php web programming
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Tool Developer (PHP)
INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0
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INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0
Football
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INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ
TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ
TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ
TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ
TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ
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TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ
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TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ
TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ
TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0Football
Soccer
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Baseballl
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I like chinese food I like mexican food I like American Food I like Italian food
INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0INTELLIBITZ TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0
Assume that you name all your class files in the following scheme. class-{classname.php}the following example shows youhow to make those files automatically loaded.
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ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0The pattern ((great)*grand)?((fa|mo)ther)
matches any ancestor : father,mother ,grand
father,grandmother,great grand father,great grand mother,great
great grand father, great great grand mother.INTELLIBITZ
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TechnologiesPHP Web ProgrammingTD_PHP_V1.0.0IntelliBitz
Technologies
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PHP WEB
PROGRAMMING.
CHAPTER 1
STARTING WITH PHP.
PHP First Steps - Overview
PHP and the WWW
PHP as a server-side language
What's so great about PHP?
PHP in action
PHP basics
PHP and the Web
www.intellibitz.com Is typed in firefox
Firefox sends a message over the internet to the computer named www.intellibitz.com
Apache, a program running on www.intellibitz.com, gets the message and asks the PHP interpreter, another program running on the www.intellibitz.com computer, what does /index.php look like?
PHP and the Web
The PHP interpreter reads the file /var/www/html/index.php from disk drive
The PHP interpreter runs the commands in index.php, possibly exchanging data with a database program such as MySQL
The PHP interpreter takes the index.php program output and sends it back to Apache as answer
PHP and the Web
Apache sends the page contents it got from the PHP interpreter back to your computer over the Internet in response to Firefox
Firefox displays the page on the screen, following the instructions of the HTML tags in the page
PHP a server-side language
PHP runs on the web server
Javascript and Flash in contrast, are client-side because they run on a web client
The instructions in a PHP program cause the PHP interpreter on a web server to output a web page. The instructions in Javascript cause Firefox to run browser commands.
What's So Great About PHP?
PHP is free
PHP is cross-platform
PHP is widely used
PHP hides its complexity
PHP is built for Web Programming
PHP in action
The PHP interpreter runs the commands between tags
PHP processing form data via $_POST
String syntax called a 'here document'
Using PHP internal library functions like number_format ()
Displaying infromation from a database
Basic Rules of PHP Programs
Start and End Tags
Whitespace and Case-Sensitivity
Comments
Chapter Summary
PHP's usage by a web server to create a response to send back to browser
PHP as a server-side language, contrasting with a Javascript a client-side language
PHP is free, cross-platform, widely-used
PHP basics, program structure, process form, and talk to databases
CHAPTER 2
TEXT AND NUMBERS
Working with Text and Numbers
Defining Text Strings
Validating and formatting text
Manipulating Text
Numbers
Arithmetic Operators
Variables
Putting variables inside strings
Text
Pieces of text are called strings
String can even contain binary file such as image or sound
String is surrounded by a single quotes.. single quotes are delimiters
Backslash \ to be used for escaping
The escape character can itself be escaped
Defining Text Strings
Variable names in a double-quoted string will be substituted with its value.This is called as variable interpolation.
Here documents obey the same escape-character and variable substitution rules
Use a . (period) to combine two strings.The . is the cancatenation.
Manipulating Text
Validating string using trim () and strlen ()
To compare two strings, use the equality operator (==)
Use strcasecmp () to compare strings ignoring case
Formatting Text
Use printf () with a format string and the items to print
Zero-padding, displaying signs with printf ()
Use of strtolower (), strtoupper (), ucwords (),ucfirst() substr (), str_replace ()
String Functions.
$length = strlen($string);
$arrayStr = explode($separator,$string);
$str = implode($separator,$arrayStr);
$trimStr = trim($string);
$resultStr = str_replace($old,$new,$full);
Join() alias of implode().
