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Tips and tricks for high performance websites

Harald ZeitlhoferJune 2015

Boost your website by running PHP on Nginx

@HZeitlhoferharald.zeitlhofer@dynatrace.com

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• Technology Strategist at Dynatrace

• Database and Web Development

• PHP for more than 15 years

• Love to discover new things

Harald Zeitlhofer

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Tips and tricks for high performance websites

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Web Applications

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overloaded pages

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Modern Web Pages: lots of static content

434 Resources in total on that page:230 JPEGs, 75 PNGs, 50 GIFs, …

more than 20MB page size

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cached content

can still create roundtrips to the network!

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Web Request handling

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Web Request handling

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PHPrun modes

Apache Module

– traditional approach

– used for most PHP environments

PHP-FPM

– fast process manager

– run multiple PHP worker processes to serve FastCGI requests

HHVM

– Virtual machine for HipHop

– fast PHP engine

– can serve FastCGI requests

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PHP-FPMFastCGI Process Manager

Available since 5.3.3

Stable since 5.4.1

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• Installation

• Pool configuration/etc/php5/fpm/pool.d/www.conf

PHP-FPM

[www]user = www-datagroup = www-datalisten = 127.0.0.1:9000 # for Unix socket: unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;

root@hzvm01:/etc/nginx/sites-enabled# ps -ef | grep phproot 6435 1 0 14:39 ? 00:00:32 php-fpm: master process (/etc/php5/fpm/php-fpm.conf)

spelix 6439 6435 0 14:39 ? 00:00:00 php-fpm: pool batch

spelix 6440 6435 0 14:39 ? 00:00:00 php-fpm: pool batch

www-data 10576 6435 1 18:45 ? 00:00:48 php-fpm: pool www

www-data 10920 6435 1 18:47 ? 00:00:47 php-fpm: pool www

www-data 10927 6435 1 18:47 ? 00:00:46 php-fpm: pool www

sudo apt-get install php5-fpm

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HHVMHipHop Virtual Machine

Facebook's PHP engine

JIT compiler

supports PHP and Hack

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• Installation

• start servercd /your/root/folderhhvm --mode server -vServer.Type=fastcgi -vServer.Port=9000

echo deb http://dl.hhvm.com/ubuntu trusty main | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/hhvm.listsudo apt-get updatesudo apt-get install hhvm

hhvm --mode server -vServer.Type=fastcgi –vServer.FileSocket=/var/run/hhvm.sock

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Nginx

Lightweight HTTP server

Event based request handling

Fast especially at high load

Open Source project (BSD)

Commercial version NGINX Plus

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/etc/nginx/nginx.conf

# max_clients = worker_processes * worker_connections

worker_processes 8; # number of CPUs

events {worker_connections 1024;multi_accept on;

}

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• Static content to be served by Nginx

• Dynamic requests to be sent to PHP

Integration

server {listen 80;server_name www.yourdomain.com;root /var/www/test;index index.php index.html index.htm;

location ~* \.(html|js|css|gif|jpg|jpe|jpeg|png|bmp|tif|pdf|ico)$ {try_files $uri =404;

}

location / {try_files $uri $uri/ =404;

}

location ~* \.php$ { fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1; include fastcgi_params;

}}

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Communication via sockets• TCP vs Unix

• Unix slightly faster when used on localhost

• Use TCP for high load

location ~* \.php$ { fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; include fastcgi_params; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name;}

fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;

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Transaction flow

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http://www.mysite.com/news/browse/2014

to be processed by index.php

URL rewrite

...RewriteEngine OnRewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-dRewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-fRewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-lRewriteRule ^(.+)$ index.php...

