photonic techniques for next generation integrated optical networks based on ultrawideband radio
TRANSCRIPT
8/12/2019 Photonic Techniques for Next Generation Integrated Optical Networks Based on Ultrawideband Radio
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Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Photonic Techniques for Next-GenerationIntegrated Optical Networks Based on
Ultra-Wideand !adio
Técnicas Fotónicas para Redes Ópticas Integradas de Próxima
Generación Basadas en Radio de Banda Ultraancha
"arta Beltr#n !a$%re&
!per"isor# Dr$ Ro%erto &lorente 'e(
)arch *+,*
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Acknowledgement
This Ph$D$ thesis has %een de"eloped in the frame0or1 of the 2ptical 3et0or1s and ystems
4rea of the 5alencia 3anophotonics Technology 6entre 73T689 Uni"ersidad Politécnica de
5alencia 7UP589 pain9 to meet the re:!irements of the Ph$D$ degree in telecomm!nication in
the Department of 6omm!nications of the UP5$
This 0or1 has %een f!nded %y the )inistry of cience and Inno"ation9 pain9 %y a predoctoral
research fello0ship Formación de Personal In"estigador B;<*++=<,*+==$ The ;!ropean
6ommission has also indirectly f!nded this 0or1 %y the ;!ropean pro>ects FP=<IT<+*=/?* II9
FP@<I6T<*,=@A/ U6;&&9 FP@<I6T<*,=A=- B23;9 FP@<I6T<*.?,.* FI5;R9 and FP@<I6T<**..+*
;UR2<F2$ F!rthermore9 this thesis has %een indirectly financially s!pported %y the national
pro>ects FR;DIT Desarrollo de !n Demostrador Tecnológico de Procesador Fotónico para
Receptores ;lectrónicos DigitalesC9 U&TR4D;F Distri%!ción Fotónica de 5deo en Ultraalta
Definición mediante la )!ltiplexación de &ongit!des de 2nda con )od!lación en Banda
UltraanchaC9 and IT<E2G4R Infraestr!ct!ra de Telecom!nicaciones del Eogar del F!t!ro$
This 0or1 0o!ld not ha"e %een possi%le 0itho!t the help of a n!m%er of people$ First of all9 I
0o!ld li1e to gi"e special than1s to the s!per"isor of this 0or19 Prof$ Ro%erto &lorente9 for his
help and s!pport for e"erything 0hat I ha"e learned from him as a researcher$ pecial than1s
also to osé 6ara:!itena9 0ho offered me the opport!nity to 0or1 0ith him$ I also than1 Prof$
a"ier )art9 0ho ga"e me the opport!nity to >oin the 3T6$
I 0o!ld li1e to express my sincere gratit!de to the 3T6 people 0ho ha"e disinterestedly
helped me on this 0or1# Harsten ch!l(e9 osé )$ )artne(9 a"ier Eerrera9 a"ier 6arrascosa9and Teresa )eng!al$ Than1 yo! also to )aria )orant9 oa:!n Pére(9 and Ra1esh am%ara>!
for their colla%orati"e 0or1$ I am also gratef!l to all the 3T6 people for the nice moments and
for contri%!ting to a good atmosphere$
I 0o!ld also gi"e special than1s to Prof$ Idelfonso Taf!r )onroy for hosting me for a research
stay at DTU Fotoni19 Department of Photonics ;ngineering of the Technical Uni"ersity of
Denmar1 in Hongens &yng%y9 Denmar1$ Than1 yo! to 3eil G!errero9 Timothy B$ Gi%%on9 esper
B$ ensen9 ian%in J!9 Ro%erto Rodes9 and ing !9 0ho helped me on many things$ I 0ill not
forget either the nice moments shared 0ith )aisara9 !9 Hama!9 Thang9 4lex9 Dar1o9 and also
0ith the people of the Eigh<peed 2ptical 6omm!nications gro!p$
Finally9 I 0o!ld li1e to dedicate this Ph$D$ thesis to my parents and my sister$ F!rthermore9 I
dedicate to the memory of my grandparents$ I also appreciate the enco!ragement and s!pport
of the rest of my family$
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Abstract
The herein presented Ph$D$ thesis finds its application in fi%re<to<the<home 7FTTE8 optical
access net0or1s$ FTTE net0or1s ha"e %een 0idely deployed 0orld0ide and are expected to
e"ol"e to0ard 0a"elength<di"ision m!ltiplexing 7KD)8 architect!res$
4s the capacity and %and0idth per !ser re:!irements for %road%and comm!nication ser"ices
contin!o!sly increase9 technologies s!ch as hy%rid 0ireless<optical9 !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8
radio9 and millimetre<0a"e radio are %eing in"estigated as "ia%le sol!tions to pro"ide data
rates exceeding Giga%it per second per !ser$ Ey%rid 0ireless<optical net0or1s can pro"ide
simpler %ac1ha!l and are foreseen to play an important role in next<generation access
net0or1s 0hich 0ill re:!ire flexi%le deployment9 high capacity9 !pgradea%ility9 scala%le to !ser
n!m%er and demand9 and economically feasi%le$ Radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!es com%ined 0ith
m!ltigiga%it 0ireless systems that pro"ide capacities compara%le to optical fi%re
comm!nication systems is seen as a fast deploya%le and cost<effecti"e sol!tion for pro"iding
seamless integrated 0iredL0ireless access to %road%and ser"ices for the end<!ser$
UKB and millimetre<0a"e 0ireless systems are capa%le of m!ltigiga%it comm!nications$ UKB
permits an efficient !se of the -$,M,+$= GE( spectr!m d!e to its !ni:!e coexistence
characteristics and has mar1et mat!rity$ Eo0e"er9 UKB is constrained %y reg!lation
0orld0ide$ This reg!lation constraint ma1es millimetre<0a"e =+ GE( radio of great interest
d!e to @ GE( %and0idth consistently reg!lated 0orld0ide9 0itho!t coexistence restrictions$
T0o are the main technical o%>ecti"es of this Ph$D$ thesis# First9 the proposal9 analysis9 and
experimental demonstration of ena%ling techni:!es for flexi%le and cost<effecti"e UKB radio<o"er<fi%re systems$ The 0or1 herein presented targets to extend the operation of con"entional
UKB radio<o"er<fi%re systems in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and to the next<generation =+ GE( %and$
=+ GE( operation 0o!ld re!se and extend UKB technology in terms of range and flexi%ility9
and is the foc!s of this 0or1$ econd9 the implementation of reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength
so!rces for flexi%le %and0idth aggregation in f!t!re KD) net0or1s as an interesting sol!tion
for hy%rid 0ireless<optical net0or1s as herein de"eloped$ These t0o o%>ecti"es are f!lfilled %y
means of optical signal processing techni:!es$
This Ph$D$ thesis proposes and demonstrates experimentally se"eral no"el photonic techni:!es
for UKB radio<o"er<fi%re generation to remotely pro"ide m!ltigiga%it 0ireless
comm!nications in different fre:!ency %ands9 ranging from %ase%and to millimetre<0a"e9 for
a 0ide "ariety of applications$ The operational limits of the proposed UKB<o"er<fi%re systems
are also analysed %y sim!lation 75PItransmission)a1erO8$
The ma>or achie"ements of the 0or1 herein presented can %e s!mmari(ed as follo0s#
a8 Proposal and proof<of<concept experimental demonstration of t0o techni:!es for
remote UKB p!lse shaping# 7,8 %ased on optical delay and %alanced photodetection9
and 7*8 %ased on differential photorecei"er and electrical delay$ These techni:!es
permit to adapt UKB spectr!m to optical access transmission 0ith "arying fi%redispersion %y ad>!sting delay$
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%8 Proof<of<concept experimental demonstration of a =+ GE( UKB radio<o"er<fi%re
system at ,$*/ G%Ls 0ith ,++ m of standard single<mode fi%re 7)F8 transmission$
The application of this system to interference<sensiti"e in<aircraft scenarios 0ith a high
n!m%er of !sers is proposed and analysed %y sim!lation$ 4 techno<economic
comparison 0ith a potential competitor sol!tion %ased on %ase%and data o"er fi%re
and remote UKB generation and fre:!ency !p<con"ersion is also performed$
c8 )illimetre<0a"e UKB generation %ased on fre:!ency shifting in the fi%re of optical
access net0or1s is proposed and experimentally demonstrated$ The techni:!e
employs optical carrier s!ppression in a )ach<ehnder mod!lator com%ined 0ith
matched fi%re chromatic dispersion targeting to o"ercome the %and0idth limitation of
optical !p<con"ersion9 0ith the ad"antage of %eing easily reconfig!ra%le generating
sim!ltaneo!sly different RF %ands$ 4 comprehensi"e sim!lation analysis is performed
0ith special foc!s on capa%ilities for d!al *. GE(L=+ GE( operation paired 0ith
experimental demonstration at ,$*/ G%Ls$ !ch an approach is s!ita%le for integrating
=+ GE( FTTE and *. GE( UKB "ehic!lar applications ser"ed from the same central!nit$ Practical implementation is addressed and competiti"e approaches are disc!ssed$
d8 UKB operation in the =+ GE( %and is proposed and experimentally demonstrated to
extend UKB capa%ilities in FTTE net0or1s$ =+ GE( UKB generation 0ith com%ined
.+ 1m of )F and / m of 0ireless transmission is experimentally demonstrated at
,$.. G%Ls$ Transmission performance is e"al!ated for t0o ma>or UKB
implementations Md!al<carrier mod!lation orthogonal fre:!ency<di"ision m!ltiplexing
72FD)8 re!sing mar1et<a"aila%le de"ices9 and %inary phase<shift 1eying 7BPH8 imp!lse
radio< 0hich directly mod!late a cost<effecti"e "ertical<ca"ity s!rface<emitting laser
756;&8$ The res!lts permit9 from an application point<of<"ie09 to select a gi"en UKB
implementation depending on net0or1 reach and system complexity desired$e8 =+ GE( UKB generation9 com%ined transmission o"er =$/ 1m )F or , 1m of indoor
%end<insensiti"e single<mode fi%re and * m of 0ireless transmission9 and RF po0er
detection of on<off 1eying 722H8 imp!lse<radio UKB is proposed and experimentally
demonstrated at -$,*/ G%Ls$ 56;& is proposed for fre:!ency !p<con"ersion %ased on
optical heterodyning and compared 0ith con"entional lo0<line0idth external<ca"ity
laser 7;6&8$ The res!lts permit9 from an application point<of<"ie09 to select a gi"en
laser technology depending on net0or1 reach and system complexity desired$
f8 Finally9 reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rces %ased on the spectral Tal%ot effect is
proposed9 n!merically analysed9 and experimentally demonstrated in this thesis$
T0ofold and fo!rfold m!ltiplication of the n!m%er of 0a"elengths and 0a"elength
shifting of a p!lsed laser are demonstrated employing an electrooptic phase
mod!lator$ Potential applications of the reconfig!ration techni:!e are disc!ssed$
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Resumen
&a presente Tesis Doctoral enc!entra s! 'm%ito de aplicación en redes de acceso ópticas de
fi%ra hasta el hogar o FTTE 7del inglés fibre-to-the-home8$ &as redes FTTE han sido
ampliamente desplegadas en todo el m!ndo y se pre"é :!e e"ol!cionen hacia ar:!itect!ras
de m!ltiplexación por di"isión en longit!d de onda o KD) 7del inglés wavelength-division
multiplexing8$
6onforme los re:!erimientos de capacidad y ancho de %anda por !s!ario para ser"icios de
com!nicación de %anda ancha se incrementan contin!amente9 tecnologas tales como
tecnologas h%ridas radio<fi%ra óptica9 radio de %anda !ltraancha o UKB 7del inglés ultra-
wideband 89 y radio de onda milimétrica se est'n in"estigando como sol!ciones "ia%les para
proporcionar tasas de datos excediendo Giga%its por seg!ndo por !s!ario$ &as redes h%ridas
radio<fi%ra óptica p!eden proporcionar backhaul m's simple y se pre"é :!e desempeQen !n
papel importante en redes de acceso de próxima generación :!e re:!erir'n desplieg!e
flexi%le9 alta capacidad9 ha%ilidad de ampliación9 escala%le en nmero de !s!arios y demanda9
y facti%le económicamente$ &as técnicas radio so%re fi%ra com%inadas con sistemas
inal'm%ricos m!ltigiga%it :!e proporcionen capacidades compara%les a sistemas de
com!nicaciones de fi%ra óptica se "e como !na sol!ción r'pidamente desplega%le y efecti"a
en coste para proporcionar acceso transparente ca%leadoLinal'm%rico integrado a ser"icios de
%anda ancha para el !s!ario final$
&os sistemas inal'm%ricos UKB y de onda milimétrica son capaces de proporcionar
com!nicaciones m!ltigiga%it$ UKB permite !n !so eficiente del espectro -$,M,+$= GE( de%ido
a s!s caractersticas nicas de coexistencia y tiene mad!re( de mercado$ in em%argo9 la
tecnologa UKB est' restringida por reg!lación en todo el m!ndo$ ;sta restricción de
reg!lación hace de gran interés a la radio de onda milimétrica en =+ GE( de%ido a los @ GE( de
ancho de %anda reg!lado consistentemente en todo el m!ndo9 sin restricciones de
coexistencia$
;sta Tesis Doctoral tiene dos principales o%>eti"os técnicos# Primero9 la prop!esta9 an'lisis y
demostración experimental de técnicas para sistemas UKB radio so%re fi%ra flexi%les y
efecti"os en coste$ ;l tra%a>o reali(ado persig!e extender el f!ncionamiento de sistemas
con"encionales UKB radio so%re fi%ra en la %anda -$,M,+$= GE( a la %anda de =+ GE( de
próxima generación$ ;l f!ncionamiento en =+ GE( re!tili(ara y extendera tecnologa UKB en
términos de rango y flexi%ilidad9 y es el foco de este tra%a>o$ eg!ndo9 la implementación de
f!entes m!ltilongit!d de onda reconfig!ra%les para agregación flexi%le de ancho de %anda en
redes KD) f!t!ras como !na sol!ción interesante para redes h%ridas radio<fi%ra óptica como
se desarrolla en este tra%a>o$ ;stos dos o%>eti"os son a%ordados mediante técnicas de
procesamiento de seQal en el dominio óptico$
;sta Tesis Doctoral propone y dem!estra experimentalmente "arias técnicas fotónicas
no"edosas para generación UKB radio so%re fi%ra para proporcionar remotamente
com!nicaciones inal'm%ricas m!ltigiga%it en diferentes %andas de frec!encia9 :!e "an desde
%anda %ase hasta onda milimétrica9 para !na amplia "ariedad de aplicaciones$ 4simismo se
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anali(an en sim!lación 75PItransmission)a1erO8 los lmites de f!ncionamiento de los sistemas
UKB so%re fi%ra prop!estos$
&os principales logros del tra%a>o reali(ado se p!eden res!mir como sig!e#
a8 Prop!esta y demostración experimental pr!e%a de concepto de dos técnicas paraconformación remota de p!lsos UKB# 7,8 %asada en retardo óptico y fotodetección
%alanceada9 y 7*8 %asada en fotoreceptor diferencial y retardo eléctrico$ ;stas técnicas
permiten adaptar el espectro UKB a transmisión de acceso óptico con dispersión de
fi%ra "ariante mediante a>!ste de retardo$
%8 Demostración experimental pr!e%a de concepto de !n sistema UKB radio so%re fi%ra
en =+ GE( a ,$*/ G%Ls con transmisión en ,++ m de fi%ra monomodo est'ndar$ e
propone y anali(a mediante sim!lación la aplicación de este sistema a escenarios de
interior sensi%les a interferencias tales como a"iones con !n nmero alto de !s!arios$
4simismo se reali(a !na comparación tecno<económica con !na sol!ción
potencialmente competidora %asada en distri%!ción de datos en %anda %ase so%refi%ra y generación UKB y s!%ida en frec!encia remotas$
c8 &a generación UKB en frec!encias de onda milimétrica %asada en despla(amiento en
frec!encia en la fi%ra de redes de acceso ópticas se propone y dem!estra
experimentalmente$ &a técnica emplea mod!lación de s!presión de portadora óptica
en !n mod!lador )ach<ehnder com%inada con dispersión adaptada crom'tica de
fi%ra a fin de s!perar la limitación de ancho de %anda de la s!%ida óptica en
frec!encia9 con la "enta>a de ser f'cilmente reconfig!ra%le generando
sim!lt'neamente diferentes %andas de radiofrec!encia$ e reali(a !n an'lisis de
sim!lación exha!sti"o con especial foco en capacidades para f!ncionamiento d!al
*. GE(L=+ GE( pareado con demostración experimental a ,$*/ G%Ls$ Tal técnica es
adec!ada para integrar aplicaciones UKB =+ GE( FTTE y *. GE( "ehic!lar ser"idas por
la misma !nidad central$ e trata la implementación pr'ctica y se disc!ten técnicas
competiti"as$
d8 ;l f!ncionamiento de UKB en la %anda de =+ GE( se propone y dem!estra
experimentalmente para extender capacidades UKB en redes FTTE$ &a generación
UKB en =+ GE( con transmisión com%inada so%re .+ 1m de fi%ra monomodo est'ndar
y / m de distancia inal'm%rica se dem!estra experimentalmente a ,$.. G%Ls$ e
e"alan las prestaciones de transmisión para dos implementaciones UKB importantes
Mdual-carrier modulation 2FD) 7del inglés orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing8re!tili(ando dispositi"os disponi%les en el mercado y BPH impulse radio 7del inglés
binary phase-shift keying8< :!e mod!lan directamente a !n diodo l'ser de ca"idad
"ertical y emisión por s!perficie o 56;& 7del inglés vertical-cavity surface-emitting
laser 8$ &os res!ltados permiten9 desde el p!nto de "ista de aplicación9 seleccionar !na
implementación UKB dada dependiendo del alcance de red y comple>idad del sistema
deseados$
e8 &a generación UKB en =+ GE(9 transmisión com%inada so%re =$/ 1m de fi%ra
monomodo est'ndar o , 1m de fi%ra monomodo insensi%le a c!r"at!ras para
instalaciones de interiores y * m de distancia inal'm%rica9 y detección de en"ol"ente
de 22H impulse radio 7del inglés on-off keying8 UKB se propone y dem!estraexperimentalmente a -$,*/ G%Ls$ e propone el !so de !n 56;& para s!%ida en
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frec!encia %asada en %atido óptico y se compara con el !so de !n l'ser con"encional
de ca"idad externa o ;6& 7del inglés external-cavity laser 8 con ancho de lnea %a>o$ &os
res!ltados permiten9 desde el p!nto de "ista de la aplicación9 seleccionar !na
tecnologa l'ser dada dependiendo del alcance de red y comple>idad del sistema
deseados$
f8 F!entes m!ltilongit!d de onda reconfig!ra%les %asadas en el efecto Tal%ot espectral
se propone9 anali(a n!méricamente y dem!estra experimentalmente en esta Tesis
Doctoral$ e dem!estra d!plicación y c!adr!plicación del nmero de longit!des de
onda y despla(amiento de longit!d de onda de !n l'ser p!lsado !tili(ando !n
mod!lador de fase electro<óptico$ e ha%la de potenciales aplicaciones de la técnica
de reconfig!ración$
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Resum
&a present Tesi Doctoral tro%a el se! Sm%it daplicació en xarxes daccés pti:!es de fi%ra fins
a la llar o FTTE 7de langlVs fibre-to-the-home8$ &es xarxes FTTE han sig!t Smpliament
desplegades a tot el món i es pre"e! :!e e"ol!cionen cap a ar:!itect!res de m!ltiplexació per
di"isió en longit!d dona o KD) 7de langlVs wavelength-division multiplexing8$
6onforme els re:!eriments de capacitat i ample de %anda per !s!ari per a ser"eis de
com!nicació de %anda ampla sincrementen contn!ament9 tecnologies tals com tecnologies
h%rides rSdio<fi%ra ptica9 rSdio de %anda !ltraampla o UKB 7de langlVs ultra-wideband 89 i
rSdio dona milWlimVtrica sestan in"estigant com a sol!cions "ia%les per a proporcionar taxes
de dades excedint giga%its per segon per !s!ari$ &es xarxes h%rides rSdio<fi%ra ptica poden
proporcionar backhaul més simple i es pre"e! :!e exercis:!en !n paper important en xarxes
daccés de prxima generació :!e re:!eriran desplegament flexi%le9 alta capacitat9 ha%ilitat
dampliació9 escala%ilitat en nom%re d!s!aris i demanda9 i facti%le econmicament$ &es
tVcni:!es rSdio so%re fi%ra com%inades am% sistemes sense fils m!ltigiga%it :!e proporcionen
capacitats compara%les a sistemes de com!nicacions de fi%ra ptica es "e! com !na sol!ció
rSpidament desplega%le i efecti"a en cost per a proporcionar accés transparent ca%le>atLsense
fil integrat a ser"eis de %anda ampla per a l!s!ari final$
;ls sistemes sense fils UKB i dona milWlimVtrica són capaXos de proporcionar com!nicacions
m!ltigiga%it$ UKB permet !n s eficient de lespectre -$,M,+$= GE( a ca!sa de les se!es
caractersti:!es ni:!es de coexistVncia i té mad!resa de mercat$ 3o o%stant aX9 la
tecnologia UKB estS restringida per reg!lació a tot el món$ 4:!esta restricció de reg!lació fa
de gran interVs a la rSdio dona milWlimVtrica en =+ GE( a ca!sa de @ GE( dample de %anda
reg!lat consistentment a tot el món9 sense restriccions de coexistVncia$
4:!esta Tesi Doctoral té dos principals o%>ecti!s tVcnics# Primer9 la proposta9 anSlisi i
demostració experimental de tVcni:!es per a sistemes UKB rSdio so%re fi%ra flexi%les i
efecti!s en cost$ ;l tre%all realit(at perseg!eix estendre el f!ncionament de sistemes
con"encionals UKB rSdio so%re fi%ra en la %anda -$,M,+$= GE( a la %anda de =+ GE( de
prxima generació$ ;l f!ncionament en =+ GE( re!tilit(aria i estendria tecnologia UKB en
termes de rang i flexi%ilitat9 i és el foc!s da:!est tre%all$ egon9 la implementació de fonts
m!ltilongit!d dona reconfig!ra%les per a agregació flexi%le dample de %anda en xarxes KD)
f!t!res com !na sol!ció interessant per a xarxes h%rides rSdio<fi%ra ptica com es
desen"ol!pa en a:!est tre%all$ 4:!ests dos o%>ecti!s són a%ordats mit>anXant tVcni:!es de
processament de senyal en el domini ptic$
4:!esta Tesi Doctoral proposa i demostra experimentalment di"erses tVcni:!es fotni:!es
no"es per a generació UKB rSdio so%re fi%ra per a proporcionar remotament com!nicacions
sense fils m!ltigiga%it en diferents %andes de fre:YVncia9 :!e "an des de %anda %ase fins a ona
milWlimVtrica9 per a !na Smplia "arietat daplicacions$ 4ix mateix sanalit(en en sim!lació
75PItransmission)a1erO8 els lmits de f!ncionament dels sistemes UKB so%re fi%ra proposats$
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;ls principals assoliments del tre%all realit(at es poden res!mir com seg!eix#
a8 Proposta i demostració experimental pro"a de concepte de d!es tVcni:!es per a
conformació remota de polsos UKB# 7,8 %asada en retard ptic i fotodetecció
%alance>ada9 i 7*8 %asada en fotoreceptor diferencial i retard elVctric$ 4:!estes
tVcni:!es permeten adaptar lespectre UKB a transmissió daccés ptic am% dispersióde fi%ra "ariant mit>anXant a>!st de retard$
%8 Demostració experimental pro"a de concepte d!n sistema UKB rSdio so%re fi%ra en
=+ GE( a ,$*/ G%Ls am% transmissió en ,++ m de fi%ra monomode estSndard$ ;s
proposa i analit(a mit>anXant sim!lació laplicació da:!est sistema a escenaris
dinterior sensi%les a interferVncies com a a"ions am% !n alt nom%re d!s!aris$ 4ix
mateix es realit(a !na comparació tecno<econmica am% !na sol!ció potencialment
competidora %asada en distri%!ció de dades en %anda %ase so%re fi%ra i generació
UKB i p!>ada en fre:YVncia remotes$
c8 &a generació UKB en fre:YVncies dona milWlimVtrica %asada en desplaXament en
fre:YVncia en la fi%ra de xarxes daccés pti:!es es proposa i demostra
experimentalment$ &a tVcnica empra mod!lació de s!pressió de portadora ptica en
!n mod!lador )ach<ehnder com%inada am% dispersió adaptada cromStica de fi%ra a
fi de s!perar la limitació dample de %anda de la p!>ada ptica en fre:YVncia9 am%
la"antatge de ser fScilment reconfig!ra%le generant sim!ltSniament diferents %andes
de radiofre:YVncia$ ;s realit(a !na anSlisi de sim!lació exha!sti! am% especial foc!s
en capacitats per a f!ncionament d!al *. GE(L=+ GE( apariat am% demostració
experimental a ,$*/ G%Ls$ Tal tVcnica és ade:!ada per a integrar aplicacions UKB
=+ GE( FTTE i *. GE( "ehic!lar ser"ides per la mateixa !nitat central$ ;s tracta la
implementació prSctica i es disc!teixen tVcni:!es competiti"es$d8 ;l f!ncionament dUKB en la %anda de =+ GE( es proposa i demostra
experimentalment per a estendre capacitats UKB en xarxes FTTE$ &a generació UKB
en =+ GE( am% transmissió com%inada so%re .+ 1m de fi%ra monomode estSndard i
/ m de distSncia sense fil es demostra experimentalment a ,$.. G%Ls$ a"al!en les
prestacions de transmissió per a d!es implementacions UKB importants Mdual-carrier
modulation 2FD) 7de lZanglVs orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing8 re!tilit(ant
dispositi!s disponi%les en el mercat i BPH impulse radio 7de lZanglVs binary phase-shift
keying8< :!e mod!len directament a !n dode lSser de ca"itat "ertical i emissió per
s!perfcie o 56;& 7de langlVs vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser 8$ ;ls res!ltats
permeten9 des del p!nt de "ista daplicació9 seleccionar !na implementació UKBdonada depenent de la%ast de xarxa i complexitat del sistema desit>ats$
e8 &a generació UKB en =+ GE(9 transmissió com%inada so%re =$/ 1m de fi%ra
monomode estSndard o , 1m de fi%ra monomode insensi%le a c!r"at!res per a
instalWlacions dinteriors i * m de distSncia sense fil9 i detecció den"ol!pant d22H
impulse radio 7de lZ anglVs on-off keying8 UKB es proposa i demostra
experimentalment a -$,*/ G%Ls$ ;s proposa ls d!n 56;& per a p!>ada en fre:YVncia
%asada en %at!t ptic i es compara am% ls d!n lSser con"encional de ca"itat externa
o ;6& 7de langlVs external-cavity laser 8 am% ample de lnia %aix$ ;ls res!ltats
permeten9 des del p!nt de "ista de laplicació9 seleccionar !na tecnologia lSser donada
depenent de la%ast de xarxa i complexitat del sistema desit>ats$
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Contents
4c1no0ledgement $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /
4%stract $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ @Res!men $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?
Res!m $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,-
&ist of 4cronyms $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *,
, Introd!ction $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ */
,$, )oti"ation $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ */
,$* tate<of<the<art $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *A
,$*$, Imp!lse<radio UKB generation in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *A
,$*$* )illimetre<0a"e imp!lse<radio UKB generation $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -+
,$*$- Detection and transmission performance of imp!lse<radio UKB signals $$$$$$$$$$ -*
,$*$. )!lti%and 2FD) UKB radio<o"er<fi%re $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -.
,$*$/ UKB optical and 0ireless coexistence $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -/
,$- Impro"ement o"er the state<of<the<art $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -/
,$. 2!tline of this 0or1 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -@
* Ey%rid 0ireless<optical systems %ased on !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8 radio$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -?
*$, )!ltigiga%it 0ireless comm!nications $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -?
*$,$, 6oexistence and interference 0ith reg!lated narro0%and ser"ices $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .+
*$,$* )illimetre<0a"e radio technology $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .-
*$* 2FD) technology$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .-
*$- UKB radio technology $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .=
*$-$, Feat!res and c!rrent standardi(ation stat!s $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .=
*$-$* Korld0ide reg!latory stat!s$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .@
*$-$- )a>or implementations$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /+
*$. =+ GE( radio technology $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /-
*$.$, 6haracteristics of the =+ GE( %and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /-
*$.$* Korld0ide reg!latory stat!s$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /.
*$.$- tandardi(ation stat!s $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /.
*$/ Radio<o"er<fi%re technology $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /=
*$/$, )illimetre<0a"e systems $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /A
*$/$* 2ptical fi%re transmission $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =+*$/$- 2ptical access net0or1s $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =*
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,A
*$/$. UKB application scenarios$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =-
- 2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =?
-$, Introd!ction $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =?
-$* Base%and 0ith Ga!ssian<monocycle p!lse shaping $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ @+
-$*$, Introd!ction$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ @+
-$*$* 2ptical delay and %alanced photodetection techni:!e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ @+
-$*$- Differential photoreception and electrical delay techni:!e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ @,
-$- =+ GE( radio<o"er<fi%re for in<flight comm!nications $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ @*
-$-$, Introd!ction$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ @-
-$-$* In<aircraft distri%!ted antenna system $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ @.
-$-$- im!lation analysis $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ @/
-$-$. ;xperimental demonstration $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ A*
-$-$/ Techno<economic analysis $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ A/
-$. D!al<%and generation %y fre:!ency shifting in remote<connecti"ity fi%re $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?+
-$.$, Introd!ction$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?+
-$.$* Integrating m!lti%and operation in the optical access net0or1 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?,
-$.$- Principle of operation $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?*
-$.$. im!lation analysis $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?.
-$.$/ ;xperimental demonstration $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?@
-$.$= Practical considerations $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,+*
-$/ 6oncl!sion $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,+*
. Generation and optical<0ireless transmission of UKB signals in the =+ GE( %and $$$$$$$$$ ,+/
.$, D6) 2FD) and BPH imp!lse radio employing 56;& direct mod!lation $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,+/
.$,$, Introd!ction$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,+=
.$,$* ;xperimental set!p $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,+=
.$,$- D6)<2FD) UKB performance $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,+A
.$,$. BPH imp!lse<radio UKB performance $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,,*
.$,$/ im!lation analysis $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,,/
.$* 22H imp!lse radio employing 56;& and ;6& !p<con"ersion $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,,=
.$*$, Introd!ction$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,,@
.$*$* ;xperimental set!p $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,,@
.$*$- Performance analysis $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,,?
.$*$. im!lation analysis $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*,
.$- 6oncl!sion $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,**
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/ Reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rce %ased on electrooptic phase mod!lation of a
p!lsed laser $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*-
/$, Introd!ction $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*-
/$* Principle of operation $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*.
/$- ;xperimental set!p $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*/
/$. F!nctional demonstration $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*/
/$.$, Red!ction of the fre:!ency spacing %y a factor of * $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*/
/$.$* Red!ction of the fre:!ency spacing %y a factor of . $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*=
/$.$- Ka"elength shift %y half fre:!ency spacing $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*=
/$/ 6hirp and noise impact analysis $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*@
/$= 6oncl!sion $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*?