String Functions
$padded = str_pad ($string,$length)
The returned string is atleast $length characters long.
$repeat = str_repeat($string,$n)
$string is repeated $n times and returned as string.
$array= str_split($string);
This function returns an array comprising the characters that make up the string.
str_word_count
Return information about words used in a string
String functions
$substring = substr($string,$n,$length)
The portion of the string starting from the $n th character for $length number of character is returned.
If $n is negative the substring wil start that many characters from end of the string.
If $length is negative ,that many characters will be omitted from end of the string.
String functions
substr_compare
int substr_compare ( string $main_str, string $str, int $offset [, int $length [, bool $case_insensitivity]] )
substr_compare() compares main_str from position offset with str up to length characters.
Returns < 0 if main_str from position offset is less than str, > 0 if it is greater than str, and 0 if they are equal. If length is equal or greater than length of main_str and length is set, substr_compare() prints warning and returns FALSE.
If case_insensitivity is TRUE, comparison is case insensitive.
String functions
substr_replace
mixed substr_replace ( mixed $string, string $replacement, int $start [, int $length] )
Replace text within a portion of a string
substr_count
int substr_count ( string $haystack, string $needle [, int $offset [, int $length]] )
substr_count() returns the number of times the needle substring occurs in the haystack string. Please note that needle is case sensitive.
String functions.
strtolower(),strtoupper()
Converts the case to lower and upper respectively.
strcmp($string1,$string2)
Returns 0 if both are equal
Returns positive int if first string has higher ASCII value.
Returns negative int if second string has higher ASCII value.
similar_text (string $first,string $second
Calculate the similarity between two strings
It returns the number matching characters in both string
String functions
printf($format,$var1.$var2...);
The $format argument returns how the subsequent arguments are printed.
$array = sscanf($string,$format);
The returned array contains each extracted value from the string according to the specified format.
$found = strpbrk($string,$characters)
The string is scanned for any of the characters.if match is found it returns a string starting from the character it just matched to end of the string.
String functions.
$res= strpos($bigstring,$search)
The function returns the position of the $search string in $bigstring
rtrim(),ltrim(),str_ireplace(),strcasecmp(), strnatcmp(),strnatcasecmp(),stripos(), strrpos().Chop is alias of rtrim
string chr ( int $ascii )
Returns a one-character string containing the character specified by ascii
String functions
strrev
Reverse a string
chunk_split Split a string into smaller chunks
string chunk_split ( string $body [, int $chunklen [, string $end]] )
string convert_cyr_string ( string $str, string $from, string $to )
String functions
strstr
Find first occurrence of a string
string strstr ( string $haystack, string $needle )
Returns part of haystack string from the first occurrence of needle to the end of haystack.
If needle is not found, returns FALSE.
If needle is not a string, it is converted to an integer and applied as the ordinal value of a character.
Stristr() - case insensitive
Strchr
Alias of strstr()
String functions
Strtok()
string strtok ( string $str, string $token )
strtok() splits a string (str) into smaller strings (tokens), with each token being delimited by any character from token.
Strtr()
string strtr ( string $str, string $from, string $to )
This function returns a copy of str, translating all occurrences of each character in from to the corresponding character in to.
String functions
strcspn
int strcspn ( string $str1, string $str2 [, int $start [, int $length]] )
Find length of initial segment not matching mask
Returns the length of the initial segment of str1 which does not contain any of the characters in str2.
Strcoll
Locale based string comparison
If the current locale is C or POSIX, this function is equivalent to strcmp().
Note that this comparison is case sensitive, and unlike strcmp() this function is not binary safe.
String functions
convert_uuencode(),convert_uudecode().
Levenshtein ()
Calculate Levenshtein distance between two strings or -1, if one of the argument strings is longer than the limit of 255 characters.
str_rot13
Perform the rot13 transform on a string
The ROT13 encoding simply shifts every letter by 13 places in the alphabet while leaving non-alpha characters untouched.
