photosynthesis. photosynthesis process by which green plants & some organisms –s–seaweed,...
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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Photosynthesis• process by which green
plants & some organisms – seaweed, algae & certain
bacteria• use light energy to convert
CO2 + water glucose
• all life on Earth, directly or indirectly, depends on photosynthesis as source of food, energy & O2
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Autotrophs• self feeders
– organisms that make their own organic matter from inorganic matter
– producers• use inorganic
molecules such as CO2, H2O & minerals to make organic molecules
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Heterotrophs• consumers
– other feeders
• depend on glucose as energy source
– cannot produce it
• obtained by eating plants or animals that have eaten plants
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Carbon and Energy Flow
CO2 + H2O
CarbsProteinsLipids + O2
Photosynthesis
Cellular (Aerobic)Respiration(ATP Produced)
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Food Chain• byproduct of
photosynthesis is O2
• humans & other animals breathe in oxygen
• used in cellular respiration
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Other Benefits of Photosynthesis• humans also dependent on
ancient products of photosynthesis
• fossil fuels– natural gas, coal & petroleum
• needed for modern industrial energy
• complex mix of hydrocarbons• represent remains of
organisms that relied on photosynthesis millions of years ago
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Photosynthesis• plants produce more
glucose than can use• stored as starch &
other carbohydrates in roots, stems & leaves
• can draw on these reserves for extra energy or building materials as needed
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Sites of Photosynthesis • leaves & green stems • in cell organelles
– chloroplasts
• concentrated in green tissue in interior of leaf
• mesophyll• green due to presence
of green pigment chlorophyll
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Chloroplasts• each cell has 40-50 chloroplasts
– oval-shaped structures with double membrane
• inner membrane encloses compartment filled with stroma
• suspended in stroma are disk-shaped compartments-thylakoids– arranged vertically like stack
of plates• one stack-granum (plural,
grana) • embedded in membranes of
thylakoids are hundreds of chlorophyll molecules
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Chlorophyll• light-trapping
pigment• other light-trapping
pigments, enzymes & other molecules needed for photosynthesis are also found in thylakoid membranes
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How Photosynthesis Works
• Requires
–CO2
–Water
–Sunlight
• Makes
–O2
–Glucose
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How Photosynthesis Works• CO2 enters plant via
pores- stomata in leaves • water-absorbed by roots
from soil• membranes in
chloroplasts provide sites for reactions of photosynthesis
• chlorophyll molecules in thylakoids capture energy from sunlight
• chloroplasts rearrange atoms of inorganic molecules into sugars & other organic molecules
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Photosynthesis• redox reaction
• 6CO2 + 12H2OC6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O in presence of light
• must be an oxidation & a reduction
• water is oxidized– loses electrons &
hydrogen ions• carbon dioxide is
reduced – gains electrons &
hydrogens
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Photosynthesis• 2 stages• light-dependent reactions
– chloroplasts trap light energy
– convert it to chemical energy
– contained in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-(NADPH) & ATP
– used in second stage• light-independent reactions
– Calvin cycle– formerly called dark reactions– NADPH (electron carrier) provides
hydrogens to form glucose
• ATP provides energy
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Light Energy for Photosynthesis• sun energy is radiation
– electromagnetic energy
• travels as waves• distance between 2 waves-
wavelength• light contains many colors• each has defined range of
wavelengths measured in nanometers
• range of wavelengths is electromagnetic spectrum
• part can be seen by humans– visible light
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Pigments• light absorbing molecules• built into thylakoid membranes• absorb some wavelengths & reflect others• plants appear green because
chlorophyll-does not absorb green light– reflected back.
• as light is absorbedenergy is absorbed• chloroplasts contain several kinds of
pigments• different pigments absorb different
wavelengths of light• red & blue wavelengths are most effective
in photosynthesis• other pigments are accessory pigments• absorb different wavelengths• enhance light-absorbing capacity of a leaf
by capturing a broader spectrum of blue & red wavelengths along with yellow and orange wavelengths
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Pigment Color & Maximum Absoption
• Violet: 400 - 420 nm • Indigo: 420 - 440 nm • Blue: 440 - 490 nm • Green: 490 - 570 nm • Yellow: 570 - 585 nm • Orange: 585 - 620
nm • Red: 620 - 780 nm
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Chlorophylls• Chlorophyll A
– absorbs blue-violet & red light– reflects green– participates in light reactions
• Chlorophyll B– absorbs blue & orange light – reflects yellow-green – does not directly participate in
light reactions– broadens range of light plant
can use by sending its absorbed energy to chlorophyll A
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Carotenoids• yellow-orange pigments• absorb blue-green
wavelengths• reflect yellow-orange• pass absorbed energy to
chlorophyll A• have protective function
– absorb & dissipate excessive light energy that would damage chlorophylls
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Photosynthesis• Pigments
• Absorb light
• Excites electrons
• Energy passed to sites in cell
• Energy used to make glucose
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Photosystems• chlorophyll & other
pigments clustered next to one another in a photosystem
• when photon strikes one pigment molecule
• energy jumps from pigment to pigment until arrives at reaction center
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Reaction Center• electron acceptor traps
a light excited electron from reaction center chlorophyll
• passes it to electron transport chain which uses energy to make ATP & NADPH
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Photosystems• two photosystems
participate in light reactions
• photosystems II & I
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Light Reactions• make ATP & NADPH• electrons are removed from
molecules of water• oxygen escapes to air • electrons are passed from
photosystem II to photosystem I to NADP+
• light drives electrons from H2O to NADP+ which is oxidized NADPH which is reduced
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Photosystem II• water is split• oxygen atom combines
with oxygen from another split water forming molecular oxygen-O2
• each excited electron passes from photosystem II to photosystem I via electron transport chain
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Photosystem I • electron acceptor captures an
excited electron• excited electrons are passed
through a short electron transport chain to NADP+ reducing it to NADPH
• NADP+ -final electron acceptor• electrons are stored in high
state of potential energy in NADPH molecule
• NADPH, ATP and O2 are products of light reactions
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ATP Formation-Chemiosmosis• uses potential energy of
hydrogen ion concentration gradient across membrane
• gradient forms when electron transport chain pumps hydrogen ions across thylakoid membrane as it passes electrons down chain that connects two photosystems
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ATP Formation-Chemiosmosis
• ATP synthase (enzyme) uses energy stored by H gradient to make ATP
• ATP is produced from ADP & Pi when hydrogen ions pass out of thylakoid through ATP synthase
• photophosphorylation
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Calvin Cycle/Dark Reactions• light independent reactions• depend on light indirectly for
inputs-ATP & NADPH• occurs-stroma of chloroplast• each step controlled by
different enzyme• cycle of reactions• makes sugar from CO2 &
energy• ATP provides chemical energy• NADPH provides high energy
electrons for reduction of CO2 to sugar
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Steps of Calvin Cycle• starting material-ribulose
bisphosphate (RuBP)• first step-carbon fixation• rubisco (an enzyme) attaches
CO2 to RuBP• Next-reduction reaction takes
place• to do this cycle uses carbons
from 3 CO2 molecules• to complete cycle must
regenerate beginning component-RuBP
• for every 3 molecules of CO2 fixed, one G3P molecule leaves cycle as product of cycle
• remaining 5 G3P molecules are rearranged using ATP to make 3 RuBP molecules
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Calvin Cycle• regenerated RuBP is used
to start Calvin cycle again• process occurs repeatedly
in each chloroplast as long as CO2, ATP & NADPH are available
• thousands of glucose molecules are produced
• used by plants to produce energy in aerobic respiration
• used as structural materials• stored