= 6oncl!sion and f!rther 0or1$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,-,
=$, 6oncl!sion $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,-,
=$* 2ngoing and f!rther 0or1 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,--
4 2riginal contri%!tions $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,-/
Bi%liography $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,.,
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List of Acronyms
4mp 4mplification4D6 4nalog!e<to<Digital 6on"erter
423 4cti"e 2ptical 3et0or14; 4mplified pontaneo!s ;mission4H 4mplit!de hift Heying4KG 4r%itrary Ka"eform GeneratorB;R7T8 Bit ;rror Rate 7Tester8BPG Bit Pattern GeneratorBPH Binary Phase<hift HeyingBI<))F Bend<Insensiti"e )!ltimode Fi%reBI<)F Bend<Insensiti"e ingle<)ode Fi%reBPF Band<Pass FilterBT Bias Tee
B*B Bac1<to<Bac16)2 6omplementary )etal<2xide emicond!ctor6K 6ontin!o!s Ka"eD44 Detect<and<4"oidD46 Digital<to<4nalog!e 6on"erterD4 Distri%!ted 4ntenna ystemD64 Digital 6omm!nications 4nalyserD6F Dispersion 6ompensating Fi%reD6) D!al<6arrier )od!lationDe)!x Dem!ltiplexerD;T Po0er Detector
DFB Distri%!ted Feed%ac1D)T Discrete )!ltitoneDB Do!%le ide%andD2 Digital ampling 2scilloscopeDP Digital ignal Processing;4) ;lectro<4%sorption )od!lator;66 ;lectronic 6omm!nications 6ommittee;6& ;xternal<6a"ity &aser;DF4 ;r%i!m<Doped Fi%re 4mplifier;IRP ;:!i"alent Isotropic Radiated Po0er;TI ;!ropean Telecomm!nications tandards Instit!te
;5) ;rror 5ector )agnit!deFBG Fi%re Bragg GratingF;6 For0ard ;rror 6orrectionFFT Fast Fo!rier TransformF2 Free pace 2pticsFTTE Fi%re<to<the<EomeFKE) F!ll Kidth at Ealf )axim!mG%; Giga%it ;thernetED Eigh<DefinitionED)I Eigh<Definition )!ltimedia InterfaceE;U Eead<;nd Unit
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IDF In"erse Dispersion Fi%reIF Intermediate Fre:!encyIFFT In"erse Fast Fo!rier TransformIP Intellect!al Property&43 &ocal 4rea 3et0or1
&;D &ight<;mitting Diode&2 &ocal 2scillator&2 &ine<of<ight&PF &o0<Pass Filter&34 &o0<3oise 4mplifier)43 )etropolitan 4rea 3et0or1)I)2 )!ltiple<Inp!t )!ltiple<2!tp!t)&& )ode<&oc1ed &aser))F )!ltimode Fi%re))I6 )onolithic )icro0a"e Integrated 6irc!it)) )ach<ehnder )od!lator
)!x )!ltiplexer3&2 3on<&ine<of<ight3R 3on<Ret!rn<to<ero3<DF 3on<ero Dispersion<hifted Fi%re2BPF 2ptical Band<Pass Filter2D& 2ptical Delay &ine2FD) 2rthogonal Fre:!ency<Di"ision )!ltiplexing2F) 2ptical Fre:!ency )!ltiplication2&T 2ptical &ine Terminal23T 2ptical 3et0or1 Terminal22H 2n<2ff Heying24 2ptical pectr!m 4nalyserP4) P!lse 4mplit!de )od!lationP4PR Pea1<to<4"erage Po0er RatioP6 Polari(ation 6ontrollerPD PhotodetectorPD) Polari(ation Di"ision )!ltiplexingP) Phase )od!latorP)D Polari(ation )ode DispersionP2F Plastic 7or Polymer8 2ptical Fi%reP23 Passi"e 2ptical 3et0or1PPG P!lse Pattern GeneratorPP) P!lse<Position )od!lationP Phase hifterPH Phase hift HeyingP) P!lse hape )od!lationP*P Point<to<PointP*)P Point<to<)!ltipoint[4) [!adrat!re 4mplit!de )od!lation[PH [!adrat!re Phase<hift HeyingR4U Remote 4ntenna UnitRF Radio Fre:!encyRG Residential Gate0ayRI3 Relati"e Intensity 3oiseR) Root )ean :!areR Ret!rn<to<ero
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Rx Recei"er3R ignal<to<3oise Ratio6) !%<6arrier )!ltiplexing24 emicond!ctor 2ptical 4mplifierB ingle ide%and
)F tandard ingle<)ode Fi%reTI4 Transimpedance 4mplifierTF6 Time<Fre:!ency 6odeTx TransmitterUB Uni"ersal erial B!sUKB Ultra<Kide%and56;& 5ertical<6a"ity !rface<;mitting &aser54 5aria%le 4tten!ator524 5aria%le 2ptical 4tten!atorKD) Ka"elength Di"ision )!ltiplexingK&43 Kireless &ocal 4rea 3et0or1
K)43 Kireless )etropolitan 4rea 3et0or1KP43 Kireless Personal 4rea 3et0or1KK43 Kireless Kide 4rea 3et0or1
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*/
1 Introduction
1.1 Motivation
4s the capacity per !ser re:!irements for %road%and comm!nication ser"ices contin!o!sly
increase9 technologies s!ch as !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8 radio9 millimetre<0a"e radio aro!nd
=+ GE( and %eyond9 free space optics 7F289 and indoor optical 0ireless technologies s!ch as
infrared light and "isi%le light comm!nications are %eing in"estigated as "ia%le sol!tions to
pro"ide data rates exceeding Giga%it per second per !ser9 as re"ie0ed in ection *$,$
UKB is a radio technology s!pporting high %and0idth %roadcast of %idirectional ser"ices to
m!ltiple tele"isions and comp!ters distri%!ted thro!gho!t a d0ellingLoffice th!s replacing
per"asi"e9 high<definition 7ED8 a!dioL"ideo and high<speed Internet ca%ling$ UKB !ses
reg!lated spectr!m from -$, to ,+$= GE( 0ith a minim!m signal %and0idth of /++ )E( or *+\
fractional %and0idth ],^$ The *. GE( %and has also %een reg!lated for UKB "ehic!lar radar
applications ],^9 ]*^ and can %e sim!ltaneo!sly !sed for comm!nications ]-^9 ].^$ UKB presents
the !ni:!e characteristic of %eing designed for coexistence in the same fre:!ency range 0ith
other licensed or !nlicensed ser"ices complementary in terms of %it rate and range s!ch as
Ki)4 and Ki<Fi$ This is achie"ed %y limiting the mean e:!i"alent isotropic radiated po0er
7;IRP8, spectral density to N.,$- dBmL)E( and introd!cing detect<and<a"oid 7D448
mechanisms ]/^$ The maxim!m ;IRP spectral density limits the effecti"e transmission range to
a fe0 meters$ This limit range constrains UKB to 0ireless personal area net0or1s 7KP438$
, ;IRP is gi"en as
( ) ( )T T EIRP P f G f = + 9
0here EIRP andT
P 7transmitter po0er spectral density8 are in dBm9 andT
G is the gain response of
the transmitting antenna in dBi$ 3ote that ( )out T P P f df ∞
−∞
= ∫ is the total a"erage transmitter po0er
applied to the antenna$
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, Introd!ction
*=
The radio<o"er<fi%re transport of UKB signals 7UKB<o"er<fi%re8 is a rapid and cost<effecti"e
sol!tion to extend the UKB radio range to in<home9 in<%!ilding or e"en 0ide area applications$
UKB<o"er<fi%re ta1es ad"antage of the high %and0idth of the optical media to centrali(e
mod!lation and other f!nctionalities th!s simplifying the remote antenna !nits and ena%ling
net0or1 infrastr!ct!res transparent to the specific UKB implementation employed$ Thisflexi%ility is of special interest for operators as UKB reg!lation is still e"ol"ing$ UKB<o"er<fi%re
systems ha"e %een considered for t0o main applications 0hich are descri%ed and ill!strated in
ection *$/$.$ First9 indoor distri%!ted antenna systems 7D48 in 0hich UKB signals are
distri%!ted o"er optical fi%re lin1s from a central !nit to remote antenna !nits$ The fi%re length
in the indoor D4 application is in the range of a fe0 h!ndred meters ]=^$ In the second
application9 UKB signals are distri%!ted from a central office thro!gh fi%re<to<the<home
7FTTE8 net0or1s 0ith f!rther UKB 0ireless transmission in home ]&lo+Aa^9 ]&lo+Ac^$ 6ost<
effecti"e standard single<mode fi%re 7)F8 is 0idely !sed for UKB o"er FTTE 0ith distances
!p to *+ 1m or more$ FTTE net0or1s are %eing deployed at "ery fast pace 0ith significant
deployments in 4sia9 ;!rope and 3orth 4merica ]@^$
There are t0o ma>or UKB implementations# 7,8 %ased on imp!lse radio9 and 7*8 %ased on
m!lti%and orthogonal fre:!ency<di"ision m!ltiplexing 72FD)89 as specified %y the Ki)edia
4lliance ]A^ and adopted in the ;6)4<-=A standard ]?^$ 2FD) UKB pro"ides high spectral
efficiency 7!p to .A+ )%Ls per /*A )E( %and8 and single<chip sol!tions are a"aila%le in
cons!mer electronics de"ices targeting "ideo streaming and 0ireless !ni"ersal serial %!s
70ireless<UB8 applications ],+^9 ],,^$ F!rthermore9 2FD)<%ased de"ices employ efficient
soft0are to facilitate coexistence 0ith a simplified system design ],*^$ 2n the other hand9
imp!lse<radio UKB is capa%le of pro"iding high<resol!tion radar ranging and locali(ation
applications ],-^ pro"iding sim!ltaneo!sly high<speed comm!nications 0ith m!ch simpler
implementation ]-^$
UKB technology is capa%le of pro"iding m!lti<G%Ls 0ireless comm!nications$ )axim!m
capacity in act!al UKB de"ices is .A+ )%Ls per %and 7Ki)edia specification ",$* ]A^9 ]?^8$ This
gi"es an o"erall capacity of =$@* G%Ls per !ser 0hen the fo!rteen 2FD) %ands are com%ined$
This capacity is s!pported in single<chip UKB implementations ],+^$ The maxim!m theoretical
UKB capacity 0o!ld %e achie"ed 0hen the fo!rteen UKB %ands are !sed %earing ,+*. )%Ls
each 7Ki)edia specification ",$/ ]A^8 gi"ing ,.$--= G%Ls aggregated data rate per !ser$
3e"ertheless9 no commercial e:!ipment to date s!pports this config!ration$ Eo0e"er9 UKB
capacity is f!rther limited o!tside the U$$ The spectr!m !sea%le for !nlicensed UKB
operation in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and is differently reg!lated 0orld0ide d!e to coexistence
iss!es$ UKB operation in the =+ GE( %and is an open opport!nity to pro"ide potential data
rates of _- G%Ls 0orld0ide ],.^$
=+ GE( radio is a%o!t to %ecome easily a"aila%le for cons!mer applications and permits sec!re
m!lti<G%Ls 0ireless comm!nications potentially for short<distance !se$ e"eral technologies in
the =+ GE( %and ha"e %een proposed in the recent years$ ome of them are KirelessED9
;6)4<-A@9 I;;; A+*$,/$-c9 and KiGig$ KirelessED<%ased single<chip sol!tions ha"e %een
integrated into cons!mer electronics prod!cts targeting !ncompressed ED "ideo applications
!p to @ G%Ls ],/^$ 4n interesting characteristic of ;6)4<-A@ is that single<chip sol!tions are
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,$, )oti"ation
*@
a"aila%le targeting file transfer and ED streaming ],=^9 gi"ing the ad"antage of red!ced %oard
space re:!irements and lo0er man!fact!ring cost$
The introd!ction of UKB operation in the =+ GE( %and is interesting for se"eral reasons#
,8 The !nlicensed fre:!ency range reg!lated for generic =+ GE( radio 0orld0ide7/@N== GE( in ;!rope and 4!stralia9 /@M=. GE( in the U$$ and 6anada9 /?M== GE( in
apan8 can allocate "ery 0ell the UKB %and0idth in c!rrent reg!lation 7!p to @$/ GE(8$
*8 UKB is a mat!re technology 0ith efficient soft0are and single<chip sol!tions are also
a"aila%le$ This permits UKB to %e introd!ced in de"ices 0ith specific space and po0er
re:!irements9 li1e mo%ile phones$
-8 UKB is9 in origin9 a coexistence technology$ Translating UKB technology from the
-$,N,+$= GE( %and to the =+ GE( %and opens the opport!nity of coexistence 0ith
other 0ireless transmissions in the %and$
.8 UKB operation in the =+ GE( %and permits to increase the mean ;IRP from
N.,$- dBmL)E( as in c!rrent UKB reg!lation 0orld0ide to ,- dBmL)E( as permitted
in reg!lation in force in the %and ],@^$ This permits extending transmission reach
pro"ided the approximately *+ dB higher free<space path loss is compensated$
3e"ertheless9 the atmospheric atten!ation in the =+ GE( %and of !p to approximately
-+ dBL1m f!rther limits o!tdoor reach ],A^$
This thesis proposes and experimentally demonstrates a n!m%er of techni:!es ena%ling UKB<
o"er<fi%re systems to pro"ide m!lti<G%Ls KP43 comm!nications in different fre:!ency %ands
ranging from %ase%and to millimetre<0a"e 7_// GE(8$ The proposed systems also ha"e
potential ranging capa%ilities ta1ing ad"antage of the excellent acc!racy of imp!lse<radio UKB
0hen extremely short imp!lses are employed$ The operational limits of the proposed UKB<
o"er<fi%re systems are also in"estigated %y sim!lation$
The first technical o%>ecti"e of this thesis is to propose9 in"estigate9 and experimentally
demonstrate UKB operation in the next<generation =+ GE( %and$ The =+ GE( UKB systems
proposed co!ld operate in a d!al -$,N,+$= GE(L=+ GE( config!ration if desired9 %!t d!al
operation is o!t of the scope of this thesis$ =+ GE( operation 0o!ld re!se and extend UKB
technology in terms of range and flexi%ility9 and is the foc!s of this 0or1$ The herein presented
=+ GE( UKB techni:!es ha"e potential application for FTTE access net0or1s as 0ell as indoor
scenarios 0here interference is a critical iss!e s!ch as aircrafts9 telecomm!nication operators9and go"ernment premises$
4dditionally9 7second target8 a techni:!e to %ring spectral reconfig!ration capa%ilities to
p!lsed lasers is proposed9 analysed9 and experimentally demonstrated in this thesis$ The
techni:!e has potential application for 0a"elength di"ision m!ltiplexing 7KD)8 net0or1s$
6!rrent FTTE net0or1s are expected to e"ol"e to0ard KD) passi"e optical net0or1s 7KD)<
P238 to 1eep !p 0ith the re:!irements of f!t!re %road%and optical access net0or1s ],?^9 ]*+^$
The technical ad"ances in"estigated incl!de#
• Generation techni:!es for %and0idth< and %and<flexi%le imp!lse<radio UKB<o"er<fi%re systems
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, Introd!ction
*A
• Generation and integrated optical and 0ireless transmission performance of =+ GE(
UKB signals$ The !se of "ertical<ca"ity s!rface<emitting lasers 756;&8 is in"estigated
to perform electrooptic con"ersion and optical fre:!ency !p<con"ersion$ In recent
years9 56;& ha"e gained a lot of interest d!e to the relati"e lo0 cost$
• Reconfig!ration of m!lti0a"elength so!rces in terms of 0a"elength spacing and0a"elength allocation
The techni:!es de"eloped are implemented in the optical domain and fall in the field !s!ally
1no0n as optical signal processingC$ 2ptical techni:!es are critical for f!t!re<proof9 "ersatile
and high<capacity ser"ice pro"isioning in optical net0or1s$ 2ptical techni:!es can also %enefit
from the 0ell<1no0n ad"antages offered %y micro0a"e photonics de"ices9 s!ch as light
0eight9 small si(e9 and imm!nity to electromagnetic interference ]*,^$
1.2 Stateoft!eart
UKB<o"er<fi%re technology has %een acti"ely in"estigated d!ring the time of reali(ation of this
thesis$ In this ection9 the state<of<the<art of the generation9 optical and 0ireless transmission9
and detection of UKB signals for UKB<o"er<fi%re systems is re"ie0ed$
1.2.1 Im"ulseradio #$% generation in t!e &.1'1(.) *+, band
In imp!lse<radio UKB systems9 the selection of the p!lse shape %y ta1ing into acco!nt the
fre:!ency response of the transmitting antenna is critical for system performance ]**^$ The
Ga!ssian monocycle and do!%let p!lses are typically employed d!e to %etter performance
compared 0ith other p!lse shapes ]*-^$ 4 Ga!ssian monocycle can %e generated %y
performing the first<order deri"ati"e of a Ga!ssian p!lse9 and a Ga!ssian do!%let can %e
generated %y performing the second<order deri"ati"e of a Ga!ssian p!lse$ Eo0e"er9 these
p!lse shapes are not compliant 0ith the UKB ;IRP spectral mas1 in c!rrent reg!lation ],^
0itho!t red!cing po0er$ Ga!ssian monocycle and do!%let p!lses can also meet reg!lation
after ade:!ate filtering e$g$ %y the fre:!ency response of a commercially<a"aila%le UKB
antenna ]*.^ or c!stom antenna ]*/^9 or %y a high<pass filter ]*=^$ 2ther higher<fre:!ency
p!lse shapes s!ch as higher<order deri"ati"e Ga!ssian p!lses ]*@^ and linear com%ination of
lo0<order deri"ati"es ]*A^9 ]*?^9 ha"e %een proposed to comply 0ith the UKB mas1 0ith high
po0er efficiency9 ho0e"er they are generally more complicated to implement$
Electrical impulse-radio UWB generation
There are different approaches to implement UKB<o"er<fi%re systems$ Typically9 a UKB RF
signal mod!lates the intensity of a laser diode directly or externally follo0ed %y optical fi%re
transmission ]-+^$ ;lectrical imp!lse<radio UKB generation techni:!es can %e di"ided into fo!r
categories ]-,^9 ]-*^#
,8 4 %ase%and p!lse is !p<con"erted to the target fre:!ency %and %y mixing 0ith a local
oscillator 7&28$
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,$* tate<of<the<art
*?
*8 haping a "ery short %ase%and p!lse to the desired UKB p!lses employing %and<pass
filtering$ Filtering a Ga!ssian p!lse is e:!i"alent to the implementation of different
orders of differentiation of a Ga!ssian p!lse$
-8 UKB p!lse design %ased on com%ining p!lses$ For instance9 com%ining %ase%and
Ga!ssian p!lses 0ith different delays and amplit!des$.8 Eigh<speed ar%itrary 0a"eform generation 74KG8 0ith sampling rate o"er *+ GLs
%ased on digital<to<analog!e con"erters 7D468$
4 Ga!ssian monocycle generator consisting of an imp!lse generator follo0ed %y an imp!lse
forming net0or1 is a commercially a"aila%le sol!tion ]--^$ This imp!lse generator re:!ires a
cloc1 inp!t to generate imp!lses9 0hich can %e gated %y external data !p to *$/ G%Ls$ ingle<
chip prototypes 0ith mod!lation capa%ilities ha"e also %een demonstrated in the literat!re
0ith potential cost ad"antage ]-,^9 ]-.^$ tate<of<the<art single<chip sol!tions ena%le
generation of UKB p!lses 0ith not only lo0 po0er cons!mption9 %!t also reconfig!ra%le
shape9 signal %and0idth of = GE(9 and data rate !p to *$/ G%Ls ]-,^$
Optical impulse-radio UWB generation
Imp!lse<radio UKB generation in the optical domain can o"ercome the diffic!lty of electrical
techni:!es in generating high<:!ality high<%and0idth ;IRP<efficient p!lses reconfig!ra%le in
terms of %and0idth9 shape9 and p!lse encoding$ F!rthermore9 optical techni:!es remo"e the
impact of nonlinearity !sing electrooptic con"ersion d!e to high pea1<to<a"erage po0er ratio
7P4PR8 of imp!lse<radio UKB signals$ Data are typically encoded on imp!lse<radio UKB signals
employing on<off 1eying 722H8 mod!lation9 p!lse polarity mod!lation 7or %i<phase mod!lation
or %inary phase<shift 1eying 7BPH89 p!lse position mod!lation 7PP)89 and p!lse shapemod!lation 7P)8$
Photonic generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals has %een 0idely in"estigated in recent years
]**^9 ]*.^M]*=^9 ]-/^M]/@^$ )ost techni:!es can %e classified into fo!r categories according to
the operation principle#
,8 Ga!ssian monocycle or do!%let p!lse generation %ased on first< or second<order
differentiation of a Ga!ssian p!lse$ This can %e accomplished %y direct mod!lation of a
laser and chirp<to<intensity con"ersion employing an optical linear filter ]-=^$ 4nother
simple techni:!e is to perform phase<mod!lation<to<intensity<mod!lation 7P)<I)8
con"ersion employing an optical fre:!ency discriminator$ 4 method to a"oid !sing a
fixed<long<length dispersi"e fi%re is to !se a fre:!ency discriminator %ased on an
optical filter9 s!ch as a fi%re Bragg grating 7FBG8 ]-@^9 ]-A^$ The optical phase
mod!lation can %e implemented employing electrooptic phase mod!lation ]-@^ or
cross<phase mod!lation 7P)8 in nonlinear fi%re for all<optical generation ]-A^$ 4
simple UKB p!lse generator 0hich is capa%le of performing BPH or P) at high
speed 7!p to .+ G%Ls8 has also %een demonstrated %y ad>!sting the "oltages applied to
t0o ar%itrary 0a"e plates ]-?^$
*8 6om%ined delayed optical Ga!ssian p!lses 0ith opposite polarities$ 4 simple techni:!e
employs an integrated d!al<parallel )ach<ehnder mod!lator 7))8 to generateGa!ssian monocycle or do!%let p!lses ].+^$ 4nother possi%le implementation is to
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, Introd!ction
-+
employ a micro0a"e photonic filter$ Ga!ssian monocycle or do!%let p!lses can %e
generated employing t0o<coefficient or three<coefficient filters9 respecti"ely$ The
polarity in"ersion can %e performed %ased on cross<polari(ation mod!lation ].,^9 ].*^9
and employing t0o )) %iased at opposite slopes ].-^$ Polari(ation<dependent delay
is introd!ced %y %irefringent fi%re ].,^9 ].*^9 or 0a"elength<dependent delay %y adispersi"e de"ice s!ch as a dispersi"e fi%re distri%!ting the UKB p!lse to a remote site
].-^$ The micro0a"e photonic filter proposed in ].-^ can o"ercome the diffic!lty of
other approaches to add and control more than t0o coefficients$ Eigh<fre:!ency
p!lses can %e generated from fo!r coefficients ho0e"er each additional coefficient
re:!ires an extra laser$ The techni:!e in ].-^ also permits reconfig!ration in terms of
p!lse shape and encoding !p to ,++ )%Ls$ In addition9 a monocycle generation
techni:!e employing an electrooptic phase mod!lator9 a delay interferometer9 and an
optical delay line has %een demonstrated ]..^$ This techni:!e employs a lo0<speed
electrical non<ret!rn<to<(ero 73R8 signal and BPH mod!lation can %e reali(ed %y
ad>!sting the delay or %y electrically s0itching the %ias "oltage of the delay
interferometer$
-8 Dynamic %eha"io!r of a semicond!ctor optical amplifier 7248 ]./^ and of a directly<
mod!lated ].=^9 ].@^ or optically<in>ected distri%!ted feed%ac1 laser 7DFB8 ].@^M].?^$
These methods are simple9 re:!iring one laser$ 4 specific reg!lation<compliant high<
fre:!ency p!lse has %een generated %ased on the relaxation oscillations of DFB ].@^M
].?^$ BPH mod!lation has %een demonstrated employing an ade:!ate electrical data
pattern ].?^9 ho0e"er m!lti<G%Ls data rates 0o!ld re:!ire a high<speed p!lse pattern
generator 7_*+ G%Ls8$
.8 2ptical spectr!m shaping and fre:!ency<to<time con"ersion$ Us!ally9 the spectr!m ofan !ltra<short p!lse is shaped %y a spatial light mod!lator 7&)8 ]/+^ or optical filtering
]**^9 ]/,^9 ]/*^$ The shaped spectr!m is con"erted to the time domain employing a
dispersi"e element 0ith a minim!m re:!ired total dispersion9 s!ch as a dispersi"e
fi%re9 0hich at the same time distri%!tes the UKB p!lse to a remote site ]/*^9 or a
linearly<chirped FBG to simplify the system ]/,^$ These techni:!es ha"e more flexi%ility
in generating UKB p!lses 0ith ar%itrary shapes ho0e"er they are %ased on
complicated implementations re:!iring costly mode<loc1ed laser so!rces ]**^9 ]/,^9
and either %!l1y free<space optics ]/+^ or c!stom en"ironment<sensiti"e FBG<%ased
de"ices ]**^9 ]/,^9 ]/*^$
In addition to the techni:!es disc!ssed a%o"e9 other techni:!es ha"e %een proposed for high<
fre:!ency UKB generation s!ch as those %ased on nonlinear propagation in optical fi%res ]/-^
and com%ination of delayed monocycles 0ith opposite polarity ]/.^$ In addition9 UKB
generation 0ith PP) encoding ]//^9 ]/=^9 and simple UKB generation reconfig!ra%le for
m!ltiple mod!lation formats ha"e %een demonstrated ]/@^$
1.2.2 Millimetrewave im"ulseradio #$% generation
There are different approaches for implementing millimetre<0a"e UKB<o"er<fi%re systems$
2ptical fre:!ency !p<con"ersion is an attracti"e sol!tion to red!ce o"erall complexity and cost%y centralised %road%and !p<con"ersion and net0or1 management$ Eo0e"er9 this approach
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,$* tate<of<the<art
-,
may re:!ire high<speed electrooptic de"ices and s!ffer from RF po0er fading ind!ced %y fi%re
chromatic dispersion9 0hich may limit performance ]/A^$ 2n the other hand9 the centralised
approach may find a competitor in a distri%!ted single<chip sol!tion %ased on UKB o"er fi%re
and millimetre<0a"e !p<con"ersion !sing complementary metal<oxide semicond!ctor 76)28
at RF front<end$ 4 fe0 research gro!ps ha"e already demonstrated 6)2 radios at =+ GE($Eo0e"er9 there are limitations s!ch as de"ice design and integration9 ma1ing high<
performance comm!nication extremely diffic!lt$
4 n!m%er of techni:!es ha"e %een demonstrated for millimetre<0a"e imp!lse<radio UKB<
o"er<fi%re generation %ased on centralised optical fre:!ency !p<con"ersion ]-^9 ].+^9 ]/?^M]=*^$
The !se of RF p!lse shapes9 s!ch as Ga!ssian monocycles and higher<fre:!ency p!lses9 offers
t0o ad"antages as compared to p!lse shapes ha"ing D6 component in the spectr!m9 s!ch as
Ga!ssian and rectang!lar p!lses# 7,8 easy filtering of the !p<con"erted UKB spectr!m to
remo"e resid!al RF carrier 0hich can limit maxim!m ;IRP density to meet reg!lation in force9
th!s limiting UKB range ]=+^ 7*8 the %ase%and signal 0hich is also a"aila%le afterphotodetection co!ld %e radiated in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and pro"ided an ade:!ate spectr!m
and UKB antenna are com%ined$ e"eral millimetre<0a"e techni:!es ha"e %een
demonstrated in the *. GE( %and in proof<of<concept experiments ]-^9 ].+^9 ]=+^M]=*^ and are
s!mmari(ed as follo0s#
• H!ri et al. 72ct$ *++=8 ]-^# Fre:!ency !p<con"ersion is %ased on optical carrier
s!ppression in a ))9 an arrayed 0a"eg!ide grating9 and a special )) 0ith high
extinction ratio to s!ppress the resid!al RF carrier 0hen rectang!lar p!lses are
employed$ This complex techni:!e has %een proposed to o"ercome dispersion<
ind!ced RF po0er fading$ The techni:!e 0o!ld re:!ire -+ GE( electrooptic de"ices to%e !pgraded to the =+ GE( %and$ - m of 0ireless transmission of the *. GE( UKB
signal is demonstrated at */+ )%Ls$
• &e G!ennec et al. 7!l$ *++@8 ]=+^# Fre:!ency !p<con"ersion of electrical monocycles at
*++ )%Ls is performed %ased on optical carrier s!ppression in a ))$ This techni:!e
is simple and the same architect!re can %e re!sed for coherent do0n<con"ersion$
Eo0e"er9 the techni:!e re:!ires high<cost high<fre:!ency electrooptic de"ices9 0hich
ma1e it diffic!lt to %e !pgraded to millimetre<0a"e fre:!ency %ands9 e$g$ =+ GE(
de"ices for the =+ GE( %and$
• F! et al $ 7!n$ *++A8 ]=,^# Fre:!ency !p<con"ersion of optical monocycles at @/+ )%Ls
is performed %ased on optical carrier s!ppression in a )) and nonlinear polari(ation
rotation in a 24$ The techni:!e operates in the 0hole C <%and ho0e"er it employs a
complex architect!re and the slo0 carrier reco"ery speed of the 24 limits high<
fre:!ency operation in the millimetre<0a"e %ands$
• 6hang et al $ 72ct$ *++A8 ].+^# 2ptical monocycle or do!%let p!lses at =*/ )%Ls are !p<
con"erted %ased on optical carrier s!ppression in a ))$ The techni:!e 0o!ld re:!ire
-+ GE( electrooptic de"ices to %e !pgraded to the =+ GE( %and$
• &i et al $ 7ept$ *++?8 ]=*^# Fre:!ency !p<con"ersion of optical monocycle or do!%let
p!lses at .@+ )%Ls is performed %ased on optical carrier s!ppression in a )) and a
fi%re optical parametric amplifier 72P48 employing , 1m of highly nonlinear fi%re7E3&F8$ This techni:!e employs a complex architect!re ho0e"er it co!ld %e !pgraded
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, Introd!ction
-*
to the =+ GE( %and %y filtering the second<order optical side%ands 0ith a relaxed
fre:!ency re:!irement for electrooptic de"ices as lo0 as @$/ GE($ In addition9 the
techni:!e exhi%its large mixing %and0idth capa%ility d!e to the !ltrafast response of
the E3&F$
The techni:!es ]=,^9 ]=*^ can %e deployed in the remote local oscillator deli"ery scheme to
mitigate dispersion<ind!ced RF po0er fading in the long<reach access net0or1s 0here the 24
and E3&F ser"e as %oth fre:!ency !p<con"erter and signal amplifier in a local exchange ]=-^$
F!rthermore9 hang et al $ ha"e demonstrated sim!ltaneo!s generation of t0o 0a"elength
channels of UKB monocycles in the -$,M,+$= GE( %and and t0o 0a"elength channels in the
*. GE( %and %ased on a similar scheme employing =+ m of a highly nonlinear photonic crystal
fi%re ]=.^$
4dditionally9 se"eral photonic schemes ha"e %een demonstrated for shaping of high<fre:!ency
imp!lse<radio UKB signals ]/-^9 ]=/^$
Giga%it imp!lse<radio UKB transmitters ha"e also %een de"eloped in the =+ GE( %and in
6)2 technology targeting lo0 cost and lo0 po0er cons!mption ]==^$ In hy%rid 0ireless<
optical systems9 s!ch transmitters co!ld %e !sed at remote antenna !nits after photodetection
of digital %ase%and<o"er<fi%re signals$
Finally9 a photonic imp!lse<radio UKB transmitter in the W <%and 7@/M,,+ GE(8 employing a
near<%allistic !ni<tra"eling<carrier photodiode and a ,+ GE( mode<loc1ed laser has %een
demonstrated for high density !ser UKB<o"er<fi%re in<%!ilding applications ]/?^$
1.2.& -etection and transmission "erformance of im"ulseradio #$%signals
)any reports foc!sed on the optical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals in recent years$
Eo0e"er9 a fe0 reports detected the UKB signals and f!rther e"al!ated the performance of
the 0hole UKB<o"er<fi%re system incl!ding fi%re and 0ireless transmission$ Radio<o"er<fi%re
distri%!tion of imp!lse<radio and 2FD) UKB signals in FTTE net0or1s 0as proposed and
compared in ]&lo+Aa^9 ]&lo+Ac^$ 2ptical transmission !p to /+ 1m of )F 0as experimentally
demonstrated for %oth UKB implementations at ,$*/ G%Ls$ 2ther optimi(ed imp!lse<radio
UKB generation and detection schemes ha"e %een demonstrated employing optical signal
processing$ Ta%le I s!mmari(es the state<of<the<art of the integrated optical fi%re and 0ireless
transmission performance of imp!lse<radio UKB<o"er<fi%re comm!nication systems in
different fre:!ency %ands$
The performance of imp!lse<radio UKB signals is !s!ally e"al!ated in terms of %it error rate
7B;R8 0hich is the ratio %et0een the n!m%er of %its 0ith errors and the total n!m%er of %its$
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,$* tate<of<the<art
--
Ta%le I$ tate<of<the<art of transmission performance of imp!lse<radio UKB<o"er<fi%re systems
Reference ;ncoding Data rate Fi%re transmission Kirelessdistance
6onsiderations
-$,M,+$= GE( %and
4%tahiet al $ ]**^
22H /++ )%Ls B*B =/ cm • Photonic en"elopedetection`Q<factor
Eana0aet al $ ]*/^
22H ,$+*/ G%Ls / 1m D6F`,+ 1m )F *+ cm • Pre<amplified recei"er
• 6!stom antennas
• Detection directly %yB;RT 7_,+N/8
J! et al $].?^
BPH @A,$*/ )%Ls -+ 1m )F`/ 1m D6F B*B • D2`DP detection7B;R _,+N.8
hamset al $ ]//^
PP) ,$=*/ G%Ls *++ m )F *+ cm • UKB shaping %yelectrical BPF
• Detection %y electricalmixing`B;RT 7_,+N?8
Pan bJao ]*.^
22H ,$=A@/ G%Ls *. 1m )F / cm • 6hirp<free UKB signal• Detection %y electrical
mixing`B;RT 7_,+N?8
Gi%%onet al $ ].A^
22H -$,*/ G%Ls */ 1m )F`*/ 1m IDF *$? m • ;IRP N-,$- dBmL)E(
• D2`DP detection7B;R _,+N/8
hamset al $ ]/=^
PP) ,$=*/ G%Ls -@ 1m )F 7or ,+ 1m0ith a simpler scheme8
B*B • Pre<amplified recei"er
• UKB shaping %yelectrical BPF
• Detection %y electricalmixing`B;RT 7_,+
N?8
Pan bJao ]/@^
22H9BPH9P)9P4)
=*/ )%Ls *+ 1m )F ,+ cm • Detection %y electricalmixing`B;RT 7_,+N?8
6hanget al. ]=@^
22H ,$*/ G%Ls */ 1m )F -+ cm • Pre<amplified recei"er
• 6!stom antennas
• Detection directly %yB;RT 7_,+N/8
ho!et al $ ]/.^
22H -$,*/ G%Ls **$/ 1m )F`.$. 1m D6F B*B • Photonic en"elopedetection`B;RT 7_,+N?8
=+ GE( %and
This work
'(ection
)*+,
Bel+.c/0
Bel++a/
BPH ,$.. G%Ls .+ 1m )F*/ 1m )F`/++ m BI<)F
/ m • D2`DP detection
7B;R _,+
N/
8
This work
'(ection
)*1,
Bel++/
22H -$,*/ G%Ls *+ 1m 3<DF7 =$/ 1m )F8, 1m BI<)F
* m • RF po0erdetection`B;RT 7_,+N?8
@/M,,+ GE( %and
6ho0et al $ ]/?^
22H *$/ G%Ls */+ m )F`/+ m D6F ,$= m • 2ptical po0er%!dget -+ dB
• RF po0er
detection`B;RT 7_,+
N=
8
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, Introd!ction
-.