String functions
string addslashes ( string $str )
Returns a string with backslashes before characters that need to be quoted in database queries etc. These characters are single quote ('), double quote ("), backslash (\) and NUL (the NULL byte).
addcslashes(),stripcslashes(), stripslashes().
str_shuffle
Randomly shuffles a string
str_split
Convert a string to an array
String functions
string htmlentities ( string $string [, int $quote_style [, string $charset]] )
Convert all applicable characters to HTML entities
ENT_COMPATWill convert double-quotes and leave single-quotes alone.
ENT_QUOTESWill convert both double and single quotes.
ENT_NOQUOTESWill leave both double and single quotes unconverted.
charset-ISO-8859-1,ISO-8859-15,UTF-8.
String functions
Htmlspecialchars()
Convert special characters to HTML entities.
This function returns a string with some of these conversions made
'&' (ampersand) becomes '&'
'"' (double quote) becomes '"' when ENT_NOQUOTES is not set.
''' (single quote) becomes ''' only when ENT_QUOTES is set.
'' (greater than) becomes '>'
String functions
htmlspecialchars_decode
Convert special HTML entities back to characters
string htmlspecialchars_decode ( string $string [, int $quote_style] )
This function is the opposite of htmlspecialchars(). It converts special HTML entities back to characters.Returns the decoded string.
nl2br
Inserts HTML line breaks before all newlines in a string
Returns string with '
' inserted before all newlines.
strip_tags
Strip HTML and PHP tags from a string
String functions
md5($string)
Calculates the md5 hash of a given string using RSA Data Security, Inc. MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm, and returns that hash. The hash is a 32-character hexadecimal number.
md5_file($filename)
md5_file Calculates the md5 hash of a given file.
sha1
Calculate the sha1 hash of a string
String functions
soundex
Calculate the soundex key of a string
Soundex keys have the property that words pronounced similarly produce the same soundex key, and can thus be used to simplify searches in databases where you know the pronunciation but not the spelling.
This soundex function returns a string 4 characters long, starting with a letter.
String functions
Metaphone
Calculate the metaphone key of a string.
Similar to soundex() metaphone creates the same key for similar sounding words.
It's more accurate than soundex() as it knows the basic rules of English pronunciation. The metaphone generated keys are of variable length.
money_format
Formats a number as a currency string
number_format
Format a number with grouped thousands
String functions
ord
Return ASCII value of character
parse_str
Parses the string into variables
quoted_printable_decode
Convert a quoted-printable string to an 8 bit string
String functions
quotemeta
Quote meta characters
string quotemeta ( string $str )
Returns a version of str with a backslash character (\) before every character that is among these:
. \ + * ? [ ^ ] ( $ )
Note: This function is binary-safe.
String functions
Output a string
int print ( string $arg )
Outputs arg. Returns 1, always.
print() is not actually a real function (it is a language construct) so you are not required to use parentheses with its argument list.
sprintf
Return a formatted string
str_getcsv
Parse a CSV string into an array.
String functions
wordwrap
Wraps a string to a given number of characters using a string break character
string wordwrap ( string $str [, int $width [, string $break [, bool $cut]]] )
Returns a string with str wrapped at the column number specified by the optional width parameter. The line is broken using the (optional) break parameter.
wordwrap() will automatically wrap at column 75 and break using '\n' (newline) if width or break are not given.
If the cut is set to 1, the string is always wrapped at the specified width. So if you have a word that is larger than the given width, it is broken apart
String functions
vfprintf
Write a formatted string to a stream
vprintf
Output a formatted string
vsprintf
Return a formatted string
string vsprintf ( string $format, array $args )
Type specifiers
type specifier that says what type the argument data should be treated as. Possible types:
% - a literal percent character. No argument is required.
b - the argument is treated as an integer, and presented as a binary number.
c - the argument is treated as an integer, and presented as the character with that ASCII value.
d - the argument is treated as an integer, and presented as a (signed) decimal number.
e - the argument is treated as scientific notation (e.g. 1.2e+2).
u - the argument is treated as an integer, and presented as an unsigned decimal number.
f - the argument is treated as a float, and presented as a floating-point number (locale aware).