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http://www.mysite.com/news/browse/2014

to be processed by index.php

URL rewrite

upstream php { server unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;}

server {listen 80;root /var/www;index index.php index.html index.htm;server_name www.mysite.com;

location / { try_files $uri $uri/

@missing;}

location @missing { rewrite (.*) /index.php;

}

location ~ .php$ { fastcgi_index index.php; include fastcgi_params; fastcgi_pass php;

}}

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using Nginx/PHP-FPM there’s a better way:

URL rewrite

upstream php { server unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;}

server {listen 80;root /var/www;index index.php index.html index.htm;server_name www.mysite.com;

location /images { try_files $uri =404;

}

location /scripts { try_files $uri =404;

}

location / { fastcgi_index index.php;

include fastcgi_params;fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME

/var/www/index.php;fastcgi_pass php;

}

}

<?php

$params = explode('/', $_SERVER["DOCUMENT_URI"]);...

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Nginx and Caching

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• Part of Nginx' FastCGI module

Nginx FastCGI cache

fastcgi_cache_path /etc/nginx/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=APPKEY:100m inactive=60m;fastcgi_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri";

location ~* \.php$ { fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; include fastcgi_params; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_cache APPKEY; fastcgi_cache_valid 200 60m;}

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FastCGI cache in action

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FastCGI cache in action

<?phpecho time()."\n";?>

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FastCGI cache in action

<?phpecho time()."\n";?>

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Full page cache with Memcached<?php

...function __construct () {

$this->c = new Memcached();$this->c->addServer('localhost',11211);

}function setCache ($key, $content) {

$this->c->set($key, $content);}

...// get HTML content$html = $this->renderPage();$this->setCache($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], $html);...

?>

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Data cache with Memcached<?php

...function __construct () {

$this->c = new Memcached();$this->c->addServer('localhost',11211);

}function setCache ($key, $content) {

$this->c->set($key, $content);}

...// get data structure$newslist = $this->getNewsList();$this->setCache('/data/news/getlist', json_encode($newslist));...

?>

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• ngx_http_memcached_module

Full page / data cache with Nginx and Memcached

upstream php { server unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;}

server { location / { set $memcached_key "$uri"; memcached_pass localhost:11211; error_page 404 502 504 = @notincache; }

location @notincache { fastcgi_pass php; }}

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PHP, 5k requests, concurrency 100

Apache+PHP Nginx+PHP Nginx+Memcached0

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<?php echo "Hello World";?>

7,28 4,6 3,05

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• set HTTP response expires header

Client Side Caching

location ~ \.(html|js|css|gif|jpg|jpe|jpeg|png|bmp|tif|pdf|ico)$ { expires 90d; access_log off; error_log off; try_files $uri =404;}

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• keep handlers for requested static files open

Filehandle Caching

open_file_cache max=1000 inactive=5m;open_file_cache_valid 60s;open_file_cache_min_uses 5;open_file_cache_errors off;

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Load balancingupstream php {

ip_hash;server unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock weight=5;server 192.168.56.12:9000 weight=2;server 192.168.56.13:9000;server 192.168.56.14:9000 backup;

}

server {listen 80;root /home/www/test;server_name test.hzvm01;location / {

try_files $uri =405;}location ~ \.php$ {

fastcgi_pass php;fastcgi_index index.php;include fastcgi_params;

}}

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• Methods• round-robin

• least-connected (least_conn)

• session persistence (ip_hash)

• Weighted load balancing

• Health checks• max_fails

• fail_timeout

Load balancing

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• Nginx running with default settings

• Apache• AllowOverride None

• Multi-process (prefork) mode to allow usage of mod_php

Benchmarking Nginx vs Apache

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Static HTML, 10k requests

100 500 1000 20000

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Apache/2.4.9nginx/1.1.19

concurrency

Tota

l res

pons

e tim

e [s

ec]

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Performance Monitoring

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Performance Tools

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• Load Generator (Apache Benchmark, Selenium, JMeter)

• Firebug, Google Developer ToolsDynatrace Ajax Edition

• Dynatrace Free Trial• Free trial license for 30 days

• Free personal license for developers

My favorite performance tools

http://bit.ly/dttrial

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www.dynatrace.com

Thank you !!!

Harald ZeitlhoferSenior Technology Strategist

#HZeitlhoferharald.zeitlhofer@dynatrace.com

http://blog.dyntrace.com

Dynatrace Free Trial:

http://bit.ly/dttrial