers and gerund plus its modifiers and complements. Ex: Tim Bereners-Lee complements. Ex: Tim Bereners-Lee is know for is know for inventing the World inventing the World Wide WebWide Web. .

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Complete questions 1-8 on page 43 Complete questions 1-8 on page 43 of your grammar workbook. Write of your grammar workbook. Write the gerund phrase and underline the the gerund phrase and underline the gerund. gerund.

Infinitive PhrasesInfinitive Phrases

An An infinitiveinfinitive is a verb form that usually is a verb form that usually begins with the word to and functions begins with the word to and functions as a noun, and adjective, or an adverb. as a noun, and adjective, or an adverb. Ex: Eileen had to goal Ex: Eileen had to goal to pursue. to pursue.

An infinitive phrase consists of an An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive plus its modifiers and infinitive plus its modifiers and complements. Ex: In 1995, Eileen complements. Ex: In 1995, Eileen Collins became the first female space Collins became the first female space pilot pilot to launch into spaceto launch into space. .

Infinitive PhrasesInfinitive Phrases

A modifier placed between the word A modifier placed between the word to and the verb of an infinitive is said to and the verb of an infinitive is said to “split” the infinitive. Usually, a to “split” the infinitive. Usually, a split infinitive sounds awkward and split infinitive sounds awkward and should be avoided. Ex: Astronauts should be avoided. Ex: Astronauts need need toto rigorously rigorously traintrain for space for space missions. Astronauts need missions. Astronauts need to trainto train rigorously for space missions. rigorously for space missions.

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Complete questions 1-4 of part A Complete questions 1-4 of part A and questions 1-4 of part B on page and questions 1-4 of part B on page 46 of your grammar workbook. 46 of your grammar workbook.

Misplaced ModifiersMisplaced Modifiers

A A misplaced modifiermisplaced modifier is a word or is a word or phrase that is placed so far away phrase that is placed so far away from the word it modifies that the from the word it modifies that the meaning of the sentence is unclear or meaning of the sentence is unclear or incorrect. Ex: The school district is incorrect. Ex: The school district is issuing new issuing new desksdesks to students to students made made of molded plasticof molded plastic. .

The school district is issuing new The school district is issuing new desksdesks made of molded plasticmade of molded plastic to students. to students.

Dangling ModifiersDangling Modifiers

A A dangling modifierdangling modifier is a word or is a word or phrase that does not clearly modify phrase that does not clearly modify any noun or pronoun in a sentence. any noun or pronoun in a sentence. Ex: Ex: Looking aroundLooking around, objects made of , objects made of plastic fill our homes, offices, and plastic fill our homes, offices, and schools. schools.

Looking aroundLooking around, , we realized thatwe realized that objects made of plastic fill our objects made of plastic fill our homes, offices, and schools. homes, offices, and schools.

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Complete questions 1-6 of Part A Complete questions 1-6 of Part A and questions 1-7 of Part B on page and questions 1-7 of Part B on page 49 of your grammar workbook. 49 of your grammar workbook.