F - the argument is treated as a float, and presented as a floating-point number (non-locale aware). Available since PHP 4.3.10 and PHP 5.0.3.
o - the argument is treated as an integer, and presented as an octal number.
s - the argument is treated as and presented as a string.
x - the argument is treated as an integer and presented as a hexadecimal number (with lowercase letters).
X - the argument is treated as an integer and presented as a hexadecimal number (with uppercase letters).
Numbers
Numbers floating point and decimals
Arithmetic operators
+, -, *, /, %
Operator precedence
Grouping operations inside parentheses, will execute whats inside the parentheses first
Variables
In PHP, variables are denoted by $ followed by the variable's name
Use = to assign value to a variable
Variable names must begin with letter or an underscore
Variable names are case-sensitive
Avoid variable names differ by letter case
Avoid using variable names as function names.
Operating on Variables
Arithmetic and string operators work on variables just as they do on literals
Operator followed by = means apply this operator to the variable
+=, .=, ++, --
Variable interpolation and curly braces
Number functions
$absvalue = abs($number)
If $number is negative the value returned is positive.
$remainder = $dividend % $divisor;
% called modulus operator,returns the remainder.
$result = pow($number,$pow);
PHP does not have power operator. This function must be used instead.
$root = sqrt($number)
Number functions
$ceilinged = ceil($number);
Rounds a fractional number up to next integer.
$floored = floor($number);
Same as ceil but returned value is still a float type
$rounded = round($number);
The function rounds the number to the nearest whole number.
Number functions
$maximum = max ($array);
$minimum = min($array);
$newNumber = base_convert($number,$oldbase,$newbase);
This function converts a number in any base , up to base 36,to a number in any other base,again upto base 36.
$result = rand($min,$max)
Generates random numbers between $min and $max
Number functions
$result = exp($power);
The function returns the natural base 'e' raised to the specified power.
$result = log($number,$base);
This function returns the logarithm of the specified number to the base provided.
Number functions
sin,cos,tan,sinh,cosh,tanh,asin,asinh,acos, acosh,atan,atanh.
Float atan2(float $y,float $x)
This function calculates the arc tangent of the two variables x and y. It is similar to calculating the arc tangent of y / x, except that the signs of both arguments are used to determine the quadrant of the result.
The function returns the result in radians, which is between -PI and PI (inclusive).
Number functions
dechex,decoct,decbin.
fmod,hypot.
is_finite, is_infinite,is_nan.
deg2rad,rad2deg,pi.
float lcg_value ( void )
lcg_value() returns a pseudo random number in the range of (0, 1). Combined linear congruential generator.
Number functions
mt_rand()
By default, PHP uses the libc random number generator with the rand() function.The mt_rand() uses a random number generator with known characteristics using the Mersenne Twister, which will produce random numbers four times faster than what the average libc rand() provides.
Chapter Summary
Defining strings in 3 different ways: single quotes, double quotes, and a here document
Escaping: what it is and what characters need to be escaped in each kind of string
Validating a string by checking its length, removing leading and trailing whitespace
Formatting string with printf ()
Chapter Summary
Manipulating the case of string with strtolower (), strtoupper () or ucwords ()
Selecting part of a string with substr ()
Changing part of a string with str_replace ()
Defining numbers in your programs
Doing math with numbers
Storing values in variables
Chapter Summary
Naming variables appropriately
Using combined operators with variables
Using increment and decrement operators with variables
Interpolating variables in strings
CHAPTER 3
Making Decisions and Looping
Making Decisions and Looping
Understanding true and false
Making Decisions
Building Complicated Decisions
Repeating Yourself
Understanding true and false
All expression in PHP program has a truth value: true or false
Most scalar values are true. All integers and floating point (except 0 and 0.0) are true
All strings are true except for two: an empty string and the string containing only 0
An empty array is false
Control statements
Any PHP script is built out of a series of statements.