Imp!lse<radio UKB signals ha"e %een detected %y se"eral techni:!es#
,8 The UKB signal in the -$,M,+$= GE( %and has %een do0n<con"erted %y electrical
mixing 0ith a &2 signal$ Eo0e"er9 this techni:!e introd!ces a po0er penalty d!e to a
%road UKB spectr!m and is constrained to data rates of less than -M. G%Ls ]/=^$ The
res!lting %ase%and signal is meas!red %y an oscilloscope pro"iding performance in
terms of Q<factor ]&lo+Aa^9 ]&lo+Ac^$ B;R is calc!lated from Q<factor meas!rements
ho0e"er !nder the ass!mption of Ga!ssian noise$ 4lternati"ely9 the do0n<con"erted
%ase%and signal can %e meas!red %y a B;R tester 7B;RT8 ]*.^9 ]//^$
*8 B;R has %een e"al!ated offline %y digital signal processing 7DP8 %ased on %it<per<%it
comparison ]=A^$ This techni:!e gi"es high sensiti"ity and permits to implement in the
digital domain f!nctions s!ch as matched filtering to increase signal<to<noise ratio
73R8 th!s impro"ing performance$ Eo0e"er9 a %road%and high<speed digital sampling
oscilloscope 7D28 is re:!ired$ The minim!m B;R e"al!ated 7or maxim!m n!m%er of
%its e"al!ated8 is also limited %y the D2 performance to ,+N=
typically$ This B;R limitis a%o"e the limit of ,+N? typical for error<free comm!nication systems 0itho!t
employing for0ard error correction 7F;68 ]=?^$
-8 ;n"elope detection 7or po0er detection8 can %e employed for 22H<mod!lated UKB
signals a"oiding the need for a phase<loc1ed &2 signal and %road%and RF mixer$
Photonic en"elope detection of RF UKB p!lses has %een demonstrated %ased on a
)) %iased at the :!adrat!re point9 high<speed photodetection9 and lo0<pass
filtering ]-^$ Eigh<speed photodetection permits to regenerate the RF UKB signal$
4nother possi%ility is to employ an electro<a%sorption mod!lator 7;4)8 or a ))
%iased at the minim!m transmission point ]**^9 ]/.^$ )) leads to f!ll rectification of
the RF UKB signal res!lting in higher detected po0er$ Eo0e"er9 )) are sensiti"e to
polari(ation$ 2n the other hand9 ;4) leads to half 0a"e rectification9 can operate on
lo0er dri"ing "oltage9 and are compati%le 0ith photonic integration ]**^$ RF po0er
detection has also %een employed to detect imp!lse<radio UKB signals in the
@/N,,+ GE( %and ]/?^$ 4n ad"antage of the photonic en"elope detection is the
%road%and operation pro"iding transparency to the RF fre:!ency and capa%ility of
detecting %road intermediate fre:!ency 7IF8 %and0idths$
1.2. Multiband /0-M #$% radiooverfibre
2FD) UKB radio<o"er<fi%re systems ha"e %een considered as a sol!tion for high<capacity
0ireless access net0or1s$ 2FD) UKB signals are !s!ally generated employing commercially<
a"aila%le UKB de"ices or 4KG signal generation9 0hich then mod!late a laser diode directly
or externally follo0ed %y optical fi%re transmission$ 2FD) detection is performed employing a
D29 and c!stom DP or commercially<a"aila%le soft0are$ The maxim!m n!m%er of 2FD)
sym%ols to %e e"al!ated is limited %y the D2 performance and soft0are employed$ The
:!ality of 2FD) UKB comm!nication is !s!ally assessed in terms of error "ector magnit!de
7;5)8 0hich is a meas!re of errors %et0een the meas!red sym%ols and the expected sym%ols$
3R and B;R performance metrics can %e estimated from ;5) ass!ming a Ga!ssian noise
distri%!tion 0hen 2FD) UKB employs :!adrat!re phase<shift 1eying 7[PH8 mod!lation ]@+^$
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,$* tate<of<the<art
-/
6om%ined radio<o"er<fi%re and 0ireless transmission of 2FD) UKB signals has %een
experimentally analysed employing external mod!lation ])or+Ac^9 ]@,^$ 6ommercially<
a"aila%le UKB de"ices are employed to generate a d!al<%and 2FD) signal at .++ )%Ls$ The
2FD) signal is s!ccessf!lly distri%!ted !p to ,+ 1m of )F and ,$/ m of 0ireless range or !p
to /+ 1m of )F 0ith optical amplification in the field and , m 0ireless distance$ 2pticaltransmission performance of 2FD) UKB !p to *++ )%Ls has also %een experimentally
in"estigated and theoretically analysed in ]@*^$ In addition9 %idirectional 2FD) UKB
transmission o"er , 1m of )F has %een demonstrated at .A+ )%Ls employing 56;&s ]@-^$
Finally9 the potential of glass m!ltimode fi%res 7))F8 and m!ltimode plastic optical fi%res
7P2F8 to extend the in<%!ilding co"erage of 2FD) UKB has %een demonstrated at *++ )%Ls
and .A+ )%Ls ]@.^$
)illimetre<0a"e 2FD) UKB systems ha"e also %een in"estigated$ Performance of -+ GE(
three<%and 2FD) UKB at =++ )%Ls 0hen transmitted o"er *+ 1m of )F has %een
experimentally demonstrated employing an optically pre<amplified recei"er ]@/^$ 2pticalfre:!ency :!adr!pling !p<con"ersion %ased on t0o cascaded d!al<dri"e )) is proposed in
this techni:!e$ =+ GE( 2FD) UKB generation ha"e also %een in"estigated at *++ )%Ls
0itho!t transmission %ased on external mod!lation of 2FD) UKB com%ined 0ith !p<
con"ersion %y optical carrier s!ppression in a )) ]@=^$
1.2. #$% o"tical and wireless coeistence
UKB<o"er<fi%re systems s!pporting sim!ltaneo!s m!ltiser"ice deli"ery are attracting great
interest for con"erged access net0or1ing$ im!ltaneo!s transmission o"er !p to */ 1m )F
of 2FD) UKB and Ki)4 signals has %een demonstrated employing polari(ation m!ltiplexing]@@^$ 2ptical coexistence of imp!lse<radio UKB and Ki)4 o"er a /+ 1m dispersion<managed
optical lin1 has %een demonstrated employing a directly<mod!lated 56;& ]*=^$ Bidirectional
radio<o"er<fi%re transmission of sim!ltaneo!s 0ireless standards UKB9 Ki)49 and &T; has
%een experimentally demonstrated to deli"er triple<play ser"ices 7ED a!dioL"ideo9 data9 and
cell!lar phone9 respecti"ely8 in next<generation optical access net0or1s ]&lo,,%^$ 2ptical
transmission o"er /+$= 1m of )F ]@A^ and com%ined transmission o"er *+$* 1m of )F and
- m of 0ireless distance ]@?^ ha"e %een demonstrated$ In<%!ilding optical extension after
*+$* 1m of )F has also %een demonstrated !p to *++ m of %end<insensiti"e single<mode
fi%re 7BI<)F8 and !p to /+ m of P2F ]A+^$ In addition9 optical<0ireless transmission of
con"erged 0ired and UKB radio ser"ices o"er ))F ]en,+^ and o"er P2F ]A,^ has %een
demonstrated for in<%!ilding net0or1s$ )!lti<standard 2FD)<%ased transmission of UKB and
A+*$,, has also %een demonstrated o"er P2F ]A*^$ Finally9 0ireless coexistence of UKB and
Ki)4 !p to ,+ m has %een e"al!ated %y on<field experiments ]Per+?a^9 ]Per+?%^9 ]Per+?c^$
1.& Im"rovement over t!e stateoft!eart
This thesis proposes se"eral inno"ati"e approaches Min the optical domain< to ena%le flexi%le
and cost<effecti"e m!lti<G%Ls UKB<o"er<fi%re systems for next<generation hy%rid 0ireless<
optical net0or1s$ UKB operation in the next<generation =+ GE( %and is proposed to extend
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, Introd!ction
-=
UKB capa%ilities to a 0ider "ariety of scenarios incl!ding FTTE net0or1s o"ercoming
coexistence iss!es and in<aircraft en"ironments 0ith interference limitations$
The main impro"ements o"er the state<of<the<art in this thesis can %e s!mmari(ed in#
,8 T0o simple techni:!es are proposed and experimentally demonstrated for Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping9 0hich are %ased on# 7,8 optical delay and %alanced photodetection
]Bel+Ac^9 and 7*8 differential photorecei"er and electrical delay ]Bel+?a^9 ]Bel,+a^$ The
effects of the chromatic dispersion of optical access fi%re o"er the generated UKB
p!lse can %e compensated %y ad>!sting delay$ The techni:!es exhi%it the ad"antage of
%eing implemented at the remote antenna !nits permitting to flexi%ly adapt UKB
spectr!m to different fi%re dispersion$ The implementation trade<offs for UKB<o"er<
fi%re generation in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and are also addressed$
*8 The com%ination of %oth radio technologies imp!lse<radio UKB and =+ GE( is
proposed in this thesis to 0irelessly pro"ide in<flight entertainment ser"ices
minimi(ing interference ]Bel+?a^9 ]Bel,+a^$ The !se of an imp!lse<radio UKB
implementation is of special interest for in<flight en"ironments to sim!ltaneo!sly
pro"ide for instance locali(ation of interfering !sers$ 4 =+ GE( UKB<o"er<fi%re system
0ith ,++ m of )F in<ca%in transmission is demonstrated at ,$*/ G%Ls in a la%oratory
proof<of<concept experiment$ 4 techno<economic analysis is also performed
s!ggesting that the system 0hich is %ased on UKB<o"er<fi%re 0ith optical fre:!ency
!p<con"ersion co!ld compete 0ith an approach %ased on %ase%and data o"er fi%re
and remote UKB generation and fre:!ency !p<con"ersion in the electrical domain$
-8 UKB imp!lse radio optical generation %y fre:!ency shifting in dispersi"e optical fi%re
pro"iding remote connecti"ity is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in thisthesis ]Bel,+%^9 ]Bel,,d^$ The techni:!e com%ines optical carrier s!ppression in a
)) 0ith matched fi%re chromatic dispersion targeting to o"ercome the %and0idth
limitation of optical fre:!ency !p<con"ersion9 0ith the ad"antage of %eing easily
reconfig!ra%le generating sim!ltaneo!sly different RF %ands$ The technical aspects
and possi%le config!rations of m!lti%and generation tailored for UKB<o"er<fi%re
transmission in optical access net0or1s is in"estigated 0ith special foc!s on d!al
*. GE(L=+ GE( operation$ The imp!lse<radio UKB implementation can sim!ltaneo!sly
ser"e different applications incl!ding *. GE( "ehic!lar radar and infrastr!ct!re<to<car
comm!nications and =+ GE( FTTE thro!gh simple optical access infrastr!ct!re$ =+ GE(
signal generation %y ,*$/ 1m of )F and , m of 0ireless transmission9 and d!al
*. GE(L=+ GE( operation ha"e %een experimentally demonstrated at ,$*/ G%Ls$
;na%ling technologies for relia%le9 simple9 and cost<effecti"e real implementation are
also disc!ssed$
.8 UKB operation in the =+ GE( %and is proposed in this thesis to deli"er high<%and0idth
ser"ices in FTTE net0or1s ]Bel,+c^9 ]Bel,,a^$ UKB generation 0ith com%ined optical
and 0ireless transmission performance is experimentally e"al!ated 0hen operating in
the =+ GE( %and$ 56;& direct mod!lation com%ined 0ith optical carrier s!ppression
in a )) is in"estigated for generation of t0o ma>or UKB implementations Mthree<
%and d!al<carrier mod!lation 7D6)8 2FD) re!sing commercially<a"aila%le chips9 andBPH imp!lse radio$ =+ GE( UKB generation 0ith com%ined .+ 1m of )F and / m of
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,$- Impro"ement o"er the state<of<the<art
-@
0ireless transmission is experimentally demonstrated at ,$.. G%Ls9 as sho0n in Ta%le
I$ The res!lts permit9 from an application point<of<"ie09 to select a gi"en UKB
implementation depending on net0or1 reach and system complexity desired$
/8 The !se of a 56;& for flexi%le UKB fre:!ency !p<con"ersion is in"estigated and
compared 0ith con"entional lo0<line0idth external<ca"ity laser 7;6&8 ]Bel,,%^$;xtension to the =+ GE( %and9 com%ined transmission o"er =$/ 1m )F or , 1m of in<
%!ilding BI<)F and * m of 0ireless transmission9 and RF po0er detection of 22H
imp!lse<radio UKB ].A^9 is experimentally demonstrated at -$,*/ G%Ls9 as sho0n in
Ta%le I$ The res!lts permit9 from an application point<of<"ie09 to select a gi"en laser
technology depending on net0or1 reach and system complexity desired$
=8 3o"el m!lti0a"elength so!rces 0ith great reconfig!ration capa%ilities %ased on the
spectral self<imaging effect 7or Tal%ot effect8 %y time<domain m!ltiphase mod!lation
of a periodic p!lse train ]6ar,,^ are proposed in this thesis ]Bel,,c^$ The
reconfig!ration techni:!e offers the ad"antage of %eing a%le to m!ltiply the n!m%er
of optical carriers 0itho!t infl!encing %and0idth and time<domain p!lses$
Reconfig!ration of a p!lsed laser in terms of 0a"elength spacing and 0a"elength
allocation is experimentally demonstrated employing external electrooptic %i<phase
mod!lation$ The techni:!e is of special interest to pro"ide sta%le and flexi%le channel
spacing in KD) and 2FD) optical transmission systems ]A-^$
1. /utline of t!is work
The contents of this thesis are organi(ed in six chapters#
In 6hapter *9 the f!ndamentals of hy%rid 0ireless<optical systems9 and the associated
transmission impairments are dra0n$ ;mphasis is made in ena%ling technologies re:!ired to
pro"ide m!ltigiga%it 0ireless comm!nications incl!ding UKB and =+ GE( radios$ Radio<o"er<
fi%re technology is re"ie0ed foc!sing on state<of<the<art transmission systems and the
ena%ling techni:!es !sed in generation and demod!lation of 0ireless signals$ 4s a ma>or
application of this 0or19 the integration of UKB radio<o"er<fi%re in FTTE optical access
net0or1s is also disc!ssed$
In 6hapter -9 the 0or1 performed in this thesis related to generation of imp!lse<radio UKB
signals in the optical domain is descri%ed$ First9 t0o techni:!es for simple and flexi%le UKBp!lse shaping are proposed and experimentally demonstrated$ econd9 p!lses generated %y
one of these techni:!es are employed in a proof<of<concept experiment of a UKB<o"er<fi%re
system in the =+ GE( %and$ The com%ination of UKB and =+ GE( radio technologies for
interference<sensiti"e in<aircraft scenarios is disc!ssed$ 4 techno<economic comparison of the
system 0ith a potential competitor sol!tion is also presented$ The 1ey parameters and
expected performance of the scheme is f!rther identified %y sim!lation analysis
75PItransmission)a1erO8$ Finally9 flexi%le photonic generation of imp!lse<radio UKB !p to
millimetre<0a"e %ands %ased on fre:!ency shifting in optical access fi%re is proposed$
Feasi%ility of the techni:!e in FTTE net0or1s operating in the =+ GE( %and is experimentally
demonstrated$ Practical m!lti%and capa%ilities and limitations of this system are also
addressed %y comprehensi"e sim!lation analysis 75PItransmission)a1erO8$ D!al
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, Introd!ction
-A
*. GE(L=+ GE( operation is also experimentally demonstrated$ Practical implementation is
addressed and competiti"e approaches are disc!ssed$
In 6hapter .9 performance of UKB signals 0hen operating in the =+ GE( %and is e"al!ated
com%ining optical and 0ireless transmission$ T0o experimental demonstrations are performed
in"estigating the !se of 56;& for direct mod!lation and !p<con"ersion9 respecti"ely$ In the
first experiment9 t0o ma>or UKB implementations MD6) 2FD) and BPH imp!lse radio< are
compared$ 4 sim!lation analysis 75PItransmission)a1erO8 is performed to in"estigate the
operational limits$ 56;& is compared 0ith con"entional ;6& in the second experiment$
&imitations of this system are also analysed %y sim!lation 75PItransmission)a1erO8$
In 6hapter /9 reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rces are proposed and experimentally
demonstrated$ T0ofold and fo!rfold m!ltiplication of the n!m%er of 0a"elengths and
0a"elength shifting of a p!lsed laser are demonstrated$ The impact of laser chirp and noise is
n!merically analysed 7)4T&4B8$ Potential applications of the techni:!e are also disc!ssed$
Finally9 the concl!sion of this Ph$D$ thesis and the ongoing and f!t!re 0or1 are addressed in
6hapter =$
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-?
2 +ybrid wirelesso"tical systems based on
ultrawideband 3#$%4 radio
3ext<generation access net0or1s 0ill re:!ire flexi%le deployment9 high capacity9
!pgradea%ility9 scala%le to !ser n!m%er and demand9 and %e economically feasi%le$ Ey%rid
0ireless<optical systems that com%ine high<capacity optical fi%re transmission and the
flexi%ility of 0ireless technologies are foreseen to play an important role in next<generation
access net0or1s$ The 0ireless part pro"ides a m!ltiple access sol!tion to eliminate the need
for optical fi%re to e"ery end<!ser th!s sa"ing on net0or1 deployment cost ]A.^$ Integrated
0iredL0ireless access can also extend the reach of existing optical access infrastr!ct!re to
those !sers that cannot %e connected directly to the fi%re for economic9 en"ironmental or
other reasons ]A/^$ )!ltigiga%it 0ireless systems that pro"ide capacities compara%le to optical
fi%re comm!nication systems 0ill pa"e the 0ay for pro"iding seamless integrated
0iredL0ireless access to %road%and ser"ices for the end<!ser$ Radio<o"er<fi%re technology
com%ined 0ith m!ltigiga%it 0ireless systems is seen as a fast deploya%le and cost<effecti"e
sol!tion for pro"iding seamless integrated 0iredL0ireless access ]&lo+Aa^9 ]A/^$
2.1 Multigigabit wireless communications
Pop!lar 0ireless standards9 0hich operate at fre:!encies %elo0 ,+ GE( 7e$g$ cell!lar9 Ki<Fi9
Ki)49 etc$89 can s!pport data rates !p to se"eral tens of mega%it per second$ In addition9
fixed 0ireless radios operating in the micro0a"e fre:!ency %ands from = to .+ GE( are 0idely
!sed for connecting %!ildings and other point<to<point 7P*P8 data connecti"ity$ P*P micro0a"e
is limited in pro"iding speeds higher than fe0 h!ndreds of mega%it per second ]A=^$ Kith the
ad"ent of pop!lar %and0idth ser"ices s!ch as ED "ideo or on<line gaming9 0ireless systems are
re:!ired to offer data rates higher than these pro"ided %y con"entional 0ireless standards and
P*P micro0a"e lin1s$
UKB is a radio technology capa%le of pro"iding a 0ide "ariety of applications incl!ding
m!ltigiga%it comm!nications$ UKB feat!res lo0 ;IRP density 0hich limits 0ireless range to a
fe0 meters$ This technology offers significant %enefits9 ma1ing it a s!ita%le candidate to
complement other 0ireless technologies to achie"e !%i:!ito!s comm!nications$ UKB has
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* Ey%rid 0ireless<optical systems %ased on !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8 radio
.+
%een designed to %e a%le to coexist 0ith other 0ireless technologies operating in the same
fre:!ency range th!s ena%ling efficient !se of the RF spectr!m$ Eo0e"er9 in order to ens!re a
ro%!st comm!nication lin19 the iss!e of coexistence and interference of UKB systems 0ith
c!rrent and f!t!re 0ireless systems m!st %e considered9 as disc!ssed in ection *$,$,$
F!rthermore9 one of the main constraints to 0iden the deployment of this technology is thelac1 of harmoni(ation of 0orld0ide reg!lations d!e to coexistence iss!es$
)illimetre<0a"e radio systems are also considered as a promising sol!tion to pro"ide
m!ltigiga%it comm!nications ]A=^$ These systems are re"ie0ed in ection *$,$*$ )illimetre<
0a"e %ands at aro!nd =+ GE( and higher can pro"ide %and0idth eno!gh to easily s!pport
m!lti<G%Ls capacities$ 2f great interest9 the =+ GE( %and is a%o!t to %ecome easily a"aila%le
for cons!mer electronics applications led %y the %and0idth a"aila%ility of @ GE( 0orld0ide
0ith high ;IRP allo0ed$
4dditionally9 F2 technologies are a%le to s!pport m!lti<G%Ls data rates$ F2 technologies
operate in optical fre:!ency regions9 0here "ery large %and0idths are a"aila%le that ena%les
"ery high data rate transmission$ Eo0e"er9 range is significantly shortened %y fog and complex
systems are re:!ired to compensate for other physical effects ]A=^$ F2 lin1s are commercially
a"aila%le9 offering ,9 ,+9 and e"en .+ G%Ls for o!tdoor comm!nications o"er distances of
se"eral 1ilometres ]A@^$
Finally9 optical 0ireless transmission systems ha"e %een demonstrated for %road%and indoor
applications %ased on infrared radiation 7mostly aro!nd A/+ nm or ,//+ nm8 as 0ell as "isi%le
light 7.++M@A+ nm8 ]AA^9 ]A?^$ These systems are of interest as a h!ge !nreg!lated %and0idth
is a"aila%le and these signals do not penetrate 0alls9 th!s ena%ling high<capacity 0ireless
net0or1s 0ith potential application for interference<sensiti"e scenarios$ Infrared m!lti<G%Ls
comm!nications ha"e %een demonstrated !p to ,*$/ G%Ls 7error<free8 ]?+^$ Eo0e"er9 a lot of
technological ad"ances are re:!ired to achie"e lo0<cost systems 0ith 0ide co"erage area$ In
addition9 "isi%le light systems ha"e %een demonstrated to s!pport high data rates exceeding
/++ )%Ls or A++ )%Ls 0ith KD)9 employing discrete m!ltitone 7D)T8 mod!lation ]?,^$
4dapti"e mod!lation techni:!es co!ld theoretically prod!ce _, G%Ls$ Relati"ely lo0 cost light
emitting diode 7&;D8 so!rces are employed ho0e"er their lo0 %and0idth mostly limit system
performance$ Fe0<meter distances co!ld %e achie"ed employing se"eral &;Ds in parallel$
2.1.1 Coeistence and interference wit! regulated narrowband services
Fig$ , compares high data rate 0ireless technologies in terms of data rate and distance$
Kireless fidelity 7Ki<Fi# A+*$,,8 is a short<distance technology9 pop!lar for local area net0or1
7&438 or hotspot connecti"ity$ The most recent "ariation of the standard9 A+*$,,n9 offers
theoretical data rates !p to =++ )%Ls$ Eo0e"er9 practical data rates are typically ,N* )%Ls$
Korld0ide interopera%ility for micro0a"e access 7Ki)4# A+*$,=8 targets short< to medi!m<
range 0ireless comm!nications pro"iding theoretical data rates of tens of mega%it per second9
altho!gh real implementations pro"ide data rates of approximately *N. )%Ls$ F!t!re
extension A+*$,=m is expected to offer !p to , G%Ls fixed access speeds or ,++ )%Ls in
mo%ility$
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*$, )!ltigiga%it 0ireless comm!nications
.,
&ong<term e"ol!tion 7&T;# -GPP8 is expected to %ecome an important part of next<generation
cell!lar net0or1s$ &T;<4d"anced !pdate offers data rates !p to , G%Ls fixed speeds and
,++ )%Ls to mo%ile !sers$ The most common fre:!ency %and is *$= GE(9 %!t &T; also operates
at A++ )E(9 ,$/ GE(9 ,$A GE( and -$/ GE($
UKB is a radio technology capa%le of pro"iding short<range m!ltigiga%it comm!nications !singreg!lated spectr!m from -$, to ,+$= GE($ UKB signals are defined as any radio signals 0ith a
minim!m ,+ dB %and0idth of /++ )E( or *+\ fractional %and0idth ],^9 as s!mmari(ed in
Ta%le II in ection *$-$*$ The maxim!m mean ;IRP spectral density is N.,$- dBmL)E(9 0hich
limits the comm!nication range to a fe0 meters 7KP438$ The range of UKB radio has %een
reported to exceed ,+ m at ,++ )%Ls data rate ]*@^9 or !p to ,$, m at ,+=@ )%Ls ]?*^$
)axim!m capacity in act!al UKB de"ices is .A+ )%Ls per %and follo0ing Ki)edia
specification ",$* ]A^9 ]?^$ This gi"es =$@* G%Ls aggregated data rate per !ser 0hen the
fo!rteen 2FD) %ands are com%ined co"ering the 0hole -$,M,+$= GE( %and$ This capacity is
s!pported in single<chip UKB implementations ],+^$ The maxim!m theoretical aggregateddata rate per !ser is ,.$--= G%Ls %y com%ining the fo!rteen 2FD) %ands %earing ,+*. )%Ls
each 7Ki)edia specification ",$/ ]A^8$ 3e"ertheless9 no commercial e:!ipment to date
s!pports this config!ration$
UKB operates at a m!ch 0ider %and0idth and m!ch lo0er ;IRP density than con"entional
narro0%and 0ireless data technologies in order to ena%le operation along the same time
inter"al 0itho!t ca!sing any harmf!l interference9 e"en if narro0%and 0ireless signals operate
0ithin the UKB fre:!ency %and$ Fig$ * sho0s se"eral existing narro0%and 0ireless data
standards that co!ld %e potentially interfered %y UKB operation$ UKB m!st g!arantee the
interopera%ility 0ith other radio comm!nication systems deployed in the same KP43en"ironment$
Fig$ ,$ 6omparison of the ma>or high data rate 0ireless standards operating !p to ,+$= GE( in terms ofco"erage area and data rate9 sho0ing the complementarity of UKB$
Data rate
D i s t a n c e
WPAN
WLAN
WMAN
WWAN
UWB
10 m
1 km
WiMAX,
LTE
10 Mb/s1 Mb/s 10 Gb/s1 Gb/s100 Mb/s
5 km
Wi-i
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* Ey%rid 0ireless<optical systems %ased on !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8 radio
.*
F!rthermore9 UKB protection from interference ca!sed %y other 0ireless systems m!st not %e
re:!ested$ For instance9 there are deployed KP43 systems s!ch as Bl!etooth A+*$,/$, and
igBee A+*$,/$. and also there are other systems present in KP43 en"ironments9 s!ch as Ki<Fi A+*$,,9 Ki)4 A+*$,=9 and &T;$ 6omplementary to narro0%and 0ireless standards s!ch as
Ki<Fi9 Ki)49 and &T;9 UKB is capa%le of pro"iding data speeds higher than , G%Ls at a fe0
meters range9 as sho0n in Fig$ ,$ Eence9 coexistence of UKB 0ith other narro0%and
comm!nication systems ena%les an efficient !se of the RF spectr!m and sim!ltaneo!s
m!ltiser"ice pro"ision of desired information on any de"ices any0here and at any time$
4ltho!gh ;IRP spectral density mas1s ha"e %een defined in c!rrent UKB reg!lation in se"eral
co!ntries9 as disc!ssed in ection *$-$*9 the potential UKB interference has to %e f!rther
e"al!ated for the s!ccessf!l interoperation 0ith the existing and coming systems$ There are
many parameters that can infl!ence the 0ay a UKB system 0o!ld interfere to a narro0%andsystem9 or "ice "ersa9 s!ch as the n!m%er and distri%!tion of the interferers9 the relati"e
po0er of the interferers9 UKB mod!lation9 data rate9 the centre fre:!ency of the narro0%and
system9 and the type and str!ct!re of the recei"ers$ 4s an example9 coexistence %et0een
standard UKB in the -$,=AN.$@/* GE( %and !p to *++ )%Ls and Ki)4 A+*$,=e at -$/ GE(
!p to ,*$=A )%Ls 7*+ )E( %and0idth8 has %een e"al!ated %y field trials in a real meeting
room scenario at different KP43 distances !p to ,+ m ]Per+?a^9 ]Per+?%^9 ]Per+?c^$ In this
scenario9 UKB is intended to pro"ide short<range ser"ices s!ch as file sharing and printing
7UKB<ena%led laptops and porta%le printers8 and ED "ideo streaming 7UKB<ena%led
pro>ectors89 0hereas Ki)4 is intended for 0ireless &43 7K&438 connecti"ity and Internet
access$
Fig$ *$ Fre:!ency allocation of licensed 7&8L!nlicensed 7U8 0ireless comm!nication standards !p to,+$= GE(9 sho0ing narro0%and technologies 0hich co!ld %e potentially interfered %y UKB$ I)#Ind!strial9 cientifical and )edical$ P6# P!%lic afety 6omm!nications$ 73ote# po0er and %and0idthsnot to scale8
!"1 10"#$"%
re&'enc( )G*+
T r a n s m i t t e . e r
0$"11b/2/n
B3'ett4
Wibree
UWB )U
5"$5 5"# 5"
0$"11a )U
Un3icense 6M
Un3icense 6M
$"! $"5
0$"1#e )L
!"5 !"7
0"# 0"815
1"1"8
EDGE/GP96
)L :e33'3ar
0"50"8
;i2Bee
Un3icense 6M
1"! 1"#
GP6
-%1"! Bm/M*+
%"8
P6:
$"#
LTE
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*$, )!ltigiga%it 0ireless comm!nications
.-
Interference mitigation techni:!es ha"e %een proposed so as to f!rther facilitate radio
coexistence9 s!ch as D44 techni:!es as re:!ired in c!rrent UKB reg!lation in the ;U9 apan
and Horea9 as disc!ssed in ection *$-$*$ UKB de"ices implementing D44 techni:!es are
capa%le of dynamically detecting the presence of radio ser"ices operating in the "icinity 0hich
co!ld %e potentially interfered and controlling the emitted po0er in order to not interfere$
2.1.2 Millimetrewave radio tec!nology
)illimetre<0a"e %ands at aro!nd =+ GE( and higher can pro"ide %and0idth eno!gh to easily
s!pport m!lti<G%Ls capacities e"en 0hen high spectral efficiency mod!lation formats s!ch as
2FD) are not !sed$ The =+ GE( %and has %een 0idely st!died as @ GE( %and0idth has %een
allocated %y reg!lation 0orld0ide9 0hich can %e !sed for !nlicensed comm!nications9 as
disc!ssed in ection *$.$*$ 4 n!m%er of technologies in the =+ GE( %and pro"iding data rates
!p to @ G%Ls ha"e recently %een proposed for short<distance KP43 !se9 partic!larly in a home
en"ironment9 as disc!ssed in ection *$.$-$ In addition9 the @,N@=LA,NA= GE( paired %and has%een allocated for commercial !se in the United tates9 ;!rope9 and other co!ntries9 and
permits o!tdoor comm!nications o"er distances of se"eral 1ilometres ]A=^$ 6ommercial
e:!ipment is easily a"aila%le in the =+ and @,N@=LA,NA= GE( %ands s!pporting ,$*/ G%Ls
Giga%it ;thernet 7G%;8 P*P comm!nications$ Dyady!1 et al $ ha"e also reported a = G%Ls
0ireless lin1 in the A,NA= GE( %and o"er a distance of */+ m ]?-^$ F!rthermore9 %ands aro!nd
,++ GE( and higher sho0 larger %and0idths 0hich ha"e not %een allocated to specific
applications yet and possi%ly can %e !sed to s!pport en"isioned capacities ranging from
,+ G%Ls to ,++ G%Ls for optical access net0or1 applications and close proximity %!l1 data
transfer ]?.^$ ,+ G%Ls data rate is an !rgent need for the 0ireless transmission of ,+<G%;
signals9 for !ltrafast &43 connecti"ity similar to the 0ired G%; standards9 and m!ltiplexed
!ncompressed ED tele"ision 7EDT58 signals$ In the f!t!re9 higher data rates 0ill %e re:!ired
for the 0ireless technologies to transmit !per Ei<5ision 7E58LUltra Eigh Definition 7UED8 T5
data9 ha"ing ,= times the resol!tion of EDT5 7at least *. G%Ls89 26<@=ALT)<*/= data
7.- G%Ls89 and ,++<G%; 7,++ G%Ls8$ 4 ,+ G%Ls 0ireless lin1 at ,*+ GE( for fixed 0ireless access
o"er A++ m 0ireless distance has %een demonstrated ]?/^$
)illimetre<0a"e 0ireless systems are not only a potential sol!tion for mo%ile %ac1ha!ling %!t
also for f!t!re seamless integrated opticalL0ireless access ]A/^$ 4s for the technology9 radio<
o"er<fi%re techni:!es ha"e %een 0idely exploited for millimetre<0a"e 0ireless systems 0hich
co!ld potentially offer capacities of ,+ G%Ls or e"en higher in the =+ GE( %and and for
fre:!encies !p to -++ GE(9 as re"ie0ed in ection *$/$,$
2.2 /0-M tec!nology
2FD) is a mod!lation techni:!e 0hich employs m!ltiple orthogonal s!%carriers to m!ltiplex
lo0<rate data signals into a single channel for transmission$ 2FD) is c!rrently !sed in most
ne0 %road%and optical 0ireless comm!nication systems and is also a promising technology for
optical comm!nications ]?=^$ 2FD) is the %asis of many c!rrent telecomm!nication standards
s!ch as digital "ideo %roadcasting 7D5B89 Ki)49 Ki<Fi9 UKB9 and &T;$ In this ection the
f!ndamentals of 2FD) are %riefly descri%ed$
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* Ey%rid 0ireless<optical systems %ased on !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8 radio
..
