photosynthesis: capturing and converting energy in the process of photosynthesis, plants convert the...
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Photosynthesis: Capturing and Converting EnergyTRANSCRIPT
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Photosynthesis: Capturing and Converting Energy
In the process of photosynthesis, plants convert the energy of sunlight into the energy in chemical bonds of sugars and starches (carbohydrates).carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
sunlight
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PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis involves two sets of reactions: the light-dependent & light-independent reactionsThe light-dependent reactions1. Light absorption:• Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast.• The chloroplast contain saclike photosynthetic
membranes that have chlorophyll and other pigment molecules. This membrane is called
the thylakoid.
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Photosynthesis: Capturing and Converting Energy
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Photosynthesis: Capturing and Converting Energy
• Chlorophyll and the pigment molecules are used in what’s called a photosystem.
• Green plants contain two photosystems (II & I)• Photosynthesis starts when light is absorbed by one of the pigment molecules in photosystem II. • This energy is passed among pigment molecules
until it reaches the reaction center. • High energy electrons are released from here.
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Photosynthesis: Capturing and Converting Energy
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Photosynthesis: Capturing and Converting Energy
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Photosynthesis: Capturing and Converting Energy
2. Electron transport•After release from the reaction center, the high-energy electrons are moved by a series of electron carriers in the photosynthetic membrane. • This process is called electron transport.
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Photosynthesis: Capturing and Converting Energy
• At the end of this process, the high-energy electrons are passed to the electron carrier NADP+, converting it to NADPH.
• This compound will be used later in the light-independent reactions.
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Photosynthesis: Capturing and Converting Energy
3. Oxygen production• The high-energy electrons removed from the
chlorophyll and used in electron transport (mentioned above), are replaced by electrons from a water molecule.
• To get the electrons the water molecule is split thereby leaving a molecule of oxygen gas which is released into the air.
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Photosynthesis: Capturing and Converting Energy
4. ATP Formation• The splitting of water molecules to replace the
electrons results in the build up of hydrogen ions on the inside of the membrane.
• This results in the photosynthetic membrane being positively charged on the inside and negatively charged on the outside.
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Photosynthesis: Capturing and Converting Energy
• This difference in charge is an energy sourcethat is used to make ATP from ADP.
• ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the compound that stores energy in cells
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Photosynthesis: Capturing and Converting Energy
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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ATP
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Photosynthesis: Capturing and Converting Energy
Summary: The light reaction uses sunlight and water to produce oxygen and two energy-storing compounds, NADPH and ATP.
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Investigating Photosynthesis
Early researchers wondered where the mass of a plant comes from as it grows.•In the 17th century Jan van Helmont, based on his experiment, concluded that most of the mass a plant gains comes from water.
•Van Helmont's experiment accounts for the hydrate or water portion of the carbohydrate produced by photosynthesis.
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Investigating PhotosynthesisBut, where does the carbon portion of the carbohydrate come from?