A statement can be an assignment, a function call, a loop, a conditional statement or even a statement that does nothing (an empty statement).
Statements usually end with a semicolon.
In addition, statements can be grouped into a statement-group by encapsulating a group of statements with curly braces {...}.
A statement-group is a statement by itself as well.
Making Decisions
If () construct runs a block of code if its test expression is true
Add an else to if() statement, to run different statements when the test expression is false
use elseif() with if() to test manyconditions
For a given set of if() and elseif() statements, at most one of the code blocks is run
If statement
it allows for conditional execution of code fragments.
PHP features an if structure that is similar to that of C:
The expression is evaluated to its Boolean value. If expression evaluates to TRUE, PHP will execute statement, and if it evaluates to FALSE - it'll ignore it.
if (expr) statement
If statements
Often you'd want to have more than one statement to be executed conditionally.
In such case there's no need to wrap each statement with an if clause. Instead, you can group several statements into a statement group.
If statements can be nested indefinitely within other if statements, which provides you with complete flexibility for conditional execution of the various parts of your program.
If else statement
Often you'd want to execute a statement if a certain condition is met, and a different statement if the condition is not met. This is what else is for.
else extends an if statement to execute a statement in case the expression in the if statement evaluates to FALSE.
The else statement is only executed if the if expression evaluated to FALSE, and if there were any elseif expressions - only if they evaluated to FALSE this else is executed
else if
elseif, as its name suggests, is a combination of if and else.
It extends an if statement to execute a different statement in case the original if expression evaluates to FALSE.
However, unlike else, it will execute that alternative expression only if the elseif conditional expression evaluates to TRUE.
elseif statement
There may be several elseifs within the same if statement. The first elseif expression (if any) that evaluates to TRUE would be executed.
In PHP, you can also write 'else if' (in two words) and the behavior would be identical to the one of 'elseif' (in a single word). The syntactic meaning is slightly different (if you're familiar with C, this is the same behavior) but the bottom line is that both would result in exactly the same behavior.
The elseif statement is only executed if the preceding if expression and any preceding elseif expressions evaluated to FALSE, and the current elseif expression evaluated to TRUE.
while()
While statements tells PHP to execute the nested statement(s) repeatedly, as long as the while expression evaluates to TRUE.
The value of the expression is checked each time at the beginning of the loop, so even if this value changes during the execution of the nested statement(s), execution will not stop until the end of the iteration (each time PHP runs the statements in the loop is one iteration).
Sometimes, if the while expression evaluates to FALSE from the very beginning, the nested statement(s) won't even be run once.
while (expr) statement
do while
do-while loops are very similar to while loops, except the truth expression is checked at the end of each iteration instead of in the beginning.
The main difference from regular while loops is that the first iteration of a do-while loop is guaranteed to run as the truth expression is only checked at the end of the iteration).
whereas it's may not necessarily run with a regular while loop the truth expression is checked at the beginning of each iteration, if it evaluates to FALSE right from the beginning, the loop execution would end immediately.
for statement
A variable can be initialised once unconditionally at the beginning of the loop.
In the beginning of each iteration, test condition is checked. If it evaluates to TRUE, the loop continues and the nested statement(s) are executed. If it evaluates to FALSE, the execution of the loop ends.
At the end of each iteration, increment value is evaluated (executed).
for (initialise; test condition; increment value) statement
for ($i = 1; $i 10) { break; } echo $i;}
for loop
Each of the expressions can be empty or contain multiple expressions separated by commas.
Comma separated expressions in test condition are treated similarly to being separated by the || operator but has a lower precedence than ||. expr2 being empty means the loop should be run indefinitely (PHP implicitly considers it as TRUE, like C).