In 2FD)9 mod!lation process ta1es place in the fre:!ency domain$ 4 channel of %and0idth B
is di"ided into N s!%carriers and each s!%carrier is mod!lated 0ith a data se:!ence$ The data
se:!ence comprises data mod!lated 0ith a mod!lation format9 M <le"el :!adrat!re
amplit!de mod!lation 7)<[4)8 typically$ 6arrier spacing is then gi"en %y /∆ = f B N $ The %loc1
diagram of a generic m!lticarrier transmitter is sho0n in Fig$ -$ The inp!t serial data se:!ence
is con"erted into N se:!ences in parallel 0hich are mod!lated %y the N s!%carriers after
filtering$ The difference %et0een 2FD) and con"entional fre:!ency di"ision m!ltiplexing
7FD)8 is that 2FD) employs a s!%carrier spacing f ∆ gi"en %y 1/S
f T ∆ = 9 0hereS
T is the
2FD) sym%ol d!ration$ 4s a res!lt9 the spectra of neigh%o!ring s!%carriers o"erlap
significantly th!s maximi(ing spectral efficiency$ 2FD) employs filtering 0ith rectang!lar
response in the time domain so that the spectr!m of an indi"id!al 2FD) s!%carrier has asincC form$ This is ill!strated as an inset in Fig$ - 0here the orthogonality of the s!%carriers is
o%ser"ed 0here at the central fre:!ency of a gi"en s!%carrier the rest of s!%carriers ha"e a
"al!e of (ero$ In this 0ay9 the infl!ence of neigh%o!ring s!%carriers can %e eliminated 0itho!t
the need for analog!e filtering to separate the s!%carriers at the recei"er$ Eo0e"er9 the
challenge is to compensate channel impairments$ 2n the other hand9 the sinc<li1e spectr!m of
each 2FD) s!%carrier has significant sidelo%es o"er a fre:!ency range 0hich incl!des many
other s!%carriers$ This is the ca!se of one of the ma>or disad"antages of 2FD)# high sensiti"ity
to fre:!ency offset and phase noise ]?=^$ Differences in the fre:!ency and phase of the
recei"er &2 and the carrier of the recei"ed signal can degrade system performance$ This 0illset stringent re:!irements on the line0idth of lasers$ Eo0e"er9 it is possi%le to compensate
for these effects to a certain extent %y DP$ 4nother ma>or disad"antage of 2FD) is its
sensiti"ity to non<linearity d!e to a high pea1<to<a"erage po0er ratio 7P4PR8 ]?=^$ Pre<
distortion of the 2FD) signal %efore transmission may red!ce the effect of non<linearity$
For 0ireless transmission9 the %ase%and 2FD) signal is !p<con"erted in fre:!ency %y a carrier
signal at the desired RF fre:!ency$ Fig$ - sho0s the %loc1 diagram of a typical 2FD)
transmitter9 0here the in"erse fast Fo!rier transform 7IFFT8 translates the signal to the time
domain ma1ing possi%le that 2FD) technology can %e implemented in a chip$ Digital<to<
analog!e con"ersion 7D468 is re:!ired pre"io!s to signal !p<con"ersion 0hen the IFFTapproach is employed9 as also sho0n in Fig$ -$
Fig$ -$ Bloc1 diagram of a typical 2FD) transmitter$ 2FD) spectr!m and time p!lse are sho0n as inset$
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*$* 2FD) technology
./
The 2FD) signal is transmitted o"er the optical andLor 0ireless comm!nications channel$ 4t
recei"er9 the signal is do0n<con"erted in fre:!ency and the transmitted data sym%ols are
demod!lated after analog!e<to<digital con"ersion 74D68 %y DP$ Recei"er DP comprises FFT9
time synchroni(ation9 fre:!ency estimation9 channel estimation to compensate channel
impairments s!ch as chromatic dispersion and polari(ation mode dispersion 7P)D8 of optical
fi%re transmission9 data reco"ery9 signal :!ality assessment e$g$ B;R analysis$
The addition of a form of g!ard inter"al called a cyclic prefix ma1es 2FD) resilient to
intersym%ol interference ind!ced %y a linear dispersi"e channel ]?=^$ )!ltipath fading in
0ireless channels and fi%re chromatic dispersion can %e compensated %y simple DP$ The
cyclic prefix is a portion of the data 0hich is appended at the %eginning of each 2FD) sym%ol
%efore the data th!s red!cing sym%ol rate slightly %elo0 the s!%carrier spacing$ In addition9
training sym%ols may %e added at the %eginning of a gro!p of 2FD) sym%ols to facilitate
synchroni(ation and channel estimation$ Pilot s!%carriers may also %e added for phase noise
estimation$ Eo0e"er9 the !se of cyclic prefix9 training sym%ols9 and pilot s!%carriers red!ces
spectral efficiency$
There are different approaches for optical transmission of 2FD) signals$ 2ne approach is
depicted in Fig$ - 0here the in<phase 7I8 and :!adrat!re 7[8 components of the complex
%ase%and 2FD) signal are con"erted to the optical domain employing an I[ electrooptic
mod!lator$ I and [ signals re:!ire half of the signal %and0idth th!s relaxing the %and0idth
re:!irement of D46 and electrooptic mod!lation9 altho!gh as the I[ mod!lator is %iased at
the minim!m transmission point9 it introd!ces high transmission loss$ This approach can %e
com%ined 0ith KD) architect!res to increase the aggregated %and0idthLdata rate9 0hich is
herein referred to as KD)<electrical 2FD)$ 4 %asic system set!p of a KD)<electrical 2FD)
approach is sho0n in Fig$ .$ In the transmitter9 a n!m%er of optical lines are prod!ced %y a
fre:!ency com% generator 7or m!lti0a"elength so!rce8 for sta%le channel spacing or %y a
contin!o!s<0a"e 76K8 laser array9 and then the lines are separated9 indi"id!ally mod!lated9
and recom%ined$ The difference 0ith an alternati"e all<optical 2FD) approach is that the
optical lines are here mod!lated 0ith electrical %ase%and 2FD) signals$ 2n the other hand9
all<optical 2FD) implementations mod!late a n!m%er of orthogonal optical lines 0ith a
%ase%and single<carrier signal s!ch as [4)$ ome %ase%and single<carrier signals can %e
optically generated mod!lating electrooptic mod!lators 0ith %it patterns 0ith ade:!ateamplit!de ]?@^9 ]?A^$ 4t the recei"er9 all<optical 2FD) signals are detected employing all<
Fig$ .$ Basic set!p of a KD) system com%ined 0ith PD) %ased on electrical 2FD)$ 4dapted from ]A-^$
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* Ey%rid 0ireless<optical systems %ased on !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8 radio
.=
optical FFT implementations and an optical mod!lation analyser 0hereas KD)<electrical
2FD) channels are separated %y an optical filter and indi"id!ally detected %y coherent
detection9 as sho0n in Fig$ . ]A-^$
Eigher order mod!lation formats9 s!ch as ,=<[4)9 in com%ination 0ith polari(ation di"ision
m!ltiplexing 7PD)8 and coherent detection can achie"e higher spectral efficiencies9 %!t d!e to
the cost of higher re:!ired optical 3R to reach certain system performance$
2.& #$% radio tec!nology
2.&.1 0eatures and current standardi,ation status
UKB has attracted a great deal of interest from academia9 ind!stry9 and glo%al standardi(ation
%odies$ e"eral UKB implementations ha"e %een proposed for 0ireless comm!nications$ 4n
UKB implementation %ased on m!lti%and 2FD) 0ith high spectral efficiency 7!p to .A+ )%Ls
per /*A )E( %and8 has %een proposed in the ;6)4<-=A international standard ]?^$ This 2FD)
UKB implementation s!pports fo!rteen %ands in the fre:!ency range from -$, to ,+$= GE($
The ;6)4<-=A standard has led to commercial de"ices 0hich are acti"ely !sed in comp!ter
peripheral interconnection9 namely 0ireless<UB9 and ED a!dioL"ideo streaming e$g$ from the
comp!ter to the T5 set$ 2n the other hand9 the I;;; A+*$,/$.a standard has specified an UKB
implementation %ased on imp!lse<radio technology for lo0 data rate 7 *=$?/ )%Ls8
applications s!ch as sensor net0or1s$ This imp!lse<radio UKB implementation is designated
fre:!encies in three ranges# %elo0 , GE(9 -N/ GE(9 and =N,+ GE($ UKB single<chip sol!tions
compliant 0ith I;;; A+*$,/$.a ha"e %een de"eloped %y the Belgi!m I);6 Research 6entre]??^ and DecaKa"e 7cenor8$ Finally9 "endor<specific implementations ha"e %een de"eloped9
s!ch as P!lse&I3H 6Ka"e %ased on imp!lse<radio UKB technology operating in -$-M.$@ GE(
!p to =@/ )%Ls 0ith commercially<a"aila%le chipset sol!tions targeting 0ireless high<definition
m!ltimedia interface 7Kireless<ED)I8 applications ],++^$
UKB technology has %een aro!nd since ,?=+9 0hen it 0as mainly !sed for radar and military
applications$ ince the ,??+Zs9 interest has increased d!e to se"eral ad"antages UKB systems
offer that ma1e them attracti"e for 0ireless comm!nications and many other applications$
UKB ad"antages incl!de#
,8 Ultrahigh data rate comm!nications# 6!rrent UKB systems are capa%le of pro"iding
!p to =$@* G%Ls per !ser 0hen fo!rteen 2FD) %ands are com%ined 7%earing .A+ )%Ls
each8 employing mar1et<a"aila%le standard de"ices ],+^$ The m!lti<G%Ls capa%ility
allo0s UKB to address !ltrahigh<speed comp!ter peripheral interconnection and ED
a!dioL"ideo streaming f!nctionalities that con"entional technologies cannot pro"ide$
*8 &o0 ;IRP spectral density 7 N.,$- dBmL)E( in c!rrent reg!lation8# UKB systems ha"e
lo0 ;IRP density that allo0s them to coexist 0ith other ser"ices s!ch as cell!lar
systems9 GP9 etc$ ],+,^ and to %e inherently co"ert and extremely diffic!lt to %e
intercepted since they may %e near or %elo0 the noise floor of hostile detection
de"ices ],+*^$ 4t the same time9 lo0 ;IRP density limits the UKB transmission range toKP43 distances !p to ,+ m typically$
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*$- UKB radio technology
.@
-8 UKB is a mat!re technology and a large n!m%er of standard 2FD)<%ased single<chip
de"ices 0ith small<si(e9 lo0<cost9 and lo0 po0er cons!mption are a"aila%le in the
mar1et 74lereon 4&/,++9 Kisair KR=+,9 Realte1 RTU@+,*9 taccato 6omm!nications
Ripcord*9 etc$8 !ch implementations permit UKB to %e a"aila%le in handheld
de"ices 0ith specific space and po0er re:!irements li1e mo%ile phones9 etc$F!rthermore9 s!ch de"ices can !se efficient soft0are to control de spectr!m th!s
facilitating coexistence$
.8 Eigh acc!racy ranging# Imp!lse<radio UKB signals ha"e fine time resol!tion d!e to the
narro0ness of the p!lses9 %eing capa%le of pro"iding s!%<centimetre resol!tion for
locali(ation and trac1ing applications ],-^$
/8 Fading ro%!stness# UKB systems are highly tolerant to m!ltipath fading d!e to 2FD)
format9 and imp!lse<radio short p!lses at expense of spectral efficiency$ Imp!lse<radio
UKB systems are capa%le of resol"ing m!ltipath components e"en in dense m!ltipath
en"ironments$ Resol"a%le paths can %e com%ined to red!ce the fading margin and
enhance system performance ],-^9 ],+-^$
=8 &o0 loss penetration# UKB systems can penetrate o%stacles and th!s operate !nder
%oth line<of<sight 7&28 and non<&2 73&28 conditions ],+.^$
@8 &o0 latency# UKB offers lo0 protocol o"erhead9 0hich is important for reaching a
short transmission latency time ],+/^$
2.&.2 $orldwide regulatory status
UKB has %een appro"ed for commercial !se in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and for a 0ide "ariety of
applications incl!ding comm!nications and in the *. GE( %and for "ehic!lar short<range radar$
The !sa%le UKB fre:!ency range has %een differently reg!lated in se"eral co!ntries d!e to
coexistence iss!es$ In addition9 according to c!rrent reg!lation9 UKB systems m!st comply
0ith stringent ;IRP limits in the fre:!ency %and of operation to red!ce interference$ It sho!ld
%e noted that ;IRP le"els m!st %e meas!red follo0ing specified meas!rement methods$
3.1–10.6 GHz and
The fre:!ency range reg!lated for !nlicensed UKB operation 0orld0ide in the -$,N,+$= GE(
%and is sho0n di"ided into the %ands defined %y the Ki)edia 4lliance ]A^ in Fig$ /$ 2nly the
Band Gro!p = is common 0orld0ide and 0itho!t D44 re:!irements$ UKB maxim!m ;IRPre:!irements in the U$$9 the ;U9 apan9 and Horea are s!mmari(ed in Ta%le II$ UKB reg!lation
has also %een proposed in other co!ntries s!ch as 6hina and 6anada ],+=^$ Fig$ = depicts the
UKB ;IRP mas1 for indoor comm!nications9 0hich is the application foc!s of this 0or1$
In )arch *++=9 the ;lectronic 6omm!nications 6ommittee 7;668 opened the door for the !se
of UKB de"ices in the ;U 0ith the recommendations ;66LD;6L7+=8+.9 amended in !ly *++@$
The recommendations ;66LD;6L7+=8,* of Decem%er *++= amended 2cto%er *++A pro"ide
s!pplementary reg!lation regarding D44 mitigation techni:!es ]/^$ The ;!ropean
Telecomm!nications tandards Instit!te 7;TI8 Earmonised tandard incl!des specific ne0
definitions9 methods of meas!rements9 limits and mitigation D44 techni:!es re:!ired forUKB technology in close cooperation 0ith ;66 ],+@^$
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* Ey%rid 0ireless<optical systems %ased on !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8 radio
.A
Fig$ =$ UKB emission mas1s in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and for comm!nications systems in# 7a8 the U$$ 7%8the ;U 7c8 apan 7indoor only8 and 7d8 Horea$
-85-80
-5-0-75-70-#5-#0-55-50-%5-%0-!5
nr <'tr E
9 P ) B m / M * +
0 $ % # 10 1$ 1%re&'enc( )G*+
0 $ % # 10 1$ 1%-85-80-5-0-75-70-#5-#0-55-50-%5-%0-!5
E 9 P ) B m / M * +
re&'enc( )G*+
)a, )b,
)c, )-,
!"1 10"#1"88
1"#1
0"8#
!"1 %" 10"$7"$
1"#$"7
!"% %" 7"$5 10"$5
11"7
1$"75
!"1 %" #8
10"#$"7
1"#
Ta%le II$ UKB reg!lation 0orld0ide in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and
6o!ntry Fre:!ency Range )axim!m ;IRP )inim!m Band0idth Ref$
U$$ -$,N,+$= GE( N.,$- dBmL)E( a"erage+ dBmL/+ )E( pea1
/++ )E( 7or *+\ fractional%and0idth8 at N,+ dB
],^
;U -$,N.$A GE(=N? GE(
N.,$- dBmL)E( a"erage+ dBmL/+ )E( pea1
/+ )E( at N,- dB ],+@^
apan7indoor only8
-$.N.$A GE(@$*/N,+$*/ GE(
N.,$- dBmL)E( a"erage+ dBmL/+ )E( pea1
./+ )E( at N,+ dB ],+A^
Horea -$,N.$A GE(@$*N,+$* GE(
N.,$- dBmL)E( a"erage+ dBmL/+ )E( pea1
./+ )E( at N,+ dB ],+?^
Fig$ /$ UKB fre:!ency range 0orld0ide reg!latory stat!s in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and 7as of 2cto%er
*+,+8$ D44# Band !sea%le 0ith protection re:!irements$
Useab3e bans
Un'seab3e bans
:enter re&'enc( )M*+
!%!$ !8#0 %% 501# 55%% #07$ ##00 71$ 7#5# 1% 71$ 8$%0 87# 10$8#
DAA DAA DAA
DAA
DAA DAA
DAA
DAA
DAA
U6
EU
=a.an
>rea
Ban
?1
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?$
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?7
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*$- UKB radio technology
.?
!" GHz and regulation
UKB 0orld0ide reg!lation regarding fre:!ency range in the *. GE( %and for "ehic!lar short<
range radar applications is sho0n in Fig$ @ and maxim!m ;IRP re:!irements are s!mmari(ed in
Ta%le III ]*^$ The UKB ;IRP emission mas1 in the U$$9 the ;U9 and apan is depicted in Fig$ A$
*. GE( UKB radars ha"e also %een appro"ed in many other co!ntries 0ith more constrained
fre:!ency range 0hich is li1ely to %e extended in the f!t!re$ 3ote that additional limitationsha"e %een defined 0orld0ide in the *-$=N*. GE( %and shared for radio astronomy9 earth
Fig$ A$ UKB emission mas1 in the *. GE( %and for "ehic!lar short<range radar systems in the U$$ and in
the ;U$
0 5 10 15 $0 $5 !0 !5 %0-0-75-70-#5-#0-55-50-%5-%0
-!5
U6 EU
E 9 P ) B m / M * +
re&'enc( )G*+
$$
$#"#5$8
!11"#1
0"8#
Ta%le III$ UKB reg!lation 0orld0ide in the *. GE( %and
6o!ntry Fre:!ency Range )axim!m ;IRP Reference
U$$ **N*? GE( N.,$- dBmL)E( a"erage+ dBmL/+ )E( pea1
],^
;U **N*=$=/ GE( N.,$- dBmL)E( a"erage+ dBmL/+ )E( pea1
],+?^
apan **N*.$*/ GE(*.$*/N*? GE(
N.,$- dBmL)E( a"erage+ dBmL/+ )E( pea1
],,,^
Fig$ @$ UKB fre:!ency range 0orld0ide reg!latory stat!s in the *. GE( %and 7as of 2cto%er *+,+8$
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* Ey%rid 0ireless<optical systems %ased on !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8 radio
/+
exploration satellite9 and space research passi"e ser"ices$ In the U$$9 a first Report and 2rder
F66 +*<.A 7Fe%r!ary *++*8 allo0ed UKB "ehic!lar short<range radar systems to operate in the
fre:!ency range from ** GE( to *? GE( ],^$ This r!lema1ing mainly addresses imp!lse signals
0ith a minim!m %and0idth of /++ )E($ The centre fre:!ency of the emission and the
fre:!ency at 0hich the highest radiated emission occ!rs are greater than *.$+@/ GE($ Inaddition9 UKB "ehic!lar short<range radar operation has %een a!thori(ed in *-$,*N*? GE(
employing a fre:!ency carrier hopping or other mod!lation techni:!es 0ith a minim!m
%and0idth of ,+ )E( as defined in the second Report and 2rder F66 +.<*A/ 7Decem%er *++.8$
In ;!rope9 the ;66 adopted Decision ;66LD;6L7+.8,+ 73o"em%er *++. amended eptem%er
*++@8 that reg!lates the temporary introd!ction of UKB "ehic!lar short<range radar in the
range from *,$=/ GE( to *=$=/ GE($ Decision ;66LD;6L7+.8,+ applies to the .= 6;PT co!ntries in
;!rope !ntil !ly ,9 *+,- 0ith a maxim!m of @\ mar1et penetration$ 4fter !ly *+,-9 the @? GE(
%and 7not feasi%le today8 designated in Decision ;66LD;6L7+.8+- 7)arch *++.8 or alternati"e
permitted technical sol!tions m!st %e !sed9 %!t "ehicles e:!ipped 0ith *. GE( UKB short<range
radar 0ill remain in ser"ice$ The ;66 decision is accompanied %y the ;TI harmoni(ed standard
;3 -+* *AA 72cto%er *++.8 defining the UKB ;IRP emission mas1$ 2n an!ary ,@9 *++/9 the
Decision *++/L/+L;6 0as iss!ed %y the ;!ropean 6ommission for the */ ;U co!ntries incl!ding
content parallel to the ;66 Decision ],+?^$ Decision *++/L/+L;6 has %een recently amended 7!ly
*+,,8 to extend the a!thorisation to !se the *. GE( %and for UKB short<range radar !ntil
an!ary ,9 *+,A ],,+^$ Finally9 in 4pril *+,+9 apan released reg!lation for UKB "ehic!lar short<
range radar in t0o fre:!ency ranges from ** GE( to *.$*/ GE(9 !ntil Decem%er -,9 *+,= not
applying to de"ices already in !se9 and from *.$*/ GE( to *? GE( ],,,^$
2.&.& Ma5or im"lementations
UKB reg!lation does not specify the type of signal and mod!lation scheme$ There are t0o
ma>or UKB implementations# %ased on m!lti%and 2FD) technology as defined %y the
Ki)edia 4lliance ]A^ and adopted %y the ;6)4<-=A standard ]?^ and %ased on imp!lse radio
technology$
#ultiand O$%# UWB
The Ki)edia 4lliance has defined a UKB physical layer 7PEJ8 di"iding the !nlicensed
-$,N,+$= GE( %and into ,. %ands of /*A )E( %and0idth each and = Band Gro!ps as sho0n in
Fig$ /9 0here each %and pro"ides a carrier fre:!ency for an 2FD) %ase%and signal$
;ach %and is di"ided into ,*A orthogonal s!%carriers spaced .$,*/ )E( apart$ There are = n!ll
s!%carriers and of the remaining ,** !sef!l s!%carriers9 ,++ are data carriers9 ,+ are g!ard
carriers9 and ,* pilot s!%carriers$ The d!ration of an 2FD) ym%ol incl!ding a n!ll cyclic s!ffix
is -,*$/ ns$ The 3!ll 6yclic !ffix mitigates the effects of m!lti<path at the recei"ing end9 pl!s
pro"ides a time 0indo0 to allo0 s!fficient time for the transmitter and recei"er to s0itch
%et0een the different Band centre fre:!encies d!ring hopping se:!ences$ The 2FD) sym%ols
are gro!ped into pac1ets and a n!m%er of 2FD) sym%ols are inserted at the %eginning of
each pac1et to facilitate synchroni(ation and channel estimation$
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*$- UKB radio technology
/,
Fre:!ency<domain spreading9 time<domain spreading9 mod!lation and F;6 coding are !sed to
"ary the data rates$ Ki)edia specifications "ersion ,$* adopted %y the ;6)4<-=A standard
s!pport data rates of /-$-9 A+9 ,+=$@9 ,=+ and *++ )%Ls employing [PH mod!lation and -*+9
.++ and .A+ )%Ls employing D6)$ )ore recent Ki)edia specifications "ersion ,$/ s!pport
data rates of =.+9 A++9 ?=+ and ,+*. )%Ls employing )odified D6)$
)!lti<!ser s!pport is pro"ided %y definition of hopping se:!ences o"er the %ands 0ithin a
Band Gro!p9 so called Time Fre:!ency 6odes 7TF6s8$ Three types of TF6s ha"e %een defined#
one 0here the information is interlea"ed o"er three %ands of a Band Gro!p9 referred to as
Time<Fre:!ency Interlea"ing 7TFI8 one 0here the information is interlea"ed o"er t0o %ands9
referred to as t0o<%and TFI or TFI* and one 0here the information is transmitted all the time
on a single %and9 referred to as Fixed Fre:!ency Interlea"ing 7FFI8 or non<hopping$ Band
Gro!ps ,M. and Band Gro!p = each s!pports fo!r TFI codes 7TF6 ,M.89 three FFI codes 7TF6 /M
@89 and three TFI* codes 7TF6 AN,+8$ Band Gro!p / s!pports t0o FFI codes 7TF6 /M=8 and one
TFI* code 7TF6 A8$ TFI and TFI* minimi(e interference 0hile FFI maximi(es spectral efficiency$
4 maxim!m permissi%le relati"e constellation root<mean<s:!are 7R)8 error is also specified$
The relati"e constellation ;5) limits are more restricti"e at higher data rates and higher
po0er le"els 7%elo0 N.,$- dBmL)E( in c!rrent reg!lation8$ The ;5) tested as specified in the
standard shall %e lo0er than N,?$/ dB at .A+ )%Ls for de"ices transmitting at N.,$- dBmL)E($
)!lti%and 2FD) UKB pro"ides high spectral efficiency and single<chip<%ased de"ices are
readily a"aila%le in the mar1et9 0hich ta1e ad"antage of 2FD) TxLRx IP<cores9 pro"iding m!lti<
G%Ls comm!nications 0hen se"eral %ands from different de"ices are com%ined$ ome of these
de"ices s!pport D44 f!nctionalities$ The m!lti%and 2FD) implementation is soft0are
config!ra%le to meet specific spectral re:!irements th!s allo0ing UKB operation in a range of
reg!latory and radio coexistence scenarios$ )!lti%and 2FD) permit to disa%le occ!pied
s!%carriers 7tone n!lling capa%ility89 select %ands and TF6s9 and control %and po0ers in a
flexi%le 0ay 0ith a simplified system design to react to narro0%and interferers ],*^$
&mpulse-radio UWB
Imp!lse<radio UKB employs p!lses of short time d!ration 7typically h!ndreds of picoseconds8$
Data are !s!ally encoded on UKB p!lses %y mod!lating amplit!de 722H mod!lation89 phase
7BPH mod!lation89 time position 7PP)89 andLor shape of the p!lse 7P)8$ The type of
mod!lation determines the trade<off %et0een implementation complexity and system
performance$ Imp!lse<radio UKB systems also present a trade<off %et0een range and data
rate since the energy in each p!lse depends on the data rate to meet the %and0idth and the
pea1 po0er specification$
The po0er spectral density of an imp!lse<radio UKB signal is critical for the design and
practical deployment of an UKB system %eca!se it infl!ences UKB performance and
interference 0ith other 0ireless systems$ The po0er spectral density of an imp!lse<radio UKB
signal is not only affected %y p!lse shape9 p!lse 0idth9 and p!lse repetition fre:!ency %!t also
%y the mod!lation scheme employed$ F!rthermore9 UKB po0er spectral density is affected %y
optical fi%re transmission in UKB<o"er<fi%re systems ],,*^$
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* Ey%rid 0ireless<optical systems %ased on !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8 radio
/*
22H is the simplest form of p!lse amplit!de mod!lation 7or amplit!de shift 1eying 74H8mod!lation89 0here the information %its +Z and ,Z are represented %y the a%sence or
presence of a p!lse9 respecti"ely9 as ill!strated in Fig$ ?$ 22H mod!lation is relati"ely simple to
implement ho0e"er it has significant spectral pea1s 0hich limit ;IRP efficiency to meet UKB
mas1 th!s limiting performance$
BPH is the simplest form of p!lse phase mod!lation 7or phase shift 1eying 7PH8 mod!lation8
0here the information %its +Z and ,Z are represented %y a phase of + and ,A+9 respecti"ely9
as sho0n in Fig$ ?$ BPH eliminates spectral pea1s ca!sed %y non<antipodal mod!lation
schemes ],,*^$ BPH re:!ires coherent demod!lation 0hich generally pro"ides %etter
performance ho0e"er increases recei"er complexity$
In PP)9 the information %its ,Z and +Z are represented %y t0o different time positions of UKB
p!lses 0ithin a %it period9 as ill!strated in Fig$ ?$ PP) presents n!lls in the spectr!m so that it
can %e !sed in com%ination 0ith techni:!es eliminating spectral pea1s to facilitate coexistence
],,-^$ PP) is sensiti"e to m!ltipath interference ho0e"er distortion and noise are less
important$
P) employs t0o different UKB p!lse shapes to represent the information %its ,Z and +Z9 as
ill!strated in Fig$ ?$
The same imp!lse<radio UKB signal can pro"ide "ario!s stand<alone applications incl!ding
high<resol!tion radar and high<speed comm!nications$ F!rthermore9 imp!lse<radio UKB
Fig$ ?$ Imp!lse<radio UKB 0a"eforms associated 0ith typical mod!lation formats$ 4 %it se:!ence,+,++Z is ill!strated$
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* Ey%rid 0ireless<optical systems %ased on !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8 radio
/=
2. Radiooverfibre tec!nology
Radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!es ha"e %een s!%>ect of research d!ring the last decades and find
application in optical signal processing 7photonic analog!e<to<digital con"ersion9 photonic
micro0a"e filters9 ar%itrary 0a"eform generation89 antenna array %eamforming9 millimetre<
0a"e and TE( generation systems9 or photonic !p< and do0n<con"erting lin1s for applications
s!ch as %road%and 0ireless access net0or1s9 electronic 0arfare and radar processing9 imaging
and spectroscopy or radio astronomy ]*,^9 ],*,^$ The !se of optical fi%re lin1s to distri%!te
telecomm!nication standards is the most s!ccessf!l application of radio<o"er<fi%re technology9
!s!ally 1no0n as hy%rid fi%re<radio net0or1s ],**^$ Ey%rid fi%re<radio net0or1s ha"e %een
deployed in the last decade d!e to the increasing demand of high data rate comm!nication
ser"ices in optical access net0or1s$ This demand is %ased on the steady mar1et introd!ction of
ser"ices re:!iring the transmission of massi"e data :!antities9 s!ch as ED mo"ie distri%!tion9on<line gaming and rich Internet experience ],*-^$ Ey%rid fi%re<radio net0or1s enhance
comm!nity antenna tele"ision 764T58 net0or1s %ased on hy%rid fi%re<coaxial technology9 in
0hich a com%ination of digital and analog!e channels is distri%!ted from a central location to
many !sers distri%!ted geographically ],*.^9 ],*/^$ In hy%rid fi%re<coaxial net0or1s the last
mileC connection is pro"ided thro!gh coaxial ca%le 0hereas in hy%rid fi%re<radio net0or1s the
last mile connection is a 0ireless lin1$ This is not a minor difference9 as the 0ireless
en"ironment is m!ch more hostile than ca%le imposing restricti"e radio<o"er<fi%re lin1
performance re:!irements in terms of linearity9 noise and po0er handling capa%ilities9 to cope
0ith geographical dispersion of !sers and complex mod!lation formats !sed %y c!rrent
0ireless standards$
The ad"antages of !sing radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!es are manifold# it pro"ides a scala%le
technology that allo0s seamless integration of the optical access net0or1 and the transmitting
antenna$ Radio<o"er<fi%re allo0s centralising radio transmitter and fre:!ency !p<con"ersion in
one shared location 76entral office or Eead<end !nit8 and then to !se optical fi%re to distri%!te
the RF signals to the remote antenna !nits$ In this 0ay the remote antenna !nits can %e
simplified significantly as they only need to perform optoelectronic con"ersion and filtering
and amplification f!nctions$ This allo0s important installation and operating expenses 72P;8
sa"ings9 especially in %road%and 0ireless comm!nication systems 0here a high density of
remote antenna !nits is necessary$
4 simplified schematic of a radio<o"er<fi%re system is sho0n in Fig$ ,,$ The central office and
the remote antenna !nits perform electrooptic 7;L28 and optoelectronic 72L;8 con"ersion of
RF signals$ ;L2 con"ersion is achie"ed employing either directly mod!lated laser so!rces or
laser so!rces mod!lated externally %y electrooptic mod!lators$ 2L; con"ersion is done
employing photodetectors or photorecei"ers ],*,^$ This method of transporting RF signals
o"er fi%re is called Intensity )od!lation 0ith Direct Detection 7I)<DD8 and is the simplest form
of a radio<o"er<fi%re system$ 4part from I)<DD9 other methods9 0hich in"ol"e signal fre:!ency
!p<con"ersion9 are also employed$ These methods are disc!ssed in ection *$/$,$
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*$/ Radio<o"er<fi%re technology
/@
4s mentioned a%o"e9 the most s!ccessf!l application of radio<o"er<fi%re technologies has %een
the transmission of 0ireless standards o"er optical fi%re lin1s in centrali(ed architect!res9 also
1no0n as D4 for %oth indoor and o!tdoor applications$ The %road %and0idth of the optical
fi%re facilitates standard independent m!ltiser"ice operation for cell!lar systems9 s!ch as G)
],*=^9 U)T ],*@^9 K&43 7Ki<Fi A+*$,, aL%LgLn8 ],*A^M],-+^9 and also for emerging
technologies Ki)4 ],-,^ and UKB ]&lo+Aa^9 ]@-^$ Eo0e"er9 commercially a"aila%le systems
are typically limited to fre:!ency ranges %et0een A++N*/++ )E($ Demonstrations of s!ch D4
incl!de their deployment to pro"ide !niform 0ireless co"erage in important sporti"e e"entss!ch as the *+++ 2lympic games and *++= 0orld c!p ],-*^9 ],--^$
T0o 1ey factors limiting the o"erall transmission performance in radio<o"er<fi%re systems are
the optical so!rce and the electrooptic mod!lation techni:!e employed$ Regarding the laser
so!rce9 at fre:!encies !sed for ma>or 0ireless standards 7G)9 Ki<Fi A+*$,, aL%Lg9 U)T8 and
also Ki)4 !p to /N= GE(9 directly mod!lated semicond!ctor lasers are preferred d!e to
lo0er cost ],-.^$ For higher fre:!encies9 the re:!ired performances can %e satisfied only %y
externally mod!lated transmitters$ De"ices 0ith %and0idth handling capa%ilities in excess of
,+ GE(9 in partic!lar DFB lasers offering the re:!ired %and0idth and performances9 exist
commercially9 %!t normally at a high cost ta1ing into acco!nt the n!m%er of de"ices re:!iredfor typical applications$ In addition9 as external mod!lators ha"e a high extinction ratio
compared to direct mod!lated lasers9 the external mod!lation scheme generates signal 0ith
high 3R compared to direct mod!lation schemes ]&lo,+a^$
There are three main types of directly mod!lated lasers# 7,8 DFB lasers at /+N_/++
depending on the specifications 7*8 Fa%ry<Perot lasers9 0hich cost typically /+N,++ and 7-8
56;& at lo0 cost 7*+8 as they are prod!ced in high "ol!me$ Recently9 a lot of research efforts
ha"e %een de"oted to the de"elopment of lo0<costLhigh<performance 56;& ]@-^9 ],*@^9 ],*A^$
tate<of<the<art high<speed single<mode 56;&s exhi%it mod!lation %and0idths in excess of
*- GE( at A/+ nm for short optical distances9 or ,@ GE( at ,//+ nm for access net0or1s ],-/^$6!rrently9 single<modeLm!lti<mode A/+ nmL,-,+ nmL,//+ nm ,+ G%Ls 56;& are
Fig$ ,,$ chematic diagram of a radio<o"er<fi%re system$
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*$/ Radio<o"er<fi%re technology
/?
mod!lators 7!p to .+ GE( for typical mod!lators8$ F!rthermore9 the !se of external
mod!lation res!lts in a do!%le<side%and<0ith<carrier 7DB8 mod!lation 0here the side%ands
are located at the millimetre<0a"e fre:!ency on either side of the optical carrier$ DB
mod!lation scheme is extremely sensiti"e to RF po0er fading ind!ced %y fi%re chromatic
dispersion9 0hich limits fre:!ency range of operation and optical transmission distance ]/A^$ 4n!m%er of schemes ha"e %een proposed to o"ercome s!ch fi%re dispersion effect 0itho!t
employing dispersion compensation9 s!ch as schemes %ased on single<side%and<0ith<carrier
7B8 mod!lation %y employing a d!al<electrode )) ],.,^9 or schemes employing optical
fre:!ency !p<con"ersion 0hich can %e classified into schemes %ased on optical heterodyning
and %ased on optical fre:!ency m!ltiplication 72F)8$
In optical heterodyning schemes9 the heterodyne mixing of t0o phase<correlated optical
carriers 0ith a fre:!ency offset e:!al to the desired millimetre<0a"e fre:!ency at a high<
speed photodetector generates a single %eat component at the millimetre<0a"e fre:!ency$
T0o phase<correlated optical carriers can %e generated %ased on optical carrier s!ppressionmod!lation %y %iasing a )) at the minim!m transmission point ]/A^9 ],.*^M],./^$ 2ptical
carrier s!ppression implementation re:!ires only half the millimetre<0a"e fre:!ency to dri"e
the ))$ Despite this simple approach9 this techni:!e re:!ires a large RF dri"e po0er to
o%tain a desira%le mod!lation depth since the mod!lator is %iased in the nonlinear region$ The
attaina%le optical transmission distance is limited %y %it<0al1off 0hen optical carrier
s!ppression mod!lation is employed ],.-^9 and %y the lin1 po0er %!dget and also %y the
phase decorrelation %et0een the optical carrier and the single side%and 0hen B is employed
],..^$ T0o phase<correlated optical carriers can also %e generated %y !sing a d!al<mode laser
or m!lti0a"elength laser 0ith f!rther optical filtering ],.=^9 ],.@^9 or %y !sing t0o lasers
com%ined 0ith DP<%ased detection ],.A^ or in>ection loc1ing and optical phase<loc1 loop
],.?^$ Eo0e"er9 these techni:!es re:!ire "ery narro0 line0idth optical so!rces and DP<
%ased detection or optical phase loc1ing to red!ce the phase noise in the generated
millimetre<0a"e signal9 0hich increases the cost and complexity of the system$
)illimetre<0a"e generation %ased on 2F) consists in generating harmonics of the local
oscillator fre:!ency$ This techni:!e is highly tolerant to dispersion<ind!ced RF po0er fading
and allo0s employing relati"ely<lo0 fre:!ency components$ The main disad"antage of 2F) is
its po0er inefficiency9 and therefore this techni:!e s!ffers from lo0 3R$ Eence9 a chain of RF
amplifiers may %e re:!ired after photodetection at the remote antenna !nits9 ma1ing 2F) not
cost<effecti"e$ 2F) can %e implemented %y electrooptic phase mod!lation and f!rther
fre:!ency<mod!lation<to<intensity<mod!lation 7F)<I)8 con"ersion in dispersi"e optical fi%re
lin1s or %y periodic filtering ],/+^$ In this implementation9 se"eral harmonics are generated
after photodetection9 the desired harmonic %eing selected %y filtering$ This implementation
has also %een sho0n to %e ro%!st against the modal dispersion in m!ltimode fi%re$ In addition9
schemes %ased on external intensity or phase mod!lation 0ith or 0itho!t optical filter ha"e
also %een 0idely !sed for fre:!ency do!%ling9 :!adr!pling9 or higher generation ],/,^M],/.^$
D!e to the ad"antages of radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!es9 m!ch effort has %een de"oted to
de"elop millimetre<0a"e<o"er<fi%re systems$ ystems operating 0ithin @ GE( %and0idth in the
=+ GE( %and ha"e %een reported to pro"ide capacities higher than ,+ G%Ls 0hen spectral
efficient mod!lation formats are employed9 s!ch as *@ G%Ls for *$/ m 0ireless distance
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* Ey%rid 0ireless<optical systems %ased on !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8 radio
=+
employing electrical ,=[4)<2FD) ],./^9 *, G%Ls for /++ m )F and ,+ m 7or *$/ m in
%idirectional system8 0ireless transmission employing electrical A[4)<2FD) ],.+^9 and
*=$/ G%Ls for ,++ 1m )F and - m 0ireless distance employing electrical adapti"e<le"el
[4)<2FD) in amplified long<reach net0or1s ],/-^$ )illimetre<0a"e<o"er<fi%re systems in the
@/N,,+ GE( %and ha"e also %een demonstrated9 s!ch as *+ G%Ls error<free *+ cm 0ireless22H data transmission ],//^9 and .+ G%Ls - cm 0ireless ,=[4) ],/.^$ 4s for millimetre<0a"e<
o"er<fi%re lin1s operating at higher than ,,+ GE(9 22H systems ha"e %een demonstrated !p to
,*$/ G%Ls at -++ GE( 7error<free /+ cm 0ireless8 ],/=^$
22H schemes occ!py a larger %and0idth to pro"ide the same data rate ho0e"er they employ
simple RF po0er detection$ 2n the other hand9 spectral efficient [4)L2FD) schemes !s!ally
employ electrical heterodyne detection 0ith an electrical mixer and &2$ The !se of coherent
detection after o%taining the optical %ase%and signal %y optical single side%and filtering has
also %een proposed and demonstrated demod!lating ,= G%Ls [PH in the @/N,,+ GE(
%and ],.A^$
In addition9 photonic millimetre<0a"e lin1s employing 22H or PH ha"e %een demonstrated !p
to ,+ G%Ls at ?* GE( and ,*+ GE( for fixed 0ireless access systems o"er the 1ilometre
distance ],/@^$
2..2 /"tical fibre transmission
The cost<effecti"e )F9 compliant 0ith ITU<T Recommendation G$=/*9 is 0idely !sed in FTTE
net0or1s 0ith distances !p to a%o!t .+ 1m in most cases ],/A^$
For short<distance comm!nications net0or1s !sed in<"ehicle9 the last mileC9 and in<%!ildinghomeLofficeLfactory net0or1s9 different optical media can %e employed9 s!ch as silica
m!ltimode fi%re 7))F89 m!ltimode plastic optical fi%re 7P2F8 7or polymer optical fi%re89 and
%end<insensiti"e fi%re single<mode 7BI<)F8 or m!lti<mode 7BI<))F8$
The larger core diameter of ))F fi%res 7typically /+ jm or =*$/ jm8 offers easier installation
and simpler splicing and connectori(ation compared 0ith )F$ ))F is also easier and more
efficient to co!ple to transcei"ers9 leading to red!ced cost$ ))F is 0idely !sed for in<%!ilding
fi%re installations for %ase%and data transmission systems at higher than ,+ G%Ls$
6ommercially<a"aila%le =*$/ jm ))F fi%res compliant 0ith the 2), recommendation
s!pport !p to , G%Ls employing %oth A/+ nm 56;&s and ,-++ nm Fa%ry Perot lasers$ /+ jm))F fi%res compliant 0ith 2)*L2)-L2). s!pport !p to ,+ G%Ls at A/+ nm$ Performance of
))F fi%res in terms of maxim!m distance and minim!m effecti"e modal %and0idth is
s!mmari(ed in Ta%le 5I$ Performance is limited %y modal dispersion of m!ltimode fi%re$ In
addition9 dispersion<tolerant radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!es are needed for the distri%!tion of RF
signals in ))F lin1s$ Radio<o"er<fi%re in com%ination 0ith short ))F distances can %e
deployed for %ase%and digital data transmission typically s!pporting 0ireless signals !p to
*$/ GE( or %eyond o"er pass%and transmission regions of the ))F lin1 ],/+^$
The high elasticity and d!ctility of polymers allo0s for larger P2F fi%re si(es compared 0ith
silica )F and ))F fi%res$ 4ltho!gh this together 0ith the significantly higher loss res!lts in
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*$/ Radio<o"er<fi%re technology
=,
shorter reach 7typically !p to *++ m89 cost is significantly red!ced$ F!rther ad"antages of P2F
fi%res o"er silica fi%res are light 0eight9 ro%!stness9 tight %end radi!s and %etter tolerance to
tensile load and stress$ Khile presenting large core diameter 7?@+ jm8 minimi(ing cost9
con"entional poly methyl methacrylate 7P))48 P2F fi%res exhi%it lo0 performance and are
restricted to "isi%le 0a"elengths 7/*+ nmL/@+ nmL=/+ nm8 ],=,^$ Perfl!orinated graded<index
P2F 7PF<GI<P2F8 fi%res ha"e %een de"eloped offering lo0er loss a higher %and0idth for m!lti<
G%Ls performance !p to ,++ m distance at A/+ nm and ,-++ nm ],=*^9 ],=-^$ These P2F fi%res
present a %and0idth exceeding -++ )E($1m at A/+ nm and a core diameter of /+ jm9 =*$/ jm
or ,*+ jm$ ,*+ jm core red!ces cost 0hile /+L=*$/ jm core pro"ides compati%ility 0ith silica
))F transcei"ers$ Transmission of ,+<G%; tho!gh ,++ m of PF<GI<P2F 0as demonstrated in
],=.^ employing a lo0<cost set<!p at A/+ nm and electronic dispersion compensation s!ita%le
for small officeLhome office 72E28 en"ironment$ In addition9 data transmission of .+ G%Ls
signals at ,//+ nm thro!gh ,++ m of P2F 0as demonstrated in ],=/^$
Recently<de"eloped %end<insensiti"e single<mode fi%res 7BI<)F8 can maintain the
transmission and interconnection properties of )F 0ith m!ch lo0er %ending loss at lo0er
%end radi!s and tighter dimensional specifications posing an interesting opport!nity for a 0ide
"ariety of applications incl!ding indoor 0iring in FTTE ],==^N],=A^$ BI<)F facilitates fi%re
installation 0here corners9 t0ists and staples are re:!ired9 th!s permitting easy installation at
red!ced cost$ BI<)F is also expected to red!ce the si(e of the fi%re installation and optical
ca%inets$ imilarly9 BI<))F fi%res can 0ithstand tight %ends and challenging ca%ling ro!tes
0ith significantly less signal loss than traditional ))F9 red!cing do0ntime9 cost and space$
e"eral man!fact!rers offer BI<)F fi%res compliant 0ith the ITU<T Recommendation G$=/*$D90hich are %ac10ards compati%le 0ith all G$=/* )F !sed in c!rrent optical net0or1s 0hile
meeting or exceeding the most stringent and ne0est ITU<T G$=/@ recommendations$ /+ jm BI<
))F fi%res ha"e also %een de"eloped compliant 0ith 2)*L2)-L2). m!ltimode
recommendations and compati%le 0ith c!rrent ))F fi%res 0hile maintaining performance$
6ommercially<a"aila%le %end<insensiti"e fi%res are s!mmari(ed in Ta%le 5II$
3on<(ero dispersion<shifted fi%res 73<DF8 ha"e a (ero<dispersion 0a"elength slightly shifted
from (ero<dispersion dispersion<shifted fi%re 7DF8 to red!ce the impact of the fo!r<0a"e
mixing 7FK)8 nonlinear effect 0hile coping 0ith chromatic dispersion limitations of )F in
the ,//+ nm 0a"elength 0indo0$ Eo0e"er9 3<DF has some limitations to the reali(ation of
Ta%le 5I$ Performance of commercially<a"aila%le m!ltimode fi%re technology ],/?^9 ],=+^
Fi%re 6lass Giga%it ;thernet ,+ Giga%it ;thernet
A/+ nm ,-++ nm A/+ nm
2),
=*$/ jm
-++ m
**+ )E($1m
//+ m
-A/ )E($1m
-- m
**+ )E($1m2)*/+ jm
@/+ m?/+ )E($1m
//+ m/++ )E($1m
,/+ m?/+ )E($1m
2)-/+ jm
,+++ m*+++ )E($1m
//+ m/++ )E($1m
-++ m*+++ )E($1m
2)./+ jm
,,++ m.@++ )E($1m
//+ m/++ )E($1m
//+ m.@++ )E($1m
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* Ey%rid 0ireless<optical systems %ased on !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8 radio
=*
long<ha!l transmission9 s!ch as trade<off of lo0 dispersion slope and large effecti"e area$ 4n
interesting sol!tion can %e employing dispersion management fi%res comprised of )F pl!s
in"erse dispersion fi%re 7IDF8 7%oth 0ith approximately same length8 at expense of fi%re length
flexi%ility 0hich can %e re:!ired in terrestrial systems ],=?^$ IDF ha"e in"erse dispersion and
dispersion slope and one<order larger nonlinearity compared 0ith )F$ 6ompared 0ith
dispersion compensating fi%re 7D6F8 traditionally !sed as a mod!le for dispersion
compensation of )F9 IDF has lo0er atten!ation loss9 P)D and nonlinear properties so that
it is more s!ita%le for %eing !sed as a transmission media$
2..& /"tical access networks
2ptical fi%re has %een 0idely deployed s!%stit!ting con"entional copper ca%le in access
net0or1s 7referred to as Fi%re<to<the< 7FTTx88 to meet the increasing demand of high<
%and0idth applications %y residential and %!siness c!stomers$ In partic!lar9 FTTE is the fastest
gro0ing glo%al %road%and technology 0ith significant deployments occ!rring in 4sia9 ;!rope
and 3orth 4merica ],@+^$ FTTE deploys fi%re all the 0ay to indi"id!al residential d0ellings$
There are t0o ma>or architect!res in optical access net0or1s9 namely point<to<point 7P*P8 and
point<to<m!ltipoint 7P*)P8$ P*P architect!res employ dedicated transcei"ers and a dedicated
fi%re from an optical line terminal 72&T8 located at the central office 7local exchange8 to the
c!stomer premises9 0hich can reach !p to A+ 1m ],@,^$ P*P net0or1s are simple to design9
pro"ide the !ltimate %and0idth and they are "ery flexi%le to !pgrade ser"ices for c!stomers
indi"id!ally ],@*^$ Eo0e"er9 they are cost prohi%iti"e in most cases as they re:!ire significant
Ta%le 5II$ tate<of<the<art of commercially<a"aila%le %end<insensiti"e fi%re technology
)an!fact!rer Type )odel tandard )ax$ Bend loss k %end
radi!s9 0a"elength
!mitomo
;lectric
BI<)F P!re4ccess<R/ G$=/@$B- +$,/ dB L +$+A dB k
/ mm L @$/ mm9 ,//+ nm
6orning
Incorporated
BI<)F 6lear6!r"e B G$=/@$4, +$/ dB k ,+ mm9 ,//+ nm
6lear6!r"e &B& G$=/@$4*LB* +$. dB k @$/ mm9 ,//+ nm
6lear6!r"e B& G$=/@$B- +$, dB k / mm9 ,//+ nm
BI<))F 6lear6!r"e
m!ltimode
2)*L2)-L2). +$* dB L +$, dB k
@$/ mm L ,/ mm9 A/+ nm
Dra1a
6omm!nications
BI<)F BendBright< G$=/@$4*LB* +$/ dB L +$, dB k
@$/ mm L ,+ mm9 ,//+ nmBendBright<
*++ jm
G$=/@$4,L4*LB*
BendBright<;lite G$=/@$B- +$,/ dB L +$+A dB k
/ mm L @$/ mm9 ,//+ nmBI<))F )ax6ap<BB<2)x 2)*L2)-L2). +$* dB L +$, dB k
@$/ mm L ,/ mm9 A/+nm
2F BI<)F 4llKa"e F&; G$=/@$4, +$* dB k ,+ mm9 ,//+ nm
4llKa"e F&;`KP G$=/@$4* +$/ dB L +$, dB k
@$/ mm L ,+ mm9 ,//+ nm
;<Bend G$=/@$B- +$, dB k / mm9 ,//+ nm
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*$/ Radio<o"er<fi%re technology
=-
fi%re deployment9 space and po0ering in the 2&T9 and acti"e de"ices at the c!stomer
premises$ 4lternati"ely9 P*)P architect!res incl!de acti"e optical net0or1s 74238 and passi"e
optical net0or1s 7P238 follo0ing a star 7standard8 topology$ In 423 star net0or1s9 a single
fi%re 7distri%!tion fi%re89 !p to @+ 1m9 carries all traffic to an acti"e node close to the end !sers9
from 0here indi"id!al fi%res 7drop fi%res89 !p to *+ 1m9 r!n to each homeL%!ilding$ Khile thefi%re cost is red!ced9 the acti"e nodes re:!ire po0ering and maintenance ],@*^$ In P23 star
net0or1s9 the acti"e node is replaced %y a passi"e optical po0er splitterLcom%iner ],@*^$ The
distri%!tion fi%re in a P23 net0or1 can %e shared %y !p to ,*A !sers$ 6ommercially<a"aila%le
passi"e optical splitters ha"e typical insertion loss of ,-$/9 ,=$/9 *+9 and *-$/ dB for splitting
factors of ,=9 -*9 =.9 and ,*A9 respecti"ely ],@-^$ The splitting factor employed is limited %y
po0er %!dget in the net0or1$ Typically a P23 is capa%le of reaching c!stomers *+ 1m from the
original transmitter ],@.^$ 4 P23 is characteri(ed %y the !se of no acti"e components
7amplifiers9 regenerators8 in the field$ P23 are s!pported %y a set of mat!re standards
7Broad%and B<P239 ;thernet ;<P239 Giga%it G<P238 ],@*^9 ],@.^9 ],@/^ and !nder0ay next<
generation standards 7,+ G%Ls ,+G<;P239 3ext<generation 3G<P2389 and is the most 0idely
deployed FTTE architect!re$ 6!rrent standard P23 %ased on time<di"ision m!ltiple access
7TD)48 are expected to e"ol"e to0ard P23 %ased on KD) 7KD)<P238 to 1eep !p 0ith the
re:!irements of f!t!re access net0or1s ],?^$ In FTTE9 the optical net0or1 terminal 723T8
recei"es the signal from the 2&T and con"erts it into !sa%le electronic signals for "oice9 "ideo9
and data at the c!stomer premises$
2.. #$% a""lication scenarios
UKB<o"er<fi%re extends the UKB radio range to in<homeLoffice9 in<%!ilding or e"en 0ide area
applications$ 2ptical fi%re is the transmission media of choice ena%ling a large n!m%er of UKB
!sers share a single fi%re$
UKB<o"er<fi%re systems are applied in t0o main scenarios# indoor 7in<homeLoffice or in<
%!ilding8 D4 and FTTE access net0or1s$ The fi%re distance in D4 is relati"ely short 7fe0
h!ndred meters8 and the "ariations among distances are relati"ely small$ 2n the other hand9
FTTE distances can %e long 7*+ 1m or more8 0ith relati"ely long "ariations 7on the order of
1ilometres8$
&n-'ome(o))ice or in-uilding distriuted antenna s*stems
In the D4 application9 the UKB signal is generated at the residential gate0ay 7RG89 sho0n in
Fig$ ,*7a89 0hich can %e mod!lated 0ith the data coming from the FTTE net0or1$ The
generated UKB signal is distri%!ted o"er the indoor optical fi%re to the remote antenna !nits
0here the UKB signal is only photodetected9 amplified9 and filtered$ F!rthermore9 the same
indoor radio<o"er<fi%re infrastr!ct!re can integrate a UKB cell!lar net0or19 as sho0n in Fig$
,*7%8$ The concept of UKB cell!lar cl!sters has %een proposed in the ;!ropean pro>ect FP@<
I6T<,<*,=@A/ U6;&& to pro"ide per"asi"e G%Ls comm!nications in 0ider areas employing
standard lo0<cost UKB transcei"ers$
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* Ey%rid 0ireless<optical systems %ased on !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8 radio
=.
UKB cell cl!ster operation re:!ires spectral management of the UKB terminals in operation$
UKB management implies the sensing of UKB transmissions %y a set of UKB sensors and the
proper config!ration of UKB terminals to a"oid interference %et0een the different UKB
terminals and to g!arantee coexistence 0ith other 0ireless comm!nications systems in
operation in the same area$ Real<time sensing of 0ide<%and0idth lo0<po0er UKB signals has
%een proposed to %e ena%led %y a photonic 4D6 employing the in<home radio<o"er<fi%re
infrastr!ct!re ]&lo+A%^9 ]Bel+Aa^9 ]Bel+A%^9 ]&lo+?%^$ The photonic 4D6 is %ased on optical time<
stretched processing pre"io!s to electronic 4D6 ],A=^$ The optical time<stretched process
relaxes the re:!irements of the 4D6 employed in the processing$
Fig$ ,- depicts the concept of UKB cell cl!ster together 0ith the photonic 4D6 infrastr!ct!re$
Fig$ ,- sho0s a set of UKB transcei"ers arranged in different UKB cells 0hich can connect to
an UKB sensor$ Fig$ ,- also sho0s a simplified example of the management strategy# The
UKB spectr!m allocation and maxim!m po0er transmitted %y each UKB terminal is centrally
controlled in order to control m!t!al interference$
Fig$ ,-$ Interference and spectral management in UKB cell cl!ster architect!res$ The in<home radio<o"er<fi%re infrastr!ct!re interconnects UKB sensors$
Fig$ ,*$ 7a8 UKB radio<o"er<fi%re in<homeLoffice or in<%!ilding distri%!ted antenna system$ 7%8 UKBcell!lar net0or1 integrated in the radio<o"er<fi%re infrastr!ct!re sho0n in 7a8$
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*$/ Radio<o"er<fi%re technology
=/
In this Ph$D$ thesis9 an optical time<stretched processor for sensing of UKB signals has %een
demonstrated in a proof<of<concept experiment ]&lo+A%^9 ]Bel+Aa^9 ]Bel+A%^$ Fig$ ,.7a8 sho0s
the experimental set!p targeting to demonstrate photonic time<stretched 4D6 operation on
UKB signals$ The photonic 4D6 comprises t0o spans of fi%re from the radio<o"er<fi%re lin1s
sho0n in Fig$ ,-$ Photonic 4D6 operation is as follo0s# The optical p!lses from a
s!percontin!!m 768 so!rce are chirped and stretched to -.+ ps %y propagation thro!gh / 1m
)F$ Fig$ ,.7%8 sho0s the s!percontin!!m spectr!m at point 7,8 in Fig$ ,.7a8 exhi%iting . nm
%and0idth$ The s!percontin!!m so!rce is %ased on a p!lsed laser at ,/=,$/ nm 7* ps f!ll<
0idth at half<maxim!m 7FKE)89 ,$* nm of - dB %and0idth9 ,+ GE( repetition rate89 a ))
dri"en %y a %it pattern at ,+ G%Ls 7one ,Z e"ery ,*A %its89 an ;r%i!m<doped fi%re amplifier
7;DF489 a span of E3&F 7?++ m length9 ,/=* nm (ero<dispersion 0a"elength9 +$+,A psLnm*L1m
dispersion slope9 ,+$A KN, W 1mN, nonlinear coefficient89 and an optical %andpass filter$ The
)) is %iased at the minim!m transmission point and is employed to red!ce the p!lserepetition fre:!ency from ,+ GE( to @A$,*/ )E($ The UKB signal recei"ed from the antenna
is mod!lated 0ith the chirped optical p!lses in a ))$ In the experiment9 the UKB signal is a
RF p!lse comprising = cycles of ,++ ps period9 compati%le 0ith UKB reg!lation$ Fig$ ,.7c8
sho0s the ideal inp!t UKB p!lse !nder analysis$ The UKB mod!lated signal is time stretched
in */$,-/ 1m )F %efore photodetection$ Fig$ ,.7d8 sho0s the time<stretched UKB signal at
point 7-8 in Fig$ ,.7a8 s!perimposed to the ideal time<stretched UKB signal$ 4 stretch factor of
= 7 ,`*/$,-/ 1mL/ 1m8 is implemented in the experiment9 0hich implies that the 0hole UKB
%and can %e digiti(ed for Fo!rier transform and analysis employing an electronic 4D6 0ith
,$A GE( %and0idth$
Fig$ ,.$ 7a8 ;xperimental set!p of a photonic time<stretched 4D6 for sensing of UKB signals accordingto Fig$ ,*7%8 and Fig$ ,-$ 7%8 !percontin!!m 768 spectr!m at point 7,8 7c8 Ideal UKB signal at point7*8 7d8 Time<stretched UKB signal at point 7-8$
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* Ey%rid 0ireless<optical systems %ased on !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8 radio
==
UWB-o+er-$,,H netors
UKB<o"er<fi%re has %een indicated as an interesting sol!tion to distri%!te ED m!ltimedia
content in FTTE net0or1s ]&lo+Aa^9 ]&lo+Ac^$ This approach com%ines UKB ad"antages and
%and0idth capacity of FTTE net0or1s$ This is a rapid and cost<effecti"e sol!tion o"er otherdistri%!tion net0or1s9 li1e hy%rid fi%re<coaxial9 for se"eral reasons#
,8 3o transmod!lation or fre:!ency !p<con"ersion stages are re:!ired at the !ser
premises9 leading to lo0er deployment cost$ )od!lation and fre:!ency !p<con"ersion
can %e performed at an optical central !nit th!s simplifying the remote antenna !nits$
Data is deli"ered to the remote antenna !nits already in their UKB 0ireless format$
*8 Transparency to the specific mod!lation employed$ This flexi%ility is of special interest
for net0or1 operators as UKB reg!lation is still e"ol"ing$
-8 )!ltistandard 0ireless ser"ices are s!pported on the same infrastr!ct!re ]&lo,,%^$
.8 UKB signals can %e recei"ed %y commercially<a"aila%le lo0<cost recei"ers$
Fig$ ,/ depicts an example of the UKB<o"er<fi%re approach integrating the )F<%ased FTTE
access net0or1 and BI<)F<%ased indoor optical !ser net0or1$ In the example9 UKB radio
pro"ides ra0 data connecti"ity9 ED a!dioL"ideo and also connecti"ity to an UKB<ena%led cell
phone$ In the UKB<o"er<FTTE application9 the head<end !nit sho0n in the fig!re is responsi%le
of the central generation of the UKB signal$ 4t the !ser premises9 the optical access
distri%!tion can %e extended %y indoor optical distri%!tion e$g$ BI<)F to the remote antenna
!nits 0here UKB signals are photodetected9 filtered9 amplified9 and radiated to a UKB<
ena%led tele"ision set ],@=^ or comp!ter ],@@^$ The residential gate0ay 7RG8 pro"ides inter<
room comm!nications and other net0or1 f!nctionality$
BI<)F opens !p an interesting opport!nity for UKB<o"er<fi%re to %e deployed at in<home
en"ironments$ 6ompared 0ith )F9 BI<)F facilitates installation !nder practical %ending
conditions s!ch as corners and m!ltiple staples9 th!s red!cing cost9 and also red!ces the si(e
of the associated infrastr!ct!re$ 6ompared 0ith con"entional copper ca%le9 BI<)F pro"ides
high %and0idth necessary to distri%!te UKB signals$ F!rthermore9 BI<)F is %ac10ards
compati%le 0ith )F and can maintain the optical transmission properties of )F9 0hich is
partic!larly important at high fre:!encies s!ch as aro!nd =+ GE(9 compared 0ith other types
of fi%res !sed for indoor distri%!tion s!ch as m!ltimode fi%res$
4 ma>or impairment of the FTTE net0or1 on the UKB signal is d!e to the chromatic dispersion
of )F ]*.^9 ]/*^9 ]/=^$ In the case of imp!lse<radio UKB signals9 chromatic dispersion
stretches p!lses in time th!s infl!encing the centre fre:!ency and %and0idth of the UKB
signal$ This effect is dependent on the optical %and0idth and the chirp of the optical signal in
propagation$ The 0ider the optical %and0idth9 the lo0er the tolerance to the chromatic
dispersion$ Dispersion managing techni:!es co!ld %e !sed to compensate for chromatic
dispersion effects$ This sol!tion is not flexi%le and cost<effecti"e9 ho0e"er it co!ld ena%le UKB
transmission o"er long distances 7_.+ 1m8 ].A^$
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*$/ Radio<o"er<fi%re technology
=@
6hromatic dispersion in the fi%re may ca!se additional effects on the UKB signal$ Fi%re
chromatic dispersion may ha"e a higher impact in UKB generation techni:!es employing
more than one 0a"elength d!e to the 0al1<off effect ]/.^9 ],.-^$ 4nother impact of chromatic
dispersion is d!e to mode partition noise$ Fi%re dispersion ca!ses the fl!ct!ations of the
energy %et0een the longit!dinal modes of the laser to %e translated into intensity fl!ct!ations
on the transmitted optical signal9 th!s red!cing 3R ]/=^$
Fig$ ,/$ Radio<o"er<fi%re system integrating FTTE optical access distri%!tion and indoor optical<radiotransmission of m!ltistandard m!lti<G%Ls UKB signals for ED contents pro"ision$
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* Ey%rid 0ireless<optical systems %ased on !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8 radio
=A
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- 2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals
@+
&.2 %aseband wit! *aussianmonocycle "ulse s!a"ing
&.2.1 Introduction
In this Ph$D$ thesis9 t0o photonic imp!lse<radio UKB generation techni:!es are proposed and
demonstrated in t0o proof<of<concept experiments 0hich are descri%ed in ections -$*$* and
-$*$-$ The techni:!es are %ased on com%ining t0o Ga!ssian p!lses 0ith opposite polarity and
relati"e time delay to shape Ga!ssian<monocycles$ The first techni:!e employs optical delay
and %alanced photodetection 0hereas the second techni:!e employs a differential
photorecei"er and electrical delay$ The proposed techni:!es are simple and permit to adapt
UKB spectr!m to FTTE net0or1s 0ith different fi%re dispersion %y simply ad>!sting delay$
!ch reconfig!ration ena%les great flexi%ility since the techni:!es are implemented at the
remote antenna !nits$ This f!nctionality is not a"aila%le in other pre"io!sly reported photonicimp!lse<radio UKB generation techni:!es to o!r 1no0ledge$ Pre"io!s techni:!es pro"ide
little or no reconfig!ration$ 3e"ertheless9 a techni:!e %ased on spectral shaping and
fre:!ency<to<time con"ersion has %een recently proposed9 0hich is also capa%le of post<
compensating for "aria%le fi%re dispersion employing FBG de"ices and f!rther %alanced
photodetection to remo"e the rectang!lar p!lse s!perimposed to the desired 0a"eform ]/*^$
The corresponding application scenario is that disc!ssed in ection *$/$.$
The generation of %ase%and Ga!ssian<monocycles is experimentally demonstrated in this
thesis$ Ga!ssian monocycles are shaped after optical access fi%re transmission of optical
p!lses$ 2ptical p!lses are generated %y a mode<loc1ed laser and are f!rther mod!lated 0ithdata in a ))$ The installed fi%re is exploited to red!ce p!lse shaping complexity$ Base%and
Ga!ssian monocycles co!ld meet F66<specified UKB spectr!m mas1 in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and
pro"ided an ade:!ate %and0idth is generated and f!rther ade:!ate filtering is performed e$g$
%y a commercially<a"aila%le UKB antenna 0hich acts as a %and pass filter ]*.^$ This a"oids the
need for !pLdo0n<con"ersion re:!ired 0hen Ga!ssian p!lses are employed ]&lo+Aa^9 ]&lo+Ac^9
])or+Aa^$ Band0idth is dependent on the original Ga!ssian p!lse0idth9 p!lse time<stretching
ind!ced %y fi%re chromatic dispersion9 0hich depends on the optical %and0idth9 and the
opticalLelectrical time delay$ The 0ider the p!lse after fi%re transmission and the longer the
time delay9 the narro0er %and0idth and the lo0er the pea1 fre:!ency$
&.2.2 /"tical delay and balanced "!otodetection tec!ni6ue
Fig$ ,= sho0s the experimental set!p of the photonic techni:!e for imp!lse<radio UKB
generation %ased on optical delay and %alanced photodetection to perform Ga!ssian<
monocycle shaping ]Bel+Ac^9 ]&lo+?a^9 ]&lo,+a^$ 4 ,/=+ nm acti"ely mode<loc1ed fi%re laser
generates optical p!lses 0ith approximately * ps FKE)9 ,$* nm of - dB %and0idth9 and
,+ GE( repetition rate$ 2ptical p!lses are intensity mod!lated 0ith a fix pattern ,+++ ++++
++++ ++++C 7one ,Z e"ery ,= %its8 at a data rate of ,+ G%Ls9 0hich is e:!i"alent to ret!rn<to<
(ero 7R8 data at ,$*/ G%Ls 0ith a d!ty cycle of approximately ,L,=9 in a ))$ The )) is
%iased at the minim!m transmission point to re>ect the !ndesired laser p!lses9 res!lting in22H<mod!lated p!lse train at ,$*/ GE( repetition rate$
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-$- =+ GE( radio<o"er<fi%re for in<flight comm!nications
@-
signalling$ Base%and Ga!ssian monocycles are generated %ased on differential photoreception
and "aria%le electrical time delay9 as descri%ed in ection -$*$-$ 4fter external mod!lation in a
))9 optical fre:!ency !p<con"ersion is performed %ased on optical carrier s!ppression in
another )) ]@=^9 ],./^$ In the experiment9 Ga!ssian monocycles at a ,$*/ G%Ls data rate
0ith -$A GE( %and0idth are generated and !p<con"erted to /@ GE($ The performance of the/@ GE( UKB signal after the transmission o"er a )F at in<ca%in distances !p to ,++ m is
st!died$ The experimental res!lts sho0 that good :!ality UKB p!lses can %e o%tained 0ith the
proposed system$ The impact of the system parameters on performance incl!ding 0ireless
transmission and associated cost is analysed9 indicating that a high n!m%er of remote antenna
!nits can %e cost<effecti"ely s!pported %y the proposed =+ GE( UKB<o"er<fi%re system$
&.&.1 Introduction
The -$,M,+$= GE( UKB %and is not e:!ally reg!lated 0orld0ide d!e to spectral coexistence
concerns$ 2!tside the U$$9 a"aila%le effecti"e %and0idth is ,$/ GE(9 0hich only s!pports datarates of h!ndreds of mega%its per second$ The =+ GE( %and offers a large fre:!ency range
0orld0ide# /@N== GE( in ;!rope and 4!stralia9 /@N=. GE( in the U$$ and 6anada9 /?N== GE(
in apan$ The match %et0een the allocated fre:!ency %and for UKB and the %and0idth
a"aila%le in the =+ GE( %and ma1es =+ GE( UKB a "ery interesting approach for m!lti<G%Ls
0ireless comm!nications$ )oreo"er9 radio atten!ation in the =+ GE( %and %enefits
coexistence 0hen a large n!m%er of !sers are present and red!ces the potential interference
0ith in<flight electronics$
UKB<o"er<fi%re D4 systems is a cost<effecti"e sol!tion to extend the UKB co"erage ta1ing
ad"antage of the large %and0idth and transparency to signal formats of the optical fi%re ]=^$
This Ph$D$ thesis proposes9 for the first time to o!r 1no0ledge9 the !se of imp!lse<radio UKB
signals in the =+ GE( radio %and for in<flight comm!nications 0ith potential ranging and
locali(ation f!nctionalities$ The imp!lse<radio UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and is optically
generated and distri%!ted thro!gh )F to a high n!m%er of distri%!ted remote antenna !nits
as in an in<ca%in radio<o"er<fi%re installation$
Photonic generation of the imp!lse<radio UKB signal is an interesting approach %eca!se it
ena%les signal generation in the =+ GE( %and and seamless optical distri%!tion in the plane$
Imp!lse<radio UKB exhi%its se"eral ad"antages9 0hich can %e s!mmari(ed as follo0s$
,8 UKB technology is capa%le of high data rate at relati"e lo0 ;IRP density minimi(ing
interference on other 0ireless signals$ This is a 1ey aspect re"ealing UKB as a "ery
interesting radio technology in a"ionics$ Pro"ision of high data rate comm!nications is
re:!ired in ED a!dioL"ideo entertainment ser"ices offered in<flight$
*8 The specific signalling employed in imp!lse<radio UKB permits sim!ltaneo!sly
comm!nications9 locali(ation and ranging to a s!%<centimetre resol!tion$ This is of
special interest for in<flight en"ironments9 li1e a plane passengerZs ca%in9 0here %eside
comm!nications9 locali(ation of !sers or gro!p of !sers exhi%iting potentially large
radio interference is necessary$ This approach is also interesting for radio tagging and
passenger identification applications$
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- 2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals
@.
The experimental 0or1 herein reported demonstrates the photonic generation of imp!lse<
radio UKB Ga!ssian monocycles at /@ GE( %earing data at ,$*/ G%Ls and its f!rther
transmission o"er ,++ m fi%re targeting in<flight comm!nications$ The !se of Ga!ssianmonocycles permits to remo"e resid!al RF carrier easily %y filtering to a"oid recei"er
sat!ration$ F!rthermore9 de"ices %ased on Ga!ssian monocycles a"aila%le for UKB generation
in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and co!ld %e re!sed$
The remainder of ection -$- is organi(ed as follo0s# ection -$-$* descri%es the proposed
application scenario for the =+ GE( UKB<o"er<fi%re system$ 6omparison %et0een experiment
and sim!lation and a comprehensi"e analysis of the system %y sim!lation is presented in
ection -$-$-$ The experimental demonstration is presented in ection -$-$.$ Finally9 a techno<
economic analysis comparing the radio<o"er<fi%re approach 0ith a con"entional %ase%and<
o"er<fi%re approach is performed in ection -$-$/$
&.&.2 Inaircraft distributed antenna system
Fig$ *+ depicts the proposed imp!lse<radio UKB radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!e targeting to
distri%!te ED m!ltimedia contents in aircrafts$ This fig!re sho0s a ca%in 0here a ,++ m )F
is transporting UKB radio<o"er<fi%re to pro"ide passenger connecti"ity$ The %loc1 mar1ed 4C
in Fig$ *+ is a central !nit9 0hich generates in the optical domain the imp!lse<radio UKB data
signal to %e f!rther distri%!ted thro!gh )F to the on<seat remote antenna !nits9 0hich are
mar1ed as BC in Fig$ *+$ In the remote antenna !nit9 the UKB data signal is photodetected
res!lting in an imp!lse<radio UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and9 0hich is f!rther amplified9filtered9 and radiated to %e a"aila%le to passengers in a gi"en short<range co"erage area
7KP438$ In this 0ay9 m!lti<G%Ls 0ireless connecti"ity can %e pro"ided along the ca%in
minimi(ing the interference d!e to the intrinsic lo0 radiation le"el of UKB and the radiation<
imm!ne optical fi%re distri%!tion$
The system demonstrated in this st!dy in the =+ GE( %and is the central transmission system
in the plane$ This radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!e gi"es the ad"antage that the remote antenna
!nits 0o!ld %e "ery simple 7no !pLdo0n<con"ersion or mod!lation is re:!ired8$ This is
important if there are a large n!m%er of passengers in the plane$
Fig$ *+$ Imp!lse<radio UKB radio<o"er<fi%re in the =+ GE( %and for in<flight comm!nications$ Bloc1 4C#central !nit for optical UKB generation$ Bloc1 BC# on<seat remote antenna !nits$
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-$- =+ GE( radio<o"er<fi%re for in<flight comm!nications
@/
&.&.& Simulation analysis
The proposed system9 sho0n in Fig$ -- in ection -$-$.9 has %een analysed employing the
commercial sim!lation tool 5PItransmission)a1erO 7"ersion @$/8 !sing the characteristics of
the de"ices in Ta%le 5III in ection -$-$.$ im!lation res!lts ha"e %een compared tomeas!rements presented in ection -$-$. to "erify the sim!lation model and then the impact
of the system parameters on the performance in terms of the B;R has %een e"al!ated$
In sim!lation9 data mod!lated optical p!lses at the o!tp!t of the mod!lator9 )) in Fig$ --9
are generated from a hyper%olic<secant p!lse transmitter at ,$*/ G%Ls$ From these p!lses9
monocycles are generated as in ection -$*$- and are sho0n in Fig$ *,$ The noise in the
monocycles has %een modelled as additi"e Ga!ssian 0hite noise at *+ n4LE(,L* 7noise fig!re#
=-$? dB8$ This noise fig!re "al!e9 altho!gh impractical9 permits to set in sim!lation a maxim!m
noise po0er spectral density according to the experimental 0or1$ light discrepancies %et0een
monocycles meas!red and sim!lated are mainly d!e to the de"iation of the meas!red p!lseshape from the ideal hyper%olic<secant shape$ The filters of the digital comm!nications
analyser ha"e %een modelled as Ga!ssian filters$
Fig$ ** sho0s the sim!lated monocycles at point 7,8 in Fig$ --$ The fre:!ency response of
4mp , and the &PF in Fig$ -- has %een considered$
The relati"e intensity noise 7RI3 N,./ dBLE(8 of the 6K laser in Fig$ -- and the insertion loss
of the )) , 7,- dB8 set the po0er le"el at point 7*8 in Fig$ -- ass!ming a maxim!m possi%le
extinction ratio of the )) of */ dB$ )) , is %iased at the :!adrat!re point$ Fig$ *- sho0s
the sim!lated monocycles at point 7*8 in Fig$ --$
The gain of the ;r%i!m<doped fi%re amplifier 7;DF48 in Fig$ -- 7*/ dB89 and the insertion loss of
the ))* 7A dB8 set the maxim!m po0er spectral density at point 7.8 in Fig$ --9 ass!ming a
maxim!m possi%le extinction ratio of the )) of */ dB$ )) * is %iased at the minim!m
transmission point$ The 2BPF is modelled as a Ga!ssian filter$ 4 do!%le of the &2 fre:!ency of
*A$@/ GE( is set limited %y the sim!lation tool$ In this 0ay9 the RF carrier fre:!ency is /@$/ GE(
so that the fre:!ency response of the components in Fig$ --9 PD9 &349 BPF ,9 EP49 BPF *9 and
fre:!ency dependence of the mixer con"ersion loss is shifted %y +$/ GE($
It sho!ld %e noted that 0ith the proposed fre:!ency !p<con"ersion techni:!e9 the %ase%and
signal is also a"aila%le after photodetection9 as sho0n in Fig$ *.$ The %ase%and signal co!ld %e!sed for 0ired connecti"ity employing a lo0<cost recei"er or for 0ireless connecti"ity in the
-$,M,+$= GE( UKB %and pro"ided 0ider %and0idth is generated and f!rther ade:!ate filtering
is performed$ Eence9 the proposed system is capa%le of seamless operation in the
-$,N,+$= GE( %and and in the emerging =+ GE( %and$ This flexi%ility to emerging standards is
of special importance in a"ionics9 0here the !pgrade of in<flight a"ionics is a lengthy and
expensi"e maintenance process$
Fig$ */ sho0s the sim!lated spectr!m at point 7.8 in Fig$ --$ 3ote that9 in the meas!rement in
Fig$ -=9 the dependence on fre:!ency of the con"ersion loss of the harmonic mixer of the
spectr!m analyser has not %een considered$
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- 2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals
@=
Fig$ *.$ im!lated signal after the photodetector in Fig$ --$ 7a8 ignal in time domain after f!rther lo0<pass filtering 7Ga!ssian ,*$. GE(8$ 7%8 ;lectrical spectr!m 7resol!tion %and0idth# =++ 1E(8$
Fig$ *-$ im!lated optical monocycles at point 7*8 in Fig$ -- to %e compared 0ith Fig$ -/$
P e r ) W , $ 0 0 ' W / i @
Time )s, #00 .s/i@
Fig$ **$ im!lated monocycles at point 7,8 in Fig$ -- to %e compared 0ith Fig$ -.$ 7a8 ignal in timedomain$ 7%8 ;lectrical spectr!m 7resol!tion %and0idth# =++ 1E(8$
A m . 3 i t ' e ) , 5 0 0
m / i @
Time )s, #00 .s /i@)b)a
0"0 $" 5"# "% 11"$ 1%"0-0-70-#0-50-%0-!0-$0
-100
10
P e r ) B m
re&'enc( )G*+
Fig$ *,$ im!lated Ga!ssian monocycles generated in Fig$ ,A to %e compared 0ith Fig$ ,?$ 7a8 ignal intime domain$ 7%8 ;lectrical spectr!m 7resol!tion %and0idth# =++ 1E(8$
A m . 3 i t ' e ) , $ 0 m / i @
Time )s, #00 .s/i@ 0"0 $" 5"# "% 11"$ 1%"0-80-0-70-#0-50-%0-!0-$0
P e r ) B m
re&'enc( )G*+)b)a
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-$- =+ GE( radio<o"er<fi%re for in<flight comm!nications
@@
4t the recei"er9 the noise fig!re of the EP4 in Fig$ -- is ass!med to %e = dB$ 4n &2 signal at
/@$/ GE( is employed for do0n<con"ersion$
The asymmetry and polarity of the eye diagram is dependent on the phase of this &2 signal
7ad>!sted %y the P in Fig$ -- in the experiment8$ Fig$ *= sho0s the sim!lated eye diagram and
spectr!m of the do0n<con"erted signal at point 7/8 in Fig$ -- at an &2 phase of **/$ The eye
diagram is symmetric at *@+ 7or at ?+ for in"erted polarity8$
It is "erified that the transmission o"er ,++ m of )F ]atten!ation# +$* dBL1m k ,//+ nm9
dispersion# ,= psLnmL1m k ,//+ nm9 dispersion slope# +$+A psLnm*L1m^ does not practically
impact the UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and and do0n<con"erted signal$
im!lation res!lts are in excellent agreement 0ith experimental meas!rements$ lightdiscrepancies are mainly ascri%ed to the !ncertainty in the edges of the fre:!ency response of
the amplifiers &34 and EP49 and filters BPF , and BPF * in Fig$ --$ The data of these fre:!ency
responses ha"e %een interpolated linearly$ In addition9 note that the noise floor in Fig$ -= and
at high fre:!encies in the meas!rements in Fig$ -. and Fig$ -@7%8 is limited %y that of the
spectr!m analyser$ This limitation is not present in the corresponding sim!lated traces$
In order to e"al!ate the B;R performance in the UKB radio<o"er<fi%re system9 pse!dorandom
%it se:!ence data are considered$ In addition9 the resid!al RF carrier fre:!ency at /@$/ GE( in
the spectr!m of the UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and is s!ppressed considering a commercially<
a"aila%le %and<pass filter9 BPF , in Fig$ --9 different from that employed in the experiment7referred as BPF ,%C in Ta%le 5III89 other0ise the 0ireless transmission distance is limited %y
sat!ration of the po0er amplifier$ Fig$ *@ sho0s the sim!lated signal at point 7.8 in Fig$ --$ 4t
the recei"er9 do0n<con"ersion is performed employing an &2 at /@$/ GE(9 at -++ phase to
optimi(e the B;R$ 4 Ga!ssian lo0<pass filter 0ith a - dB %and0idth of ,+ GE( is employed at
mixer o!tp!t to remo"e the !n0anted fre:!ency components$ B;R estimation is performed %y
statistical analysis employing a 6hi<s:!ared model9 0hich pro"ides a more acc!rate estimation
than a Ga!ssian model 0hen the 3R of the system is dominated %y amplified optical noise$
The sampling instant and the decision threshold for B;R estimation are determined %y
optim!m methods$ B;R is estimated in each case e"al!ating at least *,* data sym%ols$ Fig$ *A
sho0s the do0n<con"erted signal exhi%iting a B;R of @ W ,+N-?9 demonstrating that the systemis error free$ The filters &PF and BPF * in Fig$ -- are fo!nd to not significantly impact the B;R$
Fig$ */$ im!lated spectr!m of the signal at point 7.8 in Fig$ -- after ,++ m )F transmission to %ecompared 0ith Fig$ -= 7resol!tion %and0idth# =++ 1E(8$
5# 57 5 58 #0 #1 #$ #! #% #5-1$0-110-100-80-0
-70-#0-50-%0-!0
P e r 6 . e c t r a 3 D
e n s i t ( ) B m / M * +
re&'enc( )G*+
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- 2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals
@A
The system is optimi(ed in order to maximi(e the n!m%er of remote antenna !nits s!pported0hile meeting the criterion that the B;R performance is %elo0 the typical "al!e for error<free
operation of ,+N? 0itho!t employing F;6 codes at ,$*/ G%Ls$ Performance analysis is
performed as a f!nction of the different contri%!tions to o"erall optical noise d!e to the
!ncertainty in the experimental indi"id!al contri%!tions$ 2ptical noise contri%!tions incl!de
the noise of the original monocycles con"erted to the optical domain9 relati"e intensity noise
from the 6K laser in Fig$ --9 and 4; noise from optical amplification$ The 4; noise fig!re is
considered fixed at . dB$
3ote that in all sim!lated9 it is ens!red that the maxim!m photodiode inp!t po0er and , dB
compression point of the electrical amplifiers &34 and EP4 in Fig$ -- is not exceeded$
Fig$ *A$ im!lated signal at point 7/8 in Fig$ -- to e"al!ate B;R performance$ 7a8 ;ye diagram$7%8 ;lectrical spectr!m 7resol!tion %and0idth# =++ 1E(8$
Fig$ *@$ im!lated signal at point 7.8 in Fig$ -- to e"al!ate B;R performance$ 7a8 ignal in time domainexhi%iting Ga!ssian en"elope$ 7%8 ;lectrical spectr!m 7resol!tion %and0idth# =++ 1E(8$
5# 57 5 58 #0 #1 #$ #! #% #5-1$0-110-100-80-0-70
-#0-50-%0-!0
P e r 6 . e c t r a 3 D e n s i t ( ) B m / M * +
re&'enc( )G*+)b)a
A m . 3 i t ' e ) ,
$ " 5 m / i @
Time )s, $0 ns/i@
Fig$ *=$ im!lated signal at point 7/8 in Fig$ -- to %e compared 0ith Fig$ -@7%8 and 7d8$ 7a8 ;ye diagram$7%8 ;lectrical spectr!m 7resol!tion %and0idth# =++ 1E(8$
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-$- =+ GE( radio<o"er<fi%re for in<flight comm!nications
@?
Fig$ *? and Fig$ -+ sho0 the B;R performance and the maxim!m po0er spectral density of the
UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and as a f!nction of the mod!lation indices of )) , and )) *
in Fig$ --9 defined as1 1
/ MZM m
m V V π
= and2 2
/ MZM LO
m V V π
= 9 0herem
V and LO
V are the pea1
amplit!de of the inp!t monocycles and &2 signal9 respecti"ely9 and1
V π
and2
V π
are the half<
0a"e "oltage of the )) , and )) *9 respecti"ely9 sho0n in Ta%le 5III$ The B;R and po0er
spectral density are sho0n as a f!nction of the relati"e intensity noise in Fig$ *?7a8 at
*+ n4LE(,L* noise of the inp!t monocycles9 and in Fig$ *?7%8 for t0o "al!es of the noise of the
inp!t monocycles differing , dB in noise fig!re at RI3 N,./ dBLE($ 4s sho0n in Fig$ *? and Fig$
-+9 the higher the &2 amplit!de is9 the %etter the B;R is and the higher the po0er spectral
density is$ The po0er spectral density increases %y approximately @$= dB e"ery time the &2
po0er increases %y . dB$ For2 MZM
m higher than +$/9 B;R degrades significantly as the &2 pea1<
to<pea1 amplit!de is higher than2
V π
9 entering in another nonlinear part of the )) * transfer
f!nction$ In addition9 for2 MZM
m lo0er than approximately +$,=9 B;R degrades rapidly as2 MZM
m
decreases %eca!se the 3R of the generation system %ecomes dominated %y thermal noiseinstead of %y the amplified optical noise$ In addition9 there is a range of
1 MZM m 0ithin that the
B;R approximately maintains at its optim!m "al!e9 for higher "al!es of1 MZM
m 9 the B;R
degrades rapidly as the pea1<to<pea1 amplit!de of the inp!t monocycles exceeds the linear
(one of the )) , transfer f!nction appearing signal clipping9 and for lo0er "al!es of1 MZM
m 9
the B;R degrades rapidly as the 3R of the system %ecomes dominated %y thermal noise$ The
minim!m B;R is at2
0.48 MZM
m = of approximately ,+N.* at1
0.35 MZM
m = at RI3 N,./ dBLE(9 of
approximately ,+N.A at1
0.27 MZM
m = at RI3 N,// dBLE(9 and of approximately ,+N.@ at
1 0.35
MZM m = at ,A n4LE(,L*$
4 "aria%le optical atten!ator is inserted at the fi%re inp!t to sim!late the optical splitting and
distri%!tion losses in the system$ 2peration as a f!nction of the n!m%er of remote antenna
!nits is achie"ed %y ad>!sting the atten!ator atten!ation$ The n!m%er of remote antenna !nits
s!pported for a gi"en optical lin1 %!dget 7maxim!m atten!ation8 depends on the optical
splitting scheme$ For instance9 %y considering an optical splitter , × at the o!tp!t of the
optical generation system9 as sho0n in Fig$ *+9 N remote antenna !nits are s!pported and the
same 3R is recei"ed at the inp!t of all remote antenna !nits$ In this config!ration9 fi%res
0o!ld %e re:!ired to distri%!te the generated signal to the remote antenna !nits$ Passi"e
optical splitters are commercially a"aila%le !p to , × ,*A 0ith typical insertion loss of ,-$/ dB9
,=$/ dB9 *+ dB9 and *-$/ dB for , × ,=9 , × -*9 , × =.9 and , × ,*A9 respecti"ely ],@-^$ Theoptical lin1 %!dget depends on the optical po0er a"aila%le at the inp!t of the optical splitter$
The system performance has %een e"al!ated for the pre"io!s optim!m mod!lation indices of
)) , and )) * in Fig$ --9 increasing the optical po0er %y increasing the gain of the optical
amplifier %y @ dB 7from */ to -* dB8$ In addition9 performance has %een e"al!ated %y inserting
a second optical amplifier e:!al to the first one %efore the optical splitter$ In this case9 the gain
of the first amplifier is set to ,? dB to not exceed the maxim!m inp!t optical po0er of - dBm
of the second amplifier9 and the gain of the second amplifier is set to the maxim!m of *A dB$
The system performance has %een e"al!ated as a f!nction of the optical lin1 %!dget and
0ireless transmission distance$
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- 2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals
A+
The 0ireless channel is sim!lated only considering free<space path losses incl!ding its
dependence on fre:!ency$ The antennas are sim!lated as a gain of *+ dB as *+ dBi is a typical
gain of commercially<a"aila%le horn antennas in the /+M@/ GE( %and 7e$g$ Kise0a"e9 4RE<
,/*+<+*9 - dB %eam0idth# ,*8 s!ita%le for the target in<flight application$
Fig$ -, sho0s performance as a f!nction of the atten!ation and optical amplification at
RI3 N,./ dBLE( and *+ n4LE(,L* noise of the inp!t monocycles for the %ac1<to<%ac1
config!ration 7direct connection %et0een point 7.8 in Fig$ -- and recei"er8$ The maxim!m
po0er spectral density at point 7.8 in Fig$ -- is also indicated in Fig$ -, for one optical amplifier
at */ dB gain$ In Fig$ -,9 the performance is limited %y thermal noise for a larger n!m%er of
remote antenna !nits at a gi"en optical po0er$ Increasing the n!m%er of remote antenna !nits
degrades the B;R d!e to the red!ction in the 3R$ )oreo"er9 error<free operation is not
achie"ed 0itho!t optical amplification$ Increasing the optical po0er increases the n!m%er of
remote antenna !nits s!pported or impro"es the 3R in the case limited %y thermal noise
res!lting in impro"ed performance$ The minim!m B;R o%tained 0ith t0o amplifiers is not
degraded compared to the system 0ith one amplifier9 0hich indicates that no signal
degradation is ind!ced %y the second optical amplifier$ Performance is also sho0n in Fig$ -, at
RI3 N,// dBLE( or ,A n4LE(,L*
noise of the inp!t monocycles$ 4t lo0er optical noise9 the 3R%ecomes limited %y thermal noise at lo0er n!m%er of remote antenna !nits$
Fig$ -+$ im!lated maxim!m po0er spectral density at point 7.8 in Fig$ -- as a f!nction of the
mod!lation indices of the mod!lators and relati"e intensity noise$
0"1 0"$ 0"! 0"% 0"5-0
-75
-70
-#5
-#0
-55
-50
-%5-%0
-!5 0"1 0"1# 0"$5 0"%
-1%5 B/*+ -155 B/*+
P e r 6 . e c t r a 3 D e n s i t ( ) B m / M
* +
mM;M1
Fig$ *?$ im!lated B;R as a f!nction of the mod!lation indices of the mod!lators and 7a8 relati"eintensity noise 7%8 noise of the inp!t monocycles$
0"1 0"$ 0"! 0"% 0"5-50
-%5
-%0
-!5
-!0
-$5
-$0
-15
-10 0"1 0"1# 0"$5 0"%
-1%5 B/*+ -155 B/*+
3 2 ) B
E 9
mM;M10"1 0"$ 0"! 0"% 0"5
-50
-%5
-%0
-!5
-!0
-$5
-$0
-15
-10 0"1 0"1# 0"$5 0"%
$0 nA/*+1/$
1 nA/*+1/$
mM;M1
3 2 ) B
E 9
)a )b
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-$- =+ GE( radio<o"er<fi%re for in<flight comm!nications
A,
The maxim!m po0er spectral density decreases %y ,+ dB e"ery time the optical po0er
decreases %y / dB9 and decreases %y approximately ,$= dB at RI3 N,// dBLE( 0ith respect to
RI3 N,./ dBLE(9 or %y +$* dB at noise of the inp!t monocycles ,A n4LE( ,L* 0ith respect to
*+ n4LE(,L*$ In case of employing t0o optical amplifiers9 the maxim!m po0er spectral density
decreases %y ,+ dB e"ery time the gain decreases %y /$-/ dB$
Performance as a f!nction of the 0ireless transmission distance and optical noise at a gi"en
optical amplification and lin1 %!dget is compared in Fig$ -*$ The higher the optical po0er is9
either the longer the 0ireless range is for error<free operation at a gi"en n!m%er of remote
antenna !nits or the higher the n!m%er of remote antenna !nits is at a gi"en 0ireless range$
For instance9 at =. remote antenna !nits9 the range increases from -$* m to *+ m %y increasing
the optical amplification from */ dB to -* dB or at ,*A remote antenna !nits9 the range
increases from /$= m to ,.?$= m %y increasing the optical amplification from -* dB 0ith one
amplifier to .@ dB 0ith t0o amplifiers$
Fig$ -*$ im!lated B;R as a f!nction of the 0ireless distance d and optical noise comparing opticalamplification and lin1 %!dget$ The B;R limit for error<free operation is sho0n "ia a hori(ontal dashed line$
1 EDA $5 B C $0 B 1 EDA !$ B C $0 B 1 EDA !$ B C $5 B $ EDA C $5 B $ EDA C !0 B $ EDA C !5 B $ EDA C %0 B
0 5 10 15 $0 $5 !0 !5 %0 %5-50-%5
-%0-!5-!0-$5-$0-15-10-5
-155 B/*+
1 nA/*+1/$
3 2 ) B E 9
$0 32)m
Fig$ -,$ im!lated B;R as a f!nction of optical losses9 optical amplification9 relati"e intensity noise9 andnoise of the inp!t monocycles$
0 5 10 15 $0 $5 !0 !5 %0 %5-50-%5-%0-!5-!0-$5-$0
-15-10-5
-!8 -%8 -58 -#8 -78 -8
-155 B/*+1 nA/*+1/$
Per 6.ectra3 Densit( )Bm/M*+
3 2 ) B E 9
Atten'atin )B
1 EDA $5 B 1 EDA !$ B $ EDA
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-$- =+ GE( radio<o"er<fi%re for in<flight comm!nications
A-
Ta%le 5III$ ystem parameters
De"ice Description 6haracteristics
4mp , Picosecond P!lse &a%s9 Dri"er4mplifier /A=/
Gain# -. dB3oise fig!re# = dB
&PF )ini<6irc!its9 5&P<., -<dB %and0idth# .$, GE(&oss _*+ dB k /$= GE(
6K Fi%ernet 6enter 0a"elength# ,//?$A nm4"erage po0er# ,. dBm
)) , 6o"ega9 )ach<.+ ++/ -<dB %and0idth# -/ GE(
5π# -$@ 5
;DF4 4monics9 4;DF4<-+<B at!ration po0er# -+ dBm3oise fig!re# . dBInp!t po0er# N= M - dBm
2BPF Tecos9 F6<,/@+ B<*<, -<dB %and0idth# , nm
)) * 6orning<2TI9 .+ G%Ls -<dB %and0idth# -+ GE(
5π# / 5
PD !*t Photonics9 PD5-,*+R<5F<F6 -<dB %and0idth# @/ GE(Responsi"ity# +$=- 4LKDar1 c!rrent# -$/ n4Thermal noise# ,+ p4LE(4"erage inp!t ,- dBm
&34 Tera%eam<hxi9 E&345<*=* Band0idth# // M =/ GE(Gain# ,A$@ dBP,dB# ,+$/ dBm3oise fig!re# .$/ dBKR<,/ connectors
BPF , Kise0a"e9 PFB<,/=+/+.+<+, -<dB %and0idth# /@$/ M =*$/ GE(Re>ection# .+ dB k /* GE(9 =A GE(
Pass%and insertion loss# ,$/ dBEP4 Tera%eam<hxi9 EEP45<*** Band0idth# // M =/ GE(
Gain# *A$@ dBP,dB# ,.$/ dBm
BPF * pace1 &a%s9 F=+<,+ -<dB %and0idth# /=$*= M =* GE(Re>ection# *. dB k // GE(9 ** dB k=-$@/ GE(Pass%and insertion loss# ,$, dB
. 4cti"e fre:!encym!ltiplier
Tera%eam<hxi9 E4F)5.<,/A 2!tp!t fre:!ency# /A$= M =*$* GE(Inp!t po0er# ,+ dBm)ax o!tp!t po0er# ,/ dBmKR<,/9 )4 connectors
)ixer pace1 &a%s9 )=+<,+ RF %and0idth# // M =/ GE(IF %and0idth# D6 M ,+ GE(6on"ersion loss# .$= dB&2 po0er# ,A dBmKR<,/9 )4 connectors
;lectrical signalanaly(er
Rohdebch0art(9 F[.+ ? 1E( M .+ GE(;xternal harmonic mixer# .+ M =+ GE(9*. dB con"ersion loss
D64 4gilent A=,++69 EPA-.A,4 andEPA-.A*4
;lectrical %and0idth# ,*$. GE(2ptical %and0idth# -+ GE(
BPF ,%
7see ection -$-$-8
pace1 &a%s9 F=+</ - dB %and0idth# /A$,*/ M =,$A@/ GE(
Re>ection# *+ dB k /@$/ GE(9 *? dB k=*$/ GE(Pass%and insertion loss# ,$, dB
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- 2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals
A.
!%se:!ently9 fre:!ency !p<con"ersion of the optical Ga!ssian monocycles employing lo0<
fre:!ency electrooptic components is performed$ 4 &2 at ,.$*/ GE( is do!%led in fre:!ency
and amplified to ,. dBm$ The res!lting *A$/ GE( signal is mod!lated 0ith the optical Ga!ssian
monocycles in a )) 7)) * in Fig$ --8 %iased at the minim!m transmission point to perform
optical carrier s!ppression mod!lation$ Ga!ssian monocycles !p<con"erted to /@ GE(
7* W *A$/ GE(8 are o%tained after photodetection at the remote antenna !nit$ The
photodetector o!tp!t is co!pled to a lo0<noise amplifier %y a KR,/ adapter9 and then a %and<
pass filter is employed to filter the =+ GE( %and$ Fig$ -= sho0s the electrical spectr!m of the
UKB Ga!ssian monocycles in the =+ GE( %and to %e radiated at point 7.8 in Fig$ -- after
transmission o"er ,++ m of )F$ In practice9 the resid!al RF carrier at /@ GE( has to %e
filtered as it may limit the dynamic range of the recei"er as 0ell as the po0er le"els reg!lated
in the =+ GE( %and9 0hich are s!mmari(ed in Ta%le I5$
To "erify the appropriate operation9 direct demod!lation 70ith no air transmission8 of the
/@ GE( imp!lse<radio UKB signal is performed %y electrical heterodyne recei"er9 as sho0n in
Fig$ --$ The recei"ed /@ GE( imp!lse<radio UKB signal is amplified %y a high<po0er amplifier9
%and<pass filtered9 and do0n<con"erted employing %road%and electrical mixing 0ith a &2
signal at /@ GE($ The &2 signal is generated %y fre:!ency :!adr!pling of the same &2 signal
employed at the transmitter$ 4 phase shifter is employed for ass!ring proper phase matching
for acc!rate do0n<con"ersion$ Fig$ -@ sho0s the do0n<con"erted signal meas!red at point 7/8
in Fig$ -- after transmission o"er ,++ m of )F$ In Fig$ -@7c89 the original data pattern can %e
easily recogni(ed$ The :!ality of the do0n<con"erted signal is e"al!ated from the Q<factor
parameter meas!red in the eye diagram only on the positi"e part of the Ga!ssian monocycle$In this 0ay9 the scope considers the p!lse as a R p!lse and can meas!re Q<factor$
Fig$ -/$ 2ptical Ga!ssian monocycles meas!red at point 7*8 in Fig$ --$
Time )s, 500 .s/i@ P e r ) W , $
0 0 ' W / i @
Fig$ -.$ Ga!ssian monocycles meas!red at point 7,8 in Fig$ --$ 7a8 ignal in time domain$ 7%8 ;lectricalspectr!m 7resol!tion %and0idth# -++ 1E(8$
0"0 $" 5"# "% 11"$ 1%"0-50
-%0-!0
-$0
-10
0
10
P e r ) B m
re&'enc( )G*+)a )bTime )s, 500 .s/i@
A m . 3 i t ' e
) , 5 0 0 m / i @
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-$- =+ GE( radio<o"er<fi%re for in<flight comm!nications
A/
;xcellent :!ality of the do0n<con"erted signal 0ith a Q<factor of approximately @ is o%tained$
This :!ality corresponds to a maxim!m ;IRP density of approximately N,/ dBmL)E( 0hen a
gain of *+ dBi of a typical =+ GE( antenna is considered$ This ;IRP le"el is 0ell %elo0
,- dBmL)E( as of c!rrent =+ GE( reg!lation$ 3ote that no signal degradation is o%tained after
,++ m )F transmission compared 0ith the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration$
&.&. 8ec!noeconomic analysis
The =+ GE( UKB radio<o"er<fi%re photonic generation demonstrated in ection -$-$.
distri%!tes the same signal9 from a single so!rce9 to all seats in the plane targeting to distri%!teED m!ltimedia contents$
Fig$ -@$ Do0n<con"erted imp!lse<radio UKB Ga!ssian monocycles after ,++ m )F transmission9meas!red at point 7/8 in Fig$ --$ 7a8 Time<domain p!lses 7time span# / ns8$ 7%8 ;lectrical spectr!m7resol!tion %and0idth# -++ 1E(8$ 7c8 Time<domain p!lses 7time span# *+ ns8 sho0ing the original datapattern$ 7d8 ;ye diagram$
Fig$ -=$ ;lectrical spectr!m of the imp!lse<radio UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and after ,++ m )Ftransmission9 meas!red at point 7.8 in Fig$ -- 7resol!tion %and0idth# -++ 1E(8$
5#"0 5#" 57"# 5"% 58"$ #0"0-80
-0
-70
-#0
-50
-%0
-!0
re&'enc( )G*+ P e r 6 . e c t r a 3 D
e n s i t ( ) B m / M * +
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- 2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals
A=
UKB is a short<range 7KP438 "ery high data rate technology$ o the simplest recei"er is of the
!tmost interest d!e to cost and relia%ility parameters$ 6entrali(ed optical fre:!ency !p<
con"ersion appears as an interesting lo0<cost sol!tion compared to perform %road%and
electronic mixing 0ith a =+ GE( &2 in each remote antenna !nit of the radio<o"er<fi%re system$
In this ection9 the cost of the =+ GE( UKB radio<o"er<fi%re system demonstrated in ection
-$-$. %ased on photonic generation and fre:!ency !p<con"ersion at the central !nit9 sho0n in
Fig$ ,A and Fig$ --9 is compared 0ith an all<electrical approach %ased on con"entional
transmission o"er fi%re of digital %ase%and data and f!rther UKB generation and fre:!ency
!p<con"ersion at remote antenna !nits in the electrical domain9 as sho0n in Fig$ -A$ The cost
analysis is %ased on real costs of commercially a"aila%le de"ices 7as of 3o"em%er *++?8$
The o"erall cost of %oth systems as a f!nction of the n!m%er of remote antenna !nits is
s!mmari(ed in Ta%le I$ The cost is also compared in Fig$ -?$ The electrooptic con"ersion9
optical amplification9 optical splitting9 fi%re interconnections and lo0<noise amplification areconsidered to %e the same in %oth systems9 sho0n in Fig$ -- and Fig$ -A as the grey<filled area$
The cost of the lo0<pass filter9 optical %and<pass filter9 and %and<pass filter ,9 is not considered
in the analysis$
The order in 0hich the mod!lations9 )) , and )) * in Fig$ --9 ha"e %een performed9
permits to perform the electrooptic con"ersion %y direct mod!lation of laser diodes at relati"e
lo0 cost and performance depends critically on the selected laser$ Khile at higher cost9 the
scheme employing external )) can generate higher mod!lated po0er res!lting in higher
3R compared to direct mod!lation schemes$ 4 ,+ G%Ls transmitter pac1aging a laser diode
and a )) for costLperformance ratio %etter than the alternati"e separated components has%een considered in the cost analysis$
Fig$ -A$ ;lectrical approach of the =+ GE( UKB<o"er<fi%re system according to Fig$ *+ to %e compared0ith the photonic approach in Fig$ --$
M;M 1
:W
EDA
LP
(1)
(2)P:
ELE:T9<-<PT:AL :<NE96<N
(A) CENTRAL UNIT: OPTICAL #ATA GENERATION
Am. 1
<BP
Splitter 1xNDGTAL
BA6EBAND
DATA
UP-:<NE96<N
LNA
BP 1()
(B) ON"SEAT: UWB ACCESS NO#E
9<NT-END M<DULE
UWB
$% G&'
O P T I C A L F I B E R
F O R
P L A N E
C O N N E C T I V I T
PDUWB
T9AN6MTTE9
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- 2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals
AA
Ta%le I and Fig$ -?$ In addition9 an ade:!ate chirped FBG is considered for p!lse stretching at
lo0er cost than %y ,+ 1m of )F employed in the experiment$ 4 ,+ G%Ls differential
photorecei"er incl!ding one photodiode is considered at m!ch lo0er cost than a .- G%Ls
photorecei"er comprising t0o photodiodes9 as employed in the experiment$
Fre:!ency do!%ling and f!rther amplification for optical fre:!ency !p<con"ersion co!ld %e
performed %y an acti"e fre:!ency do!%ler9 0hich is a"aila%le in lo0<cost monolithic
micro0a"e integrated circ!it 7))I68 technology$ 4 commercial "oltage<controlled oscillator
))I6 chip is considered as 0ell$ The !nit price of these ))I6 chips is !nder /+ at _ ten
!nits$ The pac1aging of a ))I6 chip into a mod!le 0ith connectors increases the price %y
,+++$
The cost of the remote antenna !nits in %oth systems is o%tained %y s!mming !p the costs of
their constit!ti"e parts9 considering indi"id!al chips9 0hich9 in practice9 0o!ld %e integrated
into a single mod!le red!cing significantly costs %eca!se of the red!ced pac1aging costs$
3e"ertheless9 the n!m%er of interconnects and pac1aging of the mod!le critically impact the
performance and o"erall cost of %oth systems$
The o"erall cost of the radio<o"er<fi%re approach critically depends on the cost of the =+ GE(
photodetector at the remote antenna !nits9 0hich depends on the type of pac1aging9 as 0ell
as se"eral other factors9 s!ch as minim!m specifications and the type of testing or ass!rances$
6!rrently9 fe0 man!fact!rers prod!ce photodetectors capa%le of 0or1ing in the =+ GE( %and
in high "ol!me$ The mar1et of these photodetectors has not mat!red yet$ The application
herein proposed 0o!ld not re:!ire the !ltimate specifications of the high<performance
photodetector employed in the experiment$ The !nit price of the photodetector considered in
the cost analysis corresponds to that of a chip 0ith connector !pon the end of a fi%re optical
ca%le 0ith a g!aranteed - dB %and0idth _/+ GE( and ,+ dB %and0idth _=+ GE(9 high
maxim!m responsi"ity _+$/= 4LK9 and polari(ation dependent loss 7PD&8 +$, dB$ In addition9
this photodetector feat!res excellent p!lse response and high optical po0er capa%ility$ 4s
sho0n in Ta%le I9 the !nit price of the photodetector is significantly %etter for high :!antities$
It sho!ld %e noted that a c!rrency change of , q ,$./ UD has %een considered for the price
of the =+ GE( photodetector$
In Ta%le I9 the cost of a photodetector 0ith coaxial pac1aging incl!ding fi%re connector at
- dB %and0idth _*$/ GE( is considered to e"al!ate the cost of the remote antenna !nits in theelectrical scheme$
To the %est of o!r 1no0ledge9 imp!lse<radio UKB transmitters capa%le of pro"iding the m!lti<
G%Ls 0ireless comm!nication re:!ired %y m!ltimedia streaming in KP43 applications are not
commercially a"aila%le$ 4 Ga!ssian monocycle generator consisting of an imp!lse generator
follo0ed %y an imp!lse forming net0or1 is a commercially a"aila%le sol!tion ]--^$ This imp!lse
generator re:!ires a cloc1 inp!t to generate imp!lses9 0hich can %e gated %y external data !p
to *$/ G%Ls$ 4ltho!gh the cost of this generator is significantly red!ced for high :!antities9 it
ma1es no sense to employ this generator at remote antenna !nits from the cost point of "ie0$
In addition9 fe0 electrical imp!lse<radio UKB transmitters 0ith giga%it mod!lation capa%ilitiesha"e %een demonstrated in the literat!re ]-,^9 ]-.^$ The single<chip prototype demonstrated
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-$- =+ GE( radio<o"er<fi%re for in<flight comm!nications
A?
in ]-,^ incl!des reconfig!ra%le and mod!lation capa%ilities !p to *$/ G%Ls$ This transmitter has
%een implemented in +$,A m 6)2 technology 0ith potential cost ad"antage$ Eo0e"er9
these circ!its employ complicated electronic circ!itry and are not easy to man!fact!re$
6ompared to all electrical transmitters9 the photonic generation of monocycles employed in
the proposed system in ection -$-$. has technical ad"antages9 as it is simple in operationprinciple9 easily reconfig!ra%le in data rate and %and0idth %eing capa%le of pro"iding 0ider
%and0idth and rates higher than *$/ G%Ls s!ita%le for f!t!re !pgrade9 0hile it is a%le to
pro"ide higher<:!ality p!lses$
In Ta%le I9 the cost of an electrical UKB transmitter %ased on 2FD) UKB transcei"ers9 0hich
are commercially a"aila%le9 is considered$ 4 n!m%er of standard<compliant 2FD) UKB
transcei"er chipsets at data rates !p to .A+ )%Ls are commercially a"aila%le$ For instance9
4lereon 4&/,++L4&/-++ chipsets are prod!ced in high "ol!me 7_,+ +++ !nits8 for the top<tier
P6 and cons!mer electronics "endors$ The !nit price of these chipsets is !nder ,+ at
tho!sands of chipsets 0itho!t neither nondisclos!re agreement9 nor "ol!me commitment$ Thecost of the electrical UKB transmitter considered in Ta%le I has %een o%tained %y s!mming
!p the cost of three 2FD) UKB chipsets9 pro"iding an aggregated data rate of ,$.. G%Ls9 and
the cost of a fo!r<port com%iner mod!le 0ith )4 connectors at .NA GE( fre:!ency range9
0hich 0o!ld %e employed to com%ine the o!tp!t of the three chipsets$ 4 !nit price of ,/+9
,++9 /+ and -+ of the 2FD) UKB chipset is ass!med !p to ,+9 ,++9 */+ and /++ !nits9
respecti"ely$
=+ GE( ))I6 dies are considered for the local oscillators9 mixers9 fre:!ency :!adr!plers and
lo0<noise amplifiers at remote antenna !nits at "ery lo0 cost !nder /+ at _ ten !nits$ The
cost of the oscillator and lo0<noise amplifier is the same in %oth systems !nder comparison$3ote that the =+ GE( ))I6 mixer and fre:!ency :!adr!pler exhi%it 0orse performance than
the corresponding prototype mod!les employed in the experiment$ )any =+ GE( ))I6
chipsets ha"e %een demonstrated ],A*^ and there are also commercially a"aila%le 7e$g$
;nd0a"e or Gotmic8$
From the cost comparison sho0n in Fig$ -?9 the UKB radio<o"er<fi%re approach presents
deployment cost e:!i"alent to cost associated to a con"entional %ase%and transmission
scheme %ased on electronics e"en considering that the radio<o"er<fi%re approach presented
here operates in the =+ GE( radio %and$ De"ices and s!%systems operation at =+ GE(9 mainly
the =+ GE( photodetector9 dri"e the %!dget in this case$ It is expected that 0hen =+ GE(technology %ecame mat!re9 radio<o"er<fi%re cost 0ill drop s!%stantially9 ma1ing the radio<
o"er<fi%re approach especially interesting for large co!nt deployments$ F!rthermore9 the
radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!e is ad"antageo!s in terms of transparency to the specific 0ireless
standard not re:!iring mod!lation at each remote antenna !nit9 large %and0idth9 more
flexi%ility in terms of %and0idth and data rate$
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- 2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals
?+
&. -ualband generation by fre6uency s!ifting in remote
connectivity fibre
4n imp!lse<radio UKB photonic generation techni:!e %ased on fre:!ency shifting in the
remote connecti"ity fi%re in optical access net0or1s is proposed and analysed in this Ph$D$
thesis ]Bel,+%^9 ]Bel,,d^$ This techni:!e is %ased on optical carrier s!ppression mod!lation
com%ined 0ith fi%re chromatic dispersion targeting to o"ercome the %and0idth limitation of
optical !p<con"ersion9 0ith the ad"antage of %eing easily reconfig!ra%le generating
sim!ltaneo!sly different RF %ands$ 4 comprehensi"e sim!lation analysis is performed 0ith
special foc!s on capa%ilities for d!al *. GE(L=+ GE( operation paired 0ith experimental
demonstration at ,$*/ G%Ls$ =+ GE( 0ireless performance after optical generation and
transmission in ,*$/ 1m of )F is meas!red demonstrating error<free transmission at , m
radio distance$ The incl!sion of remote Ga!ssian monocycle p!lse shaping is also analysed inthis paper considering d!al *. GE(L=+ GE( operation$ P!lse<shaped d!al *. GE(L=+ GE(
generation is experimentally demonstrated at ,$*/ G%Ls$ Transmission performance is
meas!red at *. GE( demonstrating error<free transmission$ The sim!lation analysis f!rther
indicates that the techni:!e is s!ita%le for UKB generation at higher RF %ands s!ch as the W <
%and 7@/N,,+ GE(8$ Practical implementation considerations and trade<offs 7e$g$9 in terms of
cost and n!m%er of remote antenna !nits s!pported8 of this system are also analysed %y
sim!lation sho0ing that the techni:!e is cost effecti"e$
&..1 Introduction
UKB radio transmissions ha"e %een allocated in the fre:!ency range from -$, to ,+$= GE( ],^$
UKB can also operate in the *. GE( %and for "ehic!lar short<range radar applications ]*^$
UKB operation in the =+ GE( %and is an open opport!nity to o"ercome coexistence iss!es
0ith other radio technologies operating in the same fre:!ency %and9 s!ch as -$/ GE( Ki)4
and / GE( Ki<Fi$ UKB %and0idth in c!rrent reg!lation 7!p to @$/ GE(8 can %e allocated "ery
0ell in the !nlicensed fre:!ency range reg!lated for generic =+ GE( radio 0orld0ide#
/@N== GE( in ;!rope and 4!stralia9 /@N=. GE( in the U$$ and 6anada9 /?N== GE( in apan$
F!rthermore9 UKB operation in the =+ GE( %and permits to increase the mean ;IRP density
from N.,$- dBmL)E( as in c!rrent UKB reg!lation 0orld0ide to ,- dBmL)E( as permitted in
reg!lation in force in the %and ],@^$ This permits extending UKB reach pro"ided the *+ dB
higher free<space path loss in the =+ GE( %and is compensated$ 3e"ertheless9 the atmospheric
atten!ation in the =+ GE( %and of !p to approximately -+ dBL1m f!rther limits o!tdoor reach
],A^$ UKB radio<o"er<fi%re transmission has %een indicated as a rapid and cost<effecti"e
sol!tion to deli"er high<%and0idth ser"ices in FTTE net0or1s ]&lo+Aa^9 ]&lo+Ac^9 as disc!ssed in
ection *$/$.$ =+ GE( UKB targets to pro"ide m!lti<G%Ls KP43 connecti"ity in s!ch home
en"ironments ]Bel,+c^9 as proposed in ection .$ =+ GE( UKB also targets en"ironments
0here interference is a critical iss!e li1e aircrafts9 telecomm!nication operators9 and
go"ernment premises ]Bel+?a^9 as proposed in ection -$-$
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-$. D!al<%and generation %y fre:!ency shifting in remote<connecti"ity fi%re
?,
4 n!m%er of imp!lse<radio UKB<o"er<fi%re systems ha"e %een demonstrated in different RF
%ands9 as s!mmari(ed in Ta%le I$ In the -$,N,+$= GE( %and9 0ireless distances %elo0 , m ha"e
%een demonstrated meeting reg!lation in the U$$ and employing 22H mod!lation !p to
-$,*/ G%Ls for optical access net0or1s$ In the =+ GE( %and9 !p to .+ 1m of )F and / m
0ireless transmission has %een demonstrated employing BPH mod!lation at ,$.. G%Ls]Bel,+c^9 as demonstrated in ection .$,9 or !p to =$/ 1m of )F and * m employing 22H at
-$,*/ G%Ls ]Bel,,%^9 as demonstrated in ection .$*$ Finally9 an optical system operating in the
@/N,,+ GE( %and 7W <%and8 has %een demonstrated !p to ,$= m of 0ireless distance
employing 22H mod!lation at *$/ G%Ls and a dispersion<compensated lin1 for high<density
!ser in<%!ilding applications ]/?^$
This Ph$D$ thesis targets to pro"ide a comprehensi"e sim!lation analysis paired 0ith
s!pporting experimental 0or1 in order to in"estigate the technical aspects and possi%le
config!rations of a m!lti%and imp!lse<radio UKB optical generation tailored for UKB<o"er<
fi%re transmission in optical access net0or1s$
The principle of operation of the proposed techni:!e is presented in ection -$.$-$ ection
-$.$. descri%es sim!lation 0or1 demonstrating m!lti%and capa%ilities and addressing practical
considerations$ D!al<%and operation is experimentally demonstrated in ection -$.$/
employing t0o different system config!rations$ ;na%ling technologies for a simple and cost<
effecti"e practical implementation of the UKB<o"er<fi%re system are disc!ssed in ection
-$.$=$
&..2 Integrating multiband o"eration in t!e o"tical access network
Fig$ .+ depicts the application scenario considering optical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB
signals and radio<o"er<fi%re transmission thro!gh the remote connecti"ity fi%re in a FTTE
net0or1$ Photonic generation of imp!lse<radio UKB is capa%le of sim!ltaneo!sly generate
UKB signals in different RF %ands9 ranging from %ase%and to millimetre<0a"e$ In this 0ay9 the
same UKB signal can sim!ltaneo!sly pro"ide a 0ide "ariety of f!nctionalities ]Bel,+%^$ The
proposed optical generation techni:!e can %e integrated in FTTE net0or1s to deli"er =+ GE(
ser"ices s!ch as high<speed data and ED a!dioL"ideo streaming9 and also to pro"ide
connecti"ity to an UKB<ena%led cell phone operating in the standard -$,M,+$= GE( %and9 as
depicted in Fig$ .+$
In ]Bel,,d^9 0e f!rther in"estigate %y sim!lation the capa%ilities of UKB o"er fi%re to
sim!ltaneo!sly generate an imp!lse<radio UKB signal in the *. GE( %and for "ehic!lar radar
and infrastr!ct!re<to<car comm!nications applications ser"ed %y an optical access
infrastr!ct!re9 as is also depicted in Fig$ .+$
The proposed UKB<o"er<fi%re generation scheme re:!ires !p<con"ersion at a central !nit9
Eead<end in Fig$ .+9 and f!rther fre:!ency shifting to different RF %ands$ This is performed %y
different total dispersion in the fi%re lin1s pro"iding remote connecti"ity$ In addition9 d!al
*. GE(L=+ GE( %and generation is experimentally demonstrated employing a different system
config!ration and Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping at *. GE( remote antenna !nits$
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- 2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals
?*
Performing simple ad>!sta%le p!lse shaping remotely is proposed to flexi%ly adapt the UKB
spectr!m to different fi%re dispersion$ Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping can pro"ide spectr!mflexi%ility and co!ld permit to radiate the %ase%and signal9 0hich is also a"aila%le after
photodetection9 in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and employing commercially a"aila%le antennas ]*.^$
3ote that this 0or1 is foc!sed on d!al *. GE(L=+ GE( %and operation$ 3e"ertheless9
m!lti%and operation is also addressed in this 0or1 considering higher fre:!ency %ands9 in
partic!lar the @/N,,+ GE( %and$ Eigher fre:!ency %ands sho0 larger potential %and0idths
a"aila%le and lo0er atmospheric atten!ation 0hich co!ld extend 0ireless reach$ This approach
co!ld %e alternati"ely implemented introd!cing optical UKB generation in the FTTE
residential gate0ay9 RG in Fig$ .+9 pro"ided an in<home optical distri%!tion net0or1 is in place
th!s red!cing the potential impact of fail!re in the central head<end !nit$
&..& 9rinci"le of o"eration
Fig$ ., sho0s the techni:!e proposed for generation of RF imp!lse<radio UKB signals in the
optical domain$ 4t the head<end !nit9 transform<limited optical p!lses 0ith p!lse0idtho
T and
optical %and0idth ∆λ are chirped and stretched in time to1 IN t
T Dλ = ∆ ⋅ in a first dispersi"e
element 0ith total dispersion1t
D $ The generation techni:!e relies on the con"ersion of the
spectral components of the p!lsed laser to time domain 70a"elength<to<time mapping8$ This is
performed in the first dispersi"e element as long as the condition..
2
00 | |φ <<T is met9 0here
..
0φ
is the first<order dispersion coefficient ],A-^$ The spectrally<resol"ed p!lses is the imp!lse<
radio signal 0hich is mod!lated 0ith a &2 signal 0ith fre:!ency LO
f in an intensity electrooptic
mod!lator to perform fre:!ency !p<con"ersion$ The mod!lated imp!lse<radio signal is
dispersed in a second dispersi"e element 0ith total dispersion2t
D for f!rther fre:!ency
shifting$ The second dispersi"e element stretches or compresses the imp!lse<radio en"elope
%y a factor2 1
1 /t t
M D D= + 9 res!lting in f!rther fre:!ency do0n<shifting or !p<shifting9
respecti"ely$ Time stretching is performed 0hen1t
D and2t
D ha"e the same sign 7 1> M 8
0hereas the en"elope is compressed in time 0hen1t
D and2t
D ha"e opposite sign 7 0 1≤ < M 8
],A.^$ Time compression or stretching of a time<re"ersed "ersion of the imp!lse<radio
en"elope is performed 0hen1t
D and2t
D ha"e opposite sign so that 1 0− < < M or 1 M < − 9
respecti"ely ],A/^$ The en"elope is the time<re"ersed "ersion of the original en"elope at
1 M = − 7nor time compression or stretching8$
Fig$ .+$ Radio<o"er<fi%re system integrating optical access net0or1 and o!tdoorLin<%!ilding radiotransmission of m!lti%and m!lti<G%Ls imp!lse<radio UKB for se"eral applications$
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-$. D!al<%and generation %y fre:!ency shifting in remote<connecti"ity fi%re
?-
This chirped micro0a"e amplit!de mod!lation techni:!e 0ith matched dispersion has %een
demonstrated for se"eral applications ],A.^9 ],A=^$ 6hirped optical p!lses that are amplit!de<
mod!lated %y a micro0a"e signal ha"e %een !sed for fre:!ency shifting of the micro0a"e
signal ],A.^$ The techni:!e has also %een !sed to increase the sampling rate and inp!t
%and0idth of electronic analog!e<to<digital con"erters ],A=^$ The application of the techni:!e
for radio o"er fi%re 0ith m!lti%and capa%ilities is proposed in this Ph$D$ thesis$ In this
application9 the same fi%re employed to pro"ide remote connecti"ity9 e$g$ )F in FTTE
net0or1s9 is employed as second dispersi"e element$ The !se of optical carrier s!ppression
mod!lation %y %iasing a )) at the minim!m transmission point is also proposed for this
application$ This red!ces RF po0er fading ind!ced %y fi%re chromatic dispersion at expense of
red!ced po0er ],.-^$ RF po0er fading limits &2 fre:!ency 0itho!t employing dispersioncompensation ],A=^$ 2ptical carrier s!ppression also relaxes fre:!ency re:!irement of the !p<
con"ersion stage for fre:!ency shifting to the same centre fre:!ency in the same remote fi%re$
This fre:!ency re:!irement is f!rther relaxed 0hen time compression is performed th!s
effecti"ely red!cing cost$ F!rthermore9 t0o RF %ands centred at / LO
f M and 2 / LO
f M ⋅ are
generated in the same remote fi%re after photodetection 0hen optical carrier s!ppression
mod!lation is employed$ This ena%les !p<con"ersion to the same centre fre:!ency in t0o
remote fi%res 0ith different total dispersion from the same head<end !nit 0itho!t employing
dispersion compensation$ T0o additional total dispersions are possi%le for this p!rpose 0hen
the corresponding time<re"ersed "ersions are generated9 i$e$ the same "al!e of 0ithopposite sign is employed$
In order to generate at a gi"en centre fre:!ency sim!ltaneo!sly %y total dispersions of remote
fi%re %eyond the fo!r cases disc!ssed a%o"e9 dispersion co!ld %e managed %y adding remote
dispersion compensation$ This can %e of interest in FTTE net0or1s 0here different distances
exist from the central head<end !nit to the remote antenna !nits9 the n!m%er of central
head<end !nits %eing a trade<off for a high<n!m%er of remote antenna !nits$ Remote
dispersion compensation co!ld %e centrali(ed in residential gate0ays9 RG in Fig$ .+9 to simplify
remote antenna !nits and red!ce cost$ Eo0e"er9 the "ariation in the in<home fi%re lengths
co!ld ind!ce performance degradation limiting splitting ratios in FTTE to s!pport more !sers$4t the remote antenna !nits9 R4U in Fig$ .,9 the imp!lse<radio UKB signals are
Fig$ .,$ chematic diagram of the photonic techni:!e for RF imp!lse<radio UKB generation %ased onfre:!ency shifting %y the dispersi"e fi%re pro"iding remote connecti"ity$
2 11 /t t M D D= + $
*EAD-END UNTUWB .'3ses
'.-cn@erte tan
Dis.ersi@ee3ement
:4ir.e .'3se
Dis.ersi@eiber
P'3se3aser
Transrm-3imite.'3ses
9AU
9EM<TE:<NNE:TTI
λ λ λ λ
= ⋅ 1JIN t T λ D IN T = ⋅OUT IN T M T
t t t t
1t D $t D/LOf M
LOf
$ /LOf M
Time-cm.resse .'3se
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- 2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals
?.
photodetected9 amplified9 filtered9 and radiated to the end<!ser terminals$ The %ase%and
signal is also a"aila%le after photodetection9 0hich can %e !sed either for a 0ired connecti"ity
employing a lo0<speed recei"er or for UKB 0ireless connecti"ity in the -$,M,+$= GE( %and9
sho0n in Fig$ .+9 pro"ided ade:!ate p!lse shaping is performed in the system ]*@^$
The !se of IDF for fre:!ency shifting and remote connection poses an interesting sol!tion for
m!lti%and generation of RF imp!lse<radio UKB signals performing %oth time compression and
time stretching from the same head<end !nit$ 6ompared 0ith D6F9 IDF is more s!ita%le for
optical transmission ],=?^$
&.. Simulation analysis
4 model of the photonic generation techni:!e depicted in Fig$ ., has %een de"eloped
employing the sim!lation tool 5PItransmission)a1erO 7"ersion A$-8$ The sim!lation model has
%een employed to design the system for the experimental demonstrations reported in ection
-$.$/9 ta1ing into acco!nt the operation principle disc!ssed in ection -$.$-$ The sim!lation
model has %een "erified from experimental meas!rements9 as sho0n in ection -$.$/$
)!lti%and generation capa%ilities of the RF imp!lse<radio UKB generation techni:!e ha"e
%een in"estigated %y sim!lation employing the experimental head<end !nit in ection -$.$/$
F!rthermore9 the infl!ence of UKB p!lse shape has %een analysed incl!ding Ga!ssian<
monocycle shaping in the system$ The operational limits employing %oth Ga!ssian and
Ga!ssian<monocycle p!lse shapes ha"e also %een in"estigated %y sim!lation considering
imp!lse<radio UKB generation in the *. GE(9 =+ GE(9 and @/N,,+ GE( %ands$
In sim!lation9 hyper%olic<secant p!lses mod!lated 0ith data at ,$*/ G%Ls are generated at,//+ nm %y an optical p!lse transmitter$ The p!lses ha"e * ps FKE) and ,$*@ nm of - dB
%and0idth9 as in the experiments in ection -$.$/$ Dispersi"e fi%re is considered as first
dispersi"e element$ 4 dispersion coefficient of ,@ psLnmL1m at ,//+ nm is considered for
remote )F$
/imultaneous multiand generation in di))erent remote )ires in $,,H
netors
The capa%ility of the techni:!e in Fig$ ., of generating imp!lse<radio UKB signals in different RF
%ands %y remote fi%res 0ith different total dispersion from the same head<end !nit has %eenin"estigated %y sim!lation$ The analysis is foc!sed on the *. GE(9 =+ GE(9 and @/N,,+ GE(
%ands$ )!lti%and generation from the head<end !nit config!red as in the =+ GE( experiment in
ection -$.$/ is herein demonstrated$ The optical %and pass filter 72BPF8 limiting the optical
%and0idth in the experiment is modelled as a Ga!ssian filter 0ith +$A nm of - dB %and0idth$
UKB %and0idth centred at 2 / LO
f M ⋅ can %e generated %y ,*$= 1m of remote )F for =+ GE(9
as sho0n in Fig$ .*7%8 and %y ,@ 1m of remote )F for ?-$@/ GE(9 as sho0n in Fig$ .*7c8$ Up<
con"ersion to a centre fre:!ency of */ GE( can %e performed %y / 1m of remote IDF 0ith a
dispersion coefficient of N,@ psLnmL1m at ,//+ nm9 as sho0n in Fig$ .*7a8$ 2ther IDF lengths are
s!pported pro"ided IDF 0ith a different dispersion coefficient is employed ],=?^$
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-$. D!al<%and generation %y fre:!ency shifting in remote<connecti"ity fi%re
?/
In addition9 a centre fre:!ency of / LO
f M can %e generated %y ,+ 1m of remote )F for
*/ GE(9 as sho0n in Fig$ .*7d8 %y ,A$A 1m of remote )F for =+ GE( and %y *, 1m of remote
)F for ?-$@/ GE($ The corresponding lengths of remote )F 0hen time re"ersal is
performed are // 1m and .+ 1m for */ GE(9 -@$. 1m and -,$* 1m for =+$=*/ GE(9 and -- 1m and
*? 1m for ?-$@/ GE(9 respecti"ely$ This demonstrates that the techni:!e can operate 0ith
remote )F 0ith length exceeding typical FTTE distances$ The n!m%er of central head<end
!nits can %e red!ced %y increasing the reach of the passi"e FTTE net0or1$ The goal is to red!ce
operating expenses$ Eo0e"er9 long fi%re distances can ind!ce RF po0er fading and also red!ce
splitting ratio th!s red!cing n!m%er of remote antenna !nits ser"ed %y a head<end !nit$
Different total dispersion of remote fi%re can ind!ce different UKB %and0idth and tolerance
to "ariation in the total dispersion of remote fi%re9 as sho0n in Ta%le $ The smallest UKB
%and0idth limits the maxim!m data rate 0hich can %e pro"ided %y the head<end !nit in
different RF %ands sim!ltaneo!sly$ The higher the total dispersion of remote fi%re9 the UKB
spectr!m is more sensiti"e to the "ariation in the total lin1 dispersion 0hich can %e ind!ced %y
inacc!racy in the location of remote antenna !nits and %y the thermal sensiti"ity of the
dispersion coefficient of remote fi%re$ The higher the temperat!re "ariations9 the lo0er the
performance and therefore the n!m%er of !sers s!pported 0itho!t employing adapti"e
dispersion compensation co!ld %e red!ced$ The maxim!m permissi%le performancedegradation 0ill determine the maxim!m in<home fi%re distance to centrali(e remote fi%re
length compensation in residential gate0ays$ For instance9 for the config!ration in Ta%le 9
performance does not "ary significantly in the =+ GE( %and for a "ariation in the remote )F
length of .++ m$ By considering the e:!i"alent "ariation in the total dispersion of remote fi%re9
this co!ld co"er typical in<%!ilding connections to simple remote antenna !nits 0hile
tolerating reasona%le temperat!re changes$
The operational limits of the proposed techni:!e ha"e %een in"estigated %y sim!lation$ Ta%le
I incl!des some examples of system parameters for imp!lse<radio UKB generation in the
*. GE( %and9 in the =+ GE( %and as 0ell as in the @/N,,+ GE( %and$ 3ote the infl!ence ofoptical %and0idth on UKB %and0idth at 15
LO f GHz = %y comparing 0ith Ta%le $
Fig$ .*$ Pea1 spectr!m sim!lated at the o!tp!t of the photodetector in Fig$ ., for - dB filtered%and0idth 0.8nmλ ∆ = 9 dispersion 1 425 /t D ps nm= − 9 15 LO GHz = 9 and 7a8 remote IDF 0ith dispersion
2 85 /t D ps nm= − 7%8 ,*$= 1m remote )F 7c8 ,@ 1m remote )F 7d8 ,+ 1m remote )F$
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- 2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals
?=
Gaussian-monoc*cle pulse s'aping
RF imp!lse<radio UKB generation employing Ga!ssian<monocycle p!lse shaping has %een
in"estigated$ The Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping is performed at the remote antenna !nit in Fig$
., %ased on a differential photorecei"er 0hose o!tp!ts are com%ined after ad>!sting their
relati"e time delay τ ]Bel+?a^9 as proposed in ection -$*$-$ This permits to ad>!st UKB
%and0idth %y changing the delay depending on the remote fi%re dispersion$ The Ga!ssian<
monocycle shaping introd!ces n!lls in the spectr!m9 as sho0n in Fig$ .-9 0hich are dependent
on the relati"e time delay τ $
Ta%le I$ )!lti%and imp!lse<radio UKB generation at optical %and0idth 1.27nmλ ∆ = and dispersion
1 425 /t D ps nm= −
LO7GE(8 Remote )F
&ength 71m8
UKB ,+ dB fre:!ency range 7GE(8
/ ,/9 -/ *-$@/ M *=$*/
/ *+$A9 *?$* // M =/9 */ M --$@/
/ *-$=/9 *=$-/ @A$@/ M ,+=$*/
/ **$-9 *@$@ A-$@/ M ,+,$*/9 -/ M .A$@/
,+ ,/9 -/ *-$@/ M *=$*/9 .A$@/ M /,$*/
,/ ,+9 .+ *-$@/ M *=$*/9 .A$@/ M /,$*/
,/ ,A$@/9 -,$*/ /@$/ M =-$@/
,/ ,*$/9 -@$/ /A$@/ M =,$*/9 *A$@/ M -,$*/
,/ *,$*/9 *A$@/ ?=$*/ M ,+=$*/
,/ ,@$/9 -*$/ ?@$/ M ,+*$/9 .A$@/ M /*$/
Ta%le $ )!lti%and imp!lse<radio UKB generation at filtered %and0idth 0.8nmλ ∆ = 9 dispersion
1 425 /t D ps nm= − 9 and 15 LO GHz =
Remote Total
Dispersion
2t D 7psLnm8
Remote Fi%re
&ength 71m8
UKB ,+ dB
fre:!ency
range 7GE(8N-+$= M N./$? ,$A N *$@
a *=$*/ N *A$@/
N.@$= M N@.$A *$A N .$. a */ N *@$/
N@=$/ M N,+* .$/ N = a *-$@/ N *=$*/
,==$= M ,@-$. ?$A N ,+$* **$/ N *@$/
,@/$, M ,A+$* ,+$- N ,+$= **$/ N *A$@/
,A,$? M ,A-$= ,+$@ N ,+$A *-$@/ N *A$@/
*,-$-/ M *,/$? ,*$// N ,*$@ /@$/ N =-$@/
*,=$@/ M *,A$./ ,*$@/ N ,*$A/ /@$/ N =/
*,?$- M **+$,/ ,*$? N ,*$?/ /A$@/ N =/
*=/$* ,/$= @/ N A-$@/
*@* ,= @A$@/ N A@$/
*A+$/ ,=$/ A*$/ N ?-$@/
*A? ,@ A@$/ N ?A$@/
*?@$/ ,@$/ ?-$@/ N ,+=$*/aIDF 0ith N,@ psLnmL1m$ The rest of fi%re lengths correspond to )F$
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-$. D!al<%and generation %y fre:!ency shifting in remote<connecti"ity fi%re
?@
The Ga!ssian<monocycle p!lse shaping ena%les the generation of m!ltiple RF %ands in the
same remote fi%re as the spectr!m lo%es can %e filtered indi"id!ally$ For instance9 the *. GE(
%and9 the =+ GE( %and and the @/N,,+ GE( %and9 as sho0n in Fig$ .-7%8$ The %and0idth of thespectr!m lo%es is dependent on the p!lse0idth
OUT T in Fig$ ., and the monocycle delay τ $
F!rthermore9 sim!lation res!lts sho0 that the spectr!m of the RF Ga!ssian<monocycle signal
is symmetric and centred at 2 / LO
f M ⋅ 7or / LO
f M 8 at certain e:!al<spaced "al!es of the
monocycle delay τ $ These "al!es are dependent on the &2 fre:!ency LO
f and the length of
the remote )F performing the fre:!ency shifting$ 3ote that in Fig$ .-9 there is o"erlapping
%et0een the %ase%and and the fre:!ency %and at / LO
f M and %et0een the fre:!ency %and at
/ LO
f M and 2 / LO
f M ⋅ $
Ta%le II incl!des examples of operational limits 0hen Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping is
performed9 0hich are s!ita%le for imp!lse<radio UKB generation in the *. GE( %and9 in the=+ GE( %and as 0ell as in the @/N,,+ GE( %and$
&.. 7"erimental demonstration
The experimental set!p for photonic imp!lse<radio UKB generation in the *. GE( %and and in
the =+ GE( %and is sho0n in Fig$ ..$ 4t the head<end !nit9 an acti"ely mode<loc1ed laser
generates nearly transform<limited optical p!lses 0ith * ps of FKE)9 ,$*@ nm of - dB
%and0idth9 ?$?/-= GE( repetition rate9 and ,//+ nm central 0a"elength$ The p!lses are 22H
mod!lated 0ith R data at ,$*..* G%Ls in a )) %iased at the minim!m transmission point$
The mod!lated p!lses are chirped employing dispersi"e fi%re and amplified %y an ;DF4$ 4n2BPF is employed to remo"e noise$
Ta%le II$ )!lti%and imp!lse<radio UKB generation at optical %and0idth 1.27nmλ ∆ = 9 dispersion
1 34 /t D ps nm= − 9 and Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping 0ith 140= psτ
LO f 7GE(8 Remote )F &ength 71m8 UKB ,+ dB fre:!ency range 7GE(8*+ ,$*9 *$A **$/ M *=$*/9 /A$@/ M =*$/9 A+ M A/9 A@$/ M ?,$*/9
?-$@/ M ?A$@/9 ,+,$*/ M ,+=$*/
.+ +$=@9 -$- /A$@/ M =*$/9 **$/ M *@$/9 A+ M A-$@/9 A=$*/ M ?,$*/9
?-$@/ M ?A$@/9 ,+,$*/ M ,+=$*/
.+ .$. *-$@/ M *@$/9 /A$@/ M =-$@/9 A+ M A-$@/
Fig$ .-$ Pea1 spectr!m after Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping 0ith 130= psτ sim!lated for - dB filtered%and0idth 0.8nmλ ∆ = 9 40 LO GHz = 9 and 7a8 dispersion 1 34 /t D ps nm= 9 / 1m remote )F 7%8 dispersion
1 34 /t D ps nm= − 9 +$=@ 1m remote )F$
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-$. D!al<%and generation %y fre:!ency shifting in remote<connecti"ity fi%re
??
In order to "erify the appropriate operation9 the recei"ed imp!lse<radio UKB signal in the
=+ GE( %and is amplified %y a high<po0er amplifier 7*A$@ dB gain8 and do0n<con"erted %y
electrical mixing 0ith a &2 signal$ The &2 signal is generated %y fre:!ency :!adr!pling of the
same &2 signal employed at the head<end !nit$ 4 phase shifter is employed for ass!ring proper
phase matching for acc!rate do0n con"ersion$ The feasi%ility of the proposed generation
techni:!e is demonstrated com%ining fi%re and radio transmission$ 6ommercial rectang!lar
horn antennas 0ith a fre:!ency range of /+N@/ GE(9 *+ dBi gain and ,* %eam0idth are
employed$ ;ye diagram and Q<factor are meas!red at point 7-8 in Fig$ .. %y a digital
comm!nications analyser 74gilent D64 A=,++69 *+ GE( electrical %and0idth8$ The eye diagram
exhi%its a Q<factor of ,, 0itho!t 0ireless transmission at N?$/ dBm recei"ed optical po0er$
Q<factor decreases to ? after @+ cm of 0ireless transmission and to =$= at , m$ Fig$ ./7c8sho0s the eye diagram for , m of 0ireless transmission$ Eence9 the generation techni:!e is
demonstrated to %e error<free for , m of 0ireless distance at a maxim!m mean ;IRP density of
N*? dBmL)E( ]Bel,+%^9 0hich is 0ell %elo0 ,- dBmL)E( ],@^$ 3ote that in this experiment the
maxim!m mean ;IRP density is more restricti"e than the maxim!m mean ;IRP le"el of
.+ dBm ],@^ and the maxim!m pea1 ;IRP le"el of .- dBm ],,/^$
4dditionally9 the =+ GE( experimental system in config!ration 748 in Fig$ .. has %een sim!lated
to "erify the model de"eloped in ection -$.$.$ 4 &2 fre:!ency of 15 LO
f GHz = is set in
sim!lation$ The fre:!ency response and noise characteristics of the photodetector9 the electrical
amplifiers and the mixer are incl!ded in sim!lation$ The 0ireless channel is modelled as free<space path losses$ The filtering of the digital comm!nications analyser is modelled as a Ga!ssian
filter 0ith an electrical %and0idth of *+ GE( and an optical %and0idth of -+ GE($ Fig$ .=7a8
sho0s the time<compressed optical p!lses sim!lated at point 7,8 in Fig$ ..9 0hich exhi%it
,.+ ps FKE)$ Fig$ .=7%8 sho0s the electrical spectr!m in the =+ GE( %and sim!lated at point
7*8 in Fig$ ..$ The eye diagram demod!lated employing a &2 fre:!ency of =+ GE( is sho0n in Fig$
.=7c89 sim!lated at point 7-8 in Fig$ ..$ The sim!lation res!lts in Fig$ .= are in excellent
agreement 0ith the experimental meas!rements in Fig$ ./$
Fig$ ./$ )eas!rements for config!ration 748 in Fig$ ..$ 7a8 Time<compressed signal at point 7,8 in Fig$ ..$7%8 Pea1 spectr!m of the =+ GE( imp!lse<radio UKB signal at point 7*8 in Fig$ .. 7"ideo %and0idth#,+ )E(8$ 7c8 ;ye diagram at point 7-8 in Fig$ ..$
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- 2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals
,++
%ual generation in t'e !" and 60 GHz ands * )reuenc* don-s'i)ting
The sim!ltaneo!s generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals in the *. GE( %and and in the=+ GE( %and has %een demonstrated %y fre:!ency do0n<shifting in remote<connecti"ity )F$
The corresponding config!ration of the dispersi"e fi%re and &2 at the head<end !nit is mar1ed
as 7B8 in Fig$ .. and the remote<connecti"ity fi%re is mar1ed as 7B*8 for the *. GE( %and and
7B,8 for the =+ GE( %and$ 4 fix R data pattern ,++,+++,,,,+,+,+C is employed$ 4t the
*. GE( remote antenna !nit9 the optical p!lses are photodetected %y a differential
photorecei"er 7Teleoptix9 %alanced photorecei"er 0ith limiting TI48 7- dB %and0idth of
-/ GE(8 ],A,^$ The o!tp!ts of the photorecei"er are com%ined after ad>!sting their relati"e
time delay %y an electrical delay line to generate a Ga!ssian<monocycle p!lse shape ]Bel+?a^9
as proposed in ection -$*$-$ The photorecei"er is operated in !n%alanced mode ]Bel+?c^9
0hich pro"ides %etter performance than the %alanced mode ]Bel+?%^ in this UKB p!lse
shaping application$ In pre"io!s proof<of<concept experiments reported in ]Bel+?c^ and
]Bel+?%^9 optical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB 0as demonstrated in the *. GE( %and
employing DB<%ased !p<con"ersion and 0itho!t remote connecti"ity fi%re$
The UKB monocycles generated in the *. GE( %and at point 7.8 in Fig$ .. are demod!lated %y
photonic en"elope detection 0itho!t 0ireless transmission9 as sho0n in Fig$ ..$ Photonic
en"elope detection is performed employing the techni:!e proposed in ],A@^$ Detection of
*. GE( imp!lse<radio UKB signals employing this techni:!e 0as demonstrated in ]Bel+?c^$
The recei"ed *. GE( imp!lse<radio UKB signal is amplified9 and mod!lated 0ith a t!na%leoptical carrier 7+$+, nm 0a"elength acc!racy8 in a )) 7 V
π of -$@ 59 - dB %and0idth of
-/ GE(8 %iased at the minim!m transmission point to perform half<0a"e rectification$ 4 FBG
filter selects one optical side%and corresponding to the en"elope of the half<0a"e rectified
optical signal$ The en"elope is meas!red %y a digital comm!nications analyser 74gilent D64
A=,++69 *$A/ GE( optical %and0idth8$
UKB generation in the *. GE( %and is demonstrated employing * 1m of )F as the first
dispersi"e element 7 1
34 /t
D ps nm≃ 89 &2 signal at 40 LO
f GHz = 9 / 1m of )F 7 2
85 /≃t D ps nm 8
pro"iding remote connecti"ity 0hile performing p!lse time stretching %y a factor of 3.5≃ M 9
and Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping 0ith relati"e time delay 130 psτ = $ This config!ration ismar1ed as 7B8 and 7B*8 in Fig$ ..$
Fig$ .=$ im!lation res!lts for config!ration 748 in Fig$ .. to %e compared 0ith experimentalmeas!rements in Fig$ ./$ 7a8 Time<compressed signal at point 7,8 in Fig$ ..$ 7%8 Pea1 spectr!m of the=+ GE( imp!lse<radio UKB signal at point 7*8 in Fig$ ..$ 7c8 ;ye diagram at point 7-8 in Fig$ ..$
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-$. D!al<%and generation %y fre:!ency shifting in remote<connecti"ity fi%re
,+,
Fig$ .@7a8 sho0s the electrical spectr!m meas!red at point 7.8 in Fig$ ..9 0hich 0o!ld meet the
c!rrent UKB in the *. GE( %and ]*^ pro"ided ade:!ate filtering is performed$ In the
experiment9 the filtering is performed %y the com%ined fre:!ency response of the electrical
amplifier and FBG at the photonic en"elope detector$ Fig$ .@ also sho0s the electrical
spectr!m meas!red at point 7/8 in Fig$ ..9 the optical spectr!m meas!red at point 7=8 and
point 7@8 in Fig$ ..9 as 0ell as the eye diagram meas!red at point 7@8 in Fig$ ..$ The eye diagram
exhi%its a Q<factor of ,, demonstrating the feasi%ility of the generation techni:!e 0hen
fre:!ency do0n<shifting is employed$
Fig$ .A$ Imp!lse<radio UKB generation in the =+ GE( %and %y time stretching for config!ration 7B8 and7B,8 in Fig$ ..$ 7a8 Pea1 spectr!m meas!red at point 7*8 in Fig$ ..$ 7%8 Pea1 spectr!m in %ase%and
meas!red at the o!tp!t of the =+ GE( photodetector in Fig$ ..$
0 5 10 15 $0-5-0-75-70-#5-#0-55-50-%5-%0
P e r ) B m
re&'enc( )G*+50 55 #0 #5 70
-80-5-0-75-70-#5-#0-55
P e r ) B m
re&'enc( )G*+
)a )b
Fig$ .@$ Imp!lse<radio UKB generation in the *. GE( %and performing time stretching and Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping for config!ration 7B8 and 7B*8 in Fig$ ..$ 7a8 Pea1 spectr!m meas!red at point 7.8 inFig$ ..$ 7%8 Pea1 spectr!m meas!red at point 7/8 in Fig$ ..$ 7c8 2ptical spectr!m meas!red at point 7=87dashed line8 and point 7@8 7solid line8 in Fig$ .. 7resol!tion %and0idth# +$+, nm8$ 7d8 ;ye diagrammeas!red at point 7@8 in Fig$ ..$
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- 2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals
,+*
Fre:!ency do0n<shifting to the =+ GE( %and of the Ga!ssian imp!lse<radio UKB signal is
demonstrated from the same head<end !nit for +$@ 1m of )F 7 2
11.9 /t
D ps nm≃ 8 pro"iding
remote connecti"ity 0hile performing p!lse time stretching %y a factor of 1.35≃ M $ This
config!ration is mar1ed as 7B8 and 7B,8 in Fig$ ..$ Fig$ .A7a8 sho0s the electrical spectr!m
meas!red at point 7*8 in Fig$ .. after high<po0er amplification and filtering 7*A$@ dB gain9
//N=/ GE(8$ The %ase%and electrical spectr!m is sho0n in Fig$ .A7%89 0hich 0o!ld meet c!rrent
reg!lation in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and pro"ided ade:!ate filtering is performed$
&..) 9ractical considerations
The radio<o"er<fi%re system pro"iding UKB 0ireless connecti"ity remotely sho!ld %e relia%le9
simple and cost<efficient$ The !se of a mode<loc1ed laser9 intensity mod!lators9 and dispersi"e
fi%re at the head<end !nit in Fig$ ..9 ma1es the system complex for real application$ )ode<
loc1ed lasers can offer picosecond p!lses9 excellent p!lse :!ality close to transform<limited
operation9 and lo0 noise to s!pport a high n!m%er of remote antenna !nits 0ith relati"e lo0cost ]/*^9 ],AA^$ The cost of the mode<loc1ed laser co!ld %e red!ced employing semicond!ctor
mode<loc1ed lasers compati%le 0ith chip integration ],A?^ and ne0 mode<loc1ed fi%re lasers
],?+^$ In addition9 data mod!lation and !p<con"ersion co!ld %e performed %y a single
integrated d!al<cascaded )) de"ice th!s red!cing cost and si(e9 for instance !sing silicon
photonics technology ],?,^$ 6ompared 0ith dispersi"e fi%re as first dispersi"e element9 a
linearly chirped FBG made 0ith polari(ation<maintaining fi%re can pro"ide compactness and
the re:!ired polari(ation sta%ility permitting the !se of a polari(ation<sensiti"e )) for !p<
con"ersion ]/,^9 ],?*^$
In ection -$.9 RF imp!lse<radio UKB generation has %een demonstrated employing 22Hmod!lation$ 3e"ertheless9 the techni:!e co!ld %e employed 0ith other mod!lation formats9
s!ch as %i<phase mod!lation ]Bel,+c^$ ;n"elope detection can %e employed for 22H signals to
a"oid the need for a phase<loc1ed &2$ Photonic en"elope detection pro"ides transparency to
the RF fre:!ency and de"ices reali(ed !sing photonic integration are a"aila%le ],.A^$
6ompared 0ith the techni:!e employed in ection -$.9 photonic en"elope detection %ased on
f!ll or half<0a"e rectification and lo0<speed photodetection ]-^9 ]**^ 0o!ld %e simpler for
application in the system herein proposed ho0e"er it 0o!ld %e less tolerant to dispersion for
!plin1 optical distri%!tion of RF signals to a central !nit$ 4lternati"ely9 RF po0er detectors
co!ld pro"ide simple and lo0 po0er cons!mption detection ]/?^$
&. Conclusion
T0o photonic techni:!es for imp!lse<radio UKB generation in the -$,M,+$= GE( %and ha"e
%een proposed and experimentally demonstrated$ The techni:!es perform Ga!ssian
monocycle shaping 0hich can flexi%ly compensate the effect of optical access fi%re$
3e"ertheless9 the generation of Ga!ssian monocycles s!ita%le for %eing radiated in the
-$,N,+$= GE( %and 0itho!t !p<con"ersion and the dynamic range of fi%re dispersion
compensation is to %e f!rther in"estigated$ The generation of Ga!ssian monocycles ade:!ate
to %e f!rther !p<con"erted to the =+ GE( %and has %een experimentally demonstrated$
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-$/ 6oncl!sion
,+-
F!rthermore9 the proposed Ga!ssian monocycle shaping has %een demonstrated to ena%le
sim!ltaneo!s m!lti%and generation in the same fi%re in an also proposed photonic imp!lse<
radio UKB generation system %ased on fre:!ency shifting in remote<connecti"ity fi%re$
4n imp!lse<radio UKB radio<o"er<fi%re system at /@ GE( has %een demonstrated at ,$*/ G%Ls
in a proof<of<concept experiment$ The system is s!ita%le for in<flight m!lti<G%Ls
comm!nications and radar$ Transmission o"er )F at ,++ m in<ca%in distance has also %een
s!ccessf!lly demonstrated$ The proposed system can compete in cost and also has ad"antages
in terms of transparency and high %and0idth compared 0ith a con"entional sol!tion %ased on
digital %ase%and data o"er fi%re and f!rther electrical UKB mod!lation and fre:!ency !p<
con"ersion at distri%!ted remote antenna !nits$ 3e"ertheless9 significant progress has recently
%een made for =+ GE( 6)2 technology9 that may lead to different concl!sion$ The system is
s!ita%le for the pro"ision of UKB signals in the -$,M,+$= GE( and =+ GE( %ands sim!ltaneo!sly
employing lo0<fre:!ency electrooptic de"ices$ The system operation has %een "erified %y
sim!lation and the impact of the system parameters incl!ding optical noise on performancehas %een e"al!ated9 demonstrating that the system can ser"e the high n!m%er of remote
antenna !nits at KP43 distances re:!ired for the proposed in<flight application$ Performance
is limited %y thermal noise for a higher n!m%er of remote antenna !nits$ im!lation res!lts
sho0 that !sing an optical amplifier to compensate for splitting and distri%!tion losses can
help to impro"e performance$
Flexi%le photonic generation of RF imp!lse<radio UKB signals %ased on fre:!ency shifting in
optical access fi%re has %een proposed$ Fi%re dispersion can effecti"ely red!ce %road%and !p<
con"ersion cost$ The techni:!e can co"er n!mero!s applications sim!ltaneo!sly in different RF
%ands pro"iding good cost and performance trade<off$ The feasi%ility of the techni:!e in FTTEnet0or1s deli"ering ,$*/ G%Ls ser"ices has %een experimentally demonstrated 0hen operating
in the =+ GE( %and$ Practical m!lti%and capa%ilities and the limitations of this system ha"e
%een addressed %y sim!lation$ im!lation analysis also indicates that Ga!ssian<monocycle
shaping ena%les sim!ltaneo!s m!lti%and generation in the same fi%re and can greatly increase
flexi%ility 0hen implemented remotely$ D!al *. GE(L=+ GE( operation has %een
experimentally demonstrated 0hen *. GE( Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping is performed$ The
approach co!ld operate in high RF %ands s!ch as @/N,,+ GE( as indicated %y the sim!lation
analysis$ ome of the re:!ired components co!ld %e compati%le 0ith photonic integration to
simplify the architect!re$
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- 2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals
,+.
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. Generation and optical<0ireless transmission of UKB signals in the =+ GE( %and
,+=
.1.1 Introduction
UKB operation in the =+ GE( %and permits to o"ercome coexistence iss!es limiting UKB
operation in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and$ Regarding the application scenario9 UKB in the =+ GE(
%and has %een indicated as a "ia%le approach to pro"ide m!lti<G%Ls KP43 connecti"ity inscenarios 0here interference is a critical iss!e li1e aircrafts ]Bel+?a^9 ]Bel,+a^9 as disc!ssed in
ection -$-$ In addition9 UKB<o"er<fi%re has %een indicated as an interesting sol!tion for FTTE
access net0or1s deli"ering ED a!dioL"ideo ]&lo+Aa^9 ]&lo+Ac^$ This application is disc!ssed in
ection *$/$.$ This Ph$D$ thesis proposes the operation of UKB in the =+ GE( %and and
e"al!ates the performance in FTTE net0or1s for the first time to o!r 1no0ledge$
The UKB<o"er<FTTE approach is transparent to the UKB mod!lation employed$ T0o ma>or
UKB technologies are c!rrently !sed# imp!lse<radio UKB and m!lti<%and 2FD) as specified
in the ;6)4<-=A standard ]?^$ 2FD) pro"ides high spectral efficiency and efficient soft0are to
facilitate coexistence$ F!rthermore9 there is large mar1et a"aila%ility of lo0<cost 2FD)<UKB<%ased sol!tions$ 2n the other hand9 imp!lse<radio UKB is not constrained in terms of
%and0idth and data rate and it is capa%le of pro"iding sim!ltaneo!s comm!nications and high<
resol!tion radar$ The =+ GE( %and facilitates coexistence to imp!lse<radio UKB technology
and allo0s it to pro"ide m!lti<G%Ls capacity in spite of its relati"e lo0 spectral efficiency$
The st!dy herein presented compares the experimental performance after radio<o"er<fi%re
and f!rther 0ireless transmission in the =+ GE( radio %and of t0o ma>or UKB
implementations at ,$.. G%Ls# tandard 2FD) %ased on D6) and imp!lse radio %ased on
BPH mod!lation$ This st!dy targets to gi"e light on the %est implementation for f!t!re UKB
systems in the =+ GE( %and$ Different fi%re types are e"al!ated incl!ding )F and BI<)F$Direct mod!lation of a lo0<cost free<r!nning !ncooled 56;& is employed for electrooptic
con"ersion of the UKB signals$ 2ptical fre:!ency !p<con"ersion is performed at the head<end
!nit %ased on optical carrier s!ppression mod!lation in a )) ]@=^9 ],./^$ im!lation analysis
is performed to "erify the experimental meas!rements$ The system proposed co!ld operate in
a d!al -$,M,+$= GE(L=+ GE( config!ration if desired9 %!t d!al operation is o!t of the scope of
this analysis$ =+ GE( %and operation 0o!ld re<!se and extend UKB technology in terms of
range and flexi%ility9 and is the foc!s of this 0or1$
.1.2 7"erimental setu"
The experimental set!p of the UKB radio<o"er<fi%re system in the =+ GE( %and employing a
directly<mod!lated 56;& is sho0n in Fig$ .?$
4t the head<end !nit9 a ,//+ nm ,+ G%Ls 56;& 75;RTI&49 ,//+<,+G<P*<P.<Diff<Flex8 is
directly mod!lated %y the UKB signal ],?-^$ Fre:!ency !p<con"ersion to the =+ GE( %and is
performed %y dri"ing a )) 7V π
of -$@ 59 - dB %and0idth of -/ GE(9 chirp of M+$@8 %y a &2
signal after fre:!ency do!%ling$ The )) is %iased at the minim!m transmission point to
perform optical carrier s!ppression$ The pea1<to<pea1 amplit!de of the signal dri"ing the ))
is -$/ 5$ !%se:!ently9 the optical signal is distri%!ted o"er optical fi%re to the remote antenna
!nits 0here the UKB signal is !p<con"erted to the =+ GE( %and after photodetection 7! *tPhotonics9 PD5-,*+R8$
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.$, D6) 2FD) and BPH imp!lse radio employing 56;& direct mod!lation
,+@
FTTE distri%!tion o"er */ 1m and .+ 1m of )F and integrated FTTE and in<%!ilding
distri%!tion o"er */ 1m of )F extended %y /++ m of BI<)F is considered$ 2ptical
transmission performance of BI<)F is e"al!ated employing a spool of commercially<a"aila%le
BI<)F 72F ;<%end8 0itho!t %ending the fi%re$ The UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and is
amplified and filtered %efore %eing applied to an antenna for / m of 0ireless transmission$ The
antennas are rectang!lar horn antennas 0ith a fre:!ency range of /+M@/ GE(9 *+ dBi gain and
a - dB %eam0idth of ,*$ The optical amplifier ;DF4 , in Fig$ .? 7a"erage o!tp!t po0er of
,/ dBm8 is !sed to compensate for the insertion loss of the ))$ The second ;DF49 ;DF4 *
in Fig$ .?9 sets a maxim!m a"erage po0er at the photodetector inp!t 7henceforth referred to
as recei"ed optical po0er8 of ,+ dBm$ 4 "aria%le optical atten!ator decreases this po0er le"el
to analyse the performance as a f!nction of the recei"ed optical po0er$ 4n optical %and<pass
filter 7- dB %and0idth of +$A nm8 is !sed to s!ppress 4; noise$
4t the recei"er9 the recei"ed UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and is amplified and filtered9 and
do0n<con"erted %y electrical mixing 7RF %and0idth of //M=/ GE(9 IF %and0idth of D6M,+ GE(9
con"ersion loss of .$= dB8$ The same &2 signal !sed to dri"e the )) at the transmitter is
employed for fre:!ency do0n<con"ersion after fre:!ency :!adr!pling 7o!tp!t fre:!ency of
/A$=M=*$* GE(8$ 4 phase shifter is employed for ass!ring proper phase matching for acc!rate
do0n<con"ersion$ The do0n<con"erted signal is capt!red %y a real<time D2 7,- GE(
%and0idth9 .+ GLs sampling rate8 and analysed %y DP$
Fig$ .?$ ;xperimental set!p and principle of operation of a UKB radio<o"er<fi%re system in the =+ GE(%and employing direct mod!lation of a 56;&$
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. Generation and optical<0ireless transmission of UKB signals in the =+ GE( %and
,+A
56;& dri"ing9 i$e$ %ias c!rrent and UKB pea1<to<pea1 "oltage9 &2 fre:!ency9 and amplification
and filtering stages in the =+ GE( %and 7T and R 4mp`Filtering in Fig$ .?8 are config!red
differently for D6)<2FD) UKB and BPH imp!lse<radio UKB$ The different config!rations
employed gi"e the %est performance in the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration at the maxim!m
recei"ed optical po0er of ,+ dBm$
.1.& -CM/0-M #$% "erformance
The D6)<2FD) UKB signal at point 7,8 in Fig$ .?9 sho0n in Fig$ /+9 is generated %y com%ining
the o!tp!ts of three standard UKB transmitter mod!les 7Kisair9 KR=+,8$ The mod!les
s!pport the UKB Band Gro!p , ]?^$ The time<fre:!ency codes TF6/9 TF6= and TF6@ are
selected for each mod!le respecti"ely$ In this 0ay9 each mod!le transmit in the Band ,
7-$,=AM-$=?= GE(9 -$.-* GE( central fre:!ency89 Band * 7-$=?=M.$**. GE(9 -$?= GE( central
fre:!ency89 and Band - 7.$**.M.$@/* GE(9 .$.AA GE( central fre:!ency8 of the UKB Band
Gro!p ,9 respecti"ely$ The time<fre:!ency codes employed perform fixed fre:!encyinterlea"ing 7FFI89 i$e$ the information is transmitted in each %and all the time$ The FFI
config!ration maximi(es %itrate compared 0ith the time fre:!ency interlea"ing 7or fre:!ency
hopping8 config!ration 0hich minimi(es interference$ The maxim!m %itrate of .A+ )%Ls is
config!red for each %and9 0hich is achie"ed employing D6) data mod!lation9 pro"iding an
aggregated %itrate of ,$.. G%Ls and a spectral efficiency of +$?, %LsLE($
The %ias c!rrent and UKB pea1<to<pea1 "oltage applied to the 56;& are set to @/+ m5pp and
?$A m49 respecti"ely$ The &2 fre:!ency is set to ,=$,*/ GE( so that the D6)<2FD) UKB signal
is !p<con"erted to =.$/ GE($ The config!ration of the RF amplification and filtering %loc1 at the
remote antenna !nits is a %and<pass filter 7/A$,*/M=,$A@/ GE(8 and t0o lo0<noise amplifiers0ith ,A$@ dB and ,=$* dB gain9 respecti"ely$ The config!ration at the recei"er is a high<po0er
amplifier 0ith *A$@ dB gain and a %and<pass filter 7/@$/M=*$/ GE(8$
The performance of the demod!lated D6)<2FD) UKB signal at point 7-8 in Fig$ .? is
e"al!ated %y the ;5) parameter$ The ;5) is meas!red on the constellation diagram for each
fre:!ency %and9 Band ,9 Band * and Band - in Fig$ /+9 employing commercially<a"aila%le
soft0are 74gilent9 A?=++<eries 5ector ignal 4nalyser8$ The ;5) is e"al!ated o"er @* 2FD)
sym%ols 7,+9A++ %its8 in all config!rations$ The ;5) of the D6)<2FD) UKB signal in the
=+ GE( %and com%ining optical and / m 0ireless transmission is sho0n in Fig$ /, as a f!nction
of the recei"ed optical po0er$ ix optical transmission cases are sho0n# /++ m BI<)F9 */ 1m)F9 .+ 1m )F9 */ 1m )F compensated %y */ 1m of IDF9 .+ 1m )F read>!sting the
56;& %ias c!rrent from ?$A m4 to ,-$A/ m49 and .+ 1m )F compensated %y D6F e:!i"alent
to compensation of .+ 1m )F$ The ;5) in Fig$ /, is limited %y electrical noise at lo0
recei"ed optical po0er$ Decreasing the recei"ed optical po0er f!rther increases the ;5) d!e
to the red!ction in 3R$ In addition9 the ;5) impro"es at lo0 recei"ed optical po0er 0ith
respect to the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration after optical transmission o"er */ 1m of
)F9 as sho0n in Fig$ /,7a89 7c8 and 7e89 and .+ 1m of )F9 as sho0n in Fig$ /,7%89 7d8 and 7f8$
This is ascri%ed to gain in the fi%re transfer f!nction ind!ced %y the interaction of the chirp of
the directly<mod!lated 56;& 0ith fi%re chromatic dispersion ],?.^9 as "erified in
ection .$,$/$ The gain is dependent on the fi%re length$
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.$, D6) 2FD) and BPH imp!lse radio employing 56;& direct mod!lation
,+?
The increase of po0er le"el after */ 1m and .+ 1m )F transmission 0ith respect to %ac1<to<
%ac1 as 0ell as its dependence on fi%re length can %e "erified in Fig$ /*7a89 7c8 and 7d8$
Fig$ /,$ Performance meas!red at point 7-8 in Fig$ .? of the D6)<2FD) UKB radio<o"er<fi%re system inthe =+ GE( %and com%ining optical and / m 0ireless transmission$ 7a89 7%8 UKB Band , in Fig$ /+$ 7c897d8 UKB Band * in Fig$ /+$ 7e89 7f8 UKB Band - in Fig$ /+$
-1$ - -% 0 % 1$-1$ - -% 0 % 1$-$$-$0-1-1#-1%-1$-10
--#
-$$-$0-1-1#-1%-1$-10
--#
-$$-$0-1-1#-1%-1$-10
--# $5 km, !8"7 Bi
B$B 500 m B-6M $5 km 66M $5 km 66M$5 km D
B$B%0 km 66M%0 km 66M, 1!"5 mA %0 km 66M%0 km D:
9ecei@e <.tica3 Per )Bm
E M ) B
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Fig$ /+$ R) a"erage spectr!m of the generated D6)<2FD) UKB signal at point 7,8 in Fig$ .?7resol!tion %and0idth# , )E(8$
!"1# !"8# %"75$
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. Generation and optical<0ireless transmission of UKB signals in the =+ GE( %and
,,+
The minim!m ;5) o%tained at high recei"ed optical po0er is degraded after */ 1m and .+ 1m
)F transmission 0ith respect to the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration$ This is d!e to signal
distortion %y the fi%re transfer f!nction ind!ced %y chromatic dispersion and f!rther modified
%y 56;& chirp ],?.^$ ignal distortion and its dependence on fre:!ency and fi%re length can
%e o%ser"ed in Fig$ /*7c89 7d8$
ignal distortion pre"ents reco"ering the complete D6)<2FD) UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and
after */ 1m of )F9 as sho0n in Fig$ /,7e89 and also after */ 1m of )F extended %y /++ m
of BI<)F9 not sho0n in Fig$ /, for simplicity$ !ccessf!l reco"ery of the complete D6)<2FD)
UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and is achie"ed employing dispersion management %y matched IDF9
as sho0n in Fig$ /,7a89 7c8 and 7e8$ The */ 1m )F lin1 is compensated %y */ 1m of IDF$
6ompared 0ith D6F9 IDF is more s!ita%le for %eing !sed as transmission fi%re9 th!s extending
the FTTE net0or1 reach ],=?^$ imilar ;5) performance is o%tained in the three D6)<2FD)
UKB %ands$ The ;5) impro"es %y approximately * dB depending on the