This may not be as useless as you might think, since often you'd want to end the loop using a conditional break statement instead of using the for truth expression.
$i = 1;for (; ; ) { if ($i > 10) { break; } echo $i; $i++;}for ($i = 1, $j = 0; $i $value) statement
foreach
The first form loops over the array given by array_expression. On each loop, the value of the current element is assigned to $value and the internal array pointer is advanced by one (so on the next loop, you'll be looking at the next element).
The second form does the same thing, except that the current element's key will be assigned to the variable $key on each loop.
you can easily modify array's elements by preceding $value with &. This will assign reference instead of copying the value.
foreach
When foreach first starts executing, the internal array pointer is automatically reset to the first element of the array. This means that you do not need to call reset() before a foreach loop.
Unless the array is referenced, foreach operates on a copy of the specified array and not the array itself.
break
break ends execution of the current for, foreach, while, do-while or switch structure.
break accepts an optional numeric argument which tells it how many nested enclosing structures are to be broken out of.
$i = 0; while (++$i) { switch ($i) { case 5: echo "At 5
\n"; break 1; /* Exit only the switch. */ case 10: echo "At 10;
quitting
\n"; break 2; /* Exit the switch and the while. */ default: break;
}}
continue
continue is used within looping structures to skip the rest of the current loop iteration and continue execution at the condition evaluation and then the beginning of the next iteration.
Note that in PHP the switch statement is considered a looping structure for the purposes of continue.
continue accepts an optional numeric argument which tells it how many levels of enclosing loops it should skip to the end of.
$i = 0;while ($i++ < 5) { echo "Outer
\n"; while (1) { echo "Middle
\n"; while (1) { echo "Inner
\n"; continue 3; }echo "This never gets output.
\n"; } echo "Neither does this.
\n";}
switch
The switch statement is similar to a series of IF statements on the same expression. In many occasions, you may want to compare the same variable (or expression) with many different values, and execute a different piece of code depending on which value it equals to. This is exactly what the switch statement is for.
Note that unlike some other languages, the continue statement applies to switch and acts similar to break. If you have a switch inside a loop and wish to continue to the next iteration of the outer loop, use continue 2.
switch
The switch statement executes line by line (actually, statement by statement).
In the beginning, no code is executed. Only when a case statement is found with a value that matches the value of the switch expression does PHP begin to execute the statements.
PHP continues to execute the statements until the end of the switch block, or the first time it sees a break statement.
Thus, it is important not to forget break statements to avoid mistakes.
?phpswitch ($i) {case 0: echo "i equals 0";case 1: echo "i equals 1";case 2: echo "i equals 2";}?>
Alternative syntax
PHP offers an alternative syntax for some of its control structures; namely, if, while, for, foreach, and switch. In each case, the basic form of the alternate syntax is to change the opening brace to a colon (:) and the closing brace to endif;, endwhile;, endfor;, endforeach;, or endswitch;, respectively.
A is equal to 5
return
If called from within a function, the return() statement immediately ends execution of the current function, and returns its argument as the value of the function call.
return() will also end the execution of an eval() statement or script file.
Eval() evaluates the string as PHP code.
return
Note that since return() is a language construct and not a function, the parentheses surrounding its arguments are not required. It is common to leave them out, and you actually should do so as PHP has less work to do in this case.
You should never use parentheses around your return variable when returning by reference, as this will not work. You can only return variables by reference, not the result of a statement. If you use return ($a); then you're not returning a variable, but the result of the expression ($a) (which is, of course, the value of $a).
require()
The require() statement includes and evaluates the specific file.
Require() includes and evaluates a specific file.
include()
The include() statement includes and evaluates the specified file.
The difference between include() and require() The two constructs are identical in every way except how they handle failure.
They both produce a Warning, but require() results in a Fatal Errorand stops execution.
include() does not behave this way, the script will continue regardless.
use require() if you want a missing file to halt processing of the page.
require_once()
This is a behavior similar to the require() statement, with the only difference being that if the code from a file has already been included, it will not be included again.
require_once() should be used in cases where you want to be sure that it is included exactly once to avoid problems with function redefinitions, variable value reassignments, etc.
require_once()
Be aware, that the behaviour of require_once() and include_once() may not be what you expect on a non case sensitive operating system (such as Windows).
include_once()
This is a behavior similar to the include() statement, with the only difference being that if the code from a file has already been included, it will not be included again.
declare
The declare construct is used to set execution directives for a block of code. The syntax of declare is similar to the syntax of other flow control constructs
A tick is an event that occurs for every N low-level statements executed by the parser within the declare block.
The value for N is specified using ticks=N within the declare blocks's directive section.
The event(s) that occur on each tick are specified using the register_tick_function()
declare (directive) statement
ticks
The example profiles the PHP code within the 'declare' block, recording the time at which every second low-level statement in the block was executed.
This information can then be used to find the slow areas within particular segments of code.
This process can be performed using other methods: using ticks is more convenient and easier to implement.
ticks
Building Complicated Decisions
Complicated expressions can be put together with comparison and logical operators
Beware of assignment versus comparison
Beware of floating-point comparison
Strings are compared like dictionary lookup
Beware of strings containing numbers
Use strcmp() to compare like dictionary for strings containing numbers
Repeating Yourself
When a program does something repeatedly, its called looping
Use while(), for(), foreach() for looping
Multiple expression in for() is allowed but only one test expression is possible
Chapter Summary
Evaluating an expression's truth value: true or false
Making a decision with if().
Extending if() with else
Extending if() with elseif()
Putting multiple statements inside an if(), elseif(), or else code block
Chapter Summary
Using the equality (==) and not-equals (!=) operators in test expressions.
Distinguishing between assignment (=) and equality comparison (==)
Using the less-than (), less-than-or-equal-to (=) operators in test expressions
Chapter Summary
Comparing two floating-point numbers with abs()
Comparing two strings with operators
Comparing two strings with strcmp() or strcasecmp()
Using the negation operator (!) in test expressions
Chapter Summary
Using the logical operators (&& and ||) to build more complicated test expressions
Repeating a code block with while ()
Repeating a code block with for ()
CHAPTER 4
WORKING WITH ARRAYS
Working with Arrays
Creating an Array
Creating a Numeric Array
Looping through Arrays
Modifying Arrays
Sorting Arrays
Using Multidimensional Arrays
Array Basics and Creation
An array is made up of elements. Each element has a key and a value. Only one element with a given key can exist.
Any string or number can be the key
An element value can be string, number, true or false; it can also be another array
Creating an Array
Assign a value to a particular array key to create an array
Use array() language construct
With array(), specify a comma-delimited list of key/value pairs
Beware of array and scalar name collision
Creating a Numeric Array
Use array() with only a list of values, instead of key/value pairs
String keyed arrays are associative arrays
PHP automatically uses incrementing numbers for array keys when array creation or add elements with empty brackets syntax
Use count() to find the size of an array
Looping through Arrays
Use foreach() to run a code block once for each element in the array
Changing the loop variables like $key and $value inside foreach() doesn't affect array
Inside foreach(), the elements are accessed in the order they were added to the array
Use for() to access elements in numerical key order
Looping through Arrays
Use array_key_exists(), to check for an element with a certain key
Use in_array(), to check for an element with a particular value
in_array is case-sensitive
Use array_search to find the element key for a given element value
array()
Create an array
array array ( [mixed $...] )
Returns an array of the parameters. The parameters can be given an index with the => operator.
array
Array( [0] => 1 [1] => 1 [2] => 1 [3] => 13 [4] => 1 [8] => 1 [9] => 19)
array()
The above example will output:Array( [1] => January [2] => February [3] => March)
1-based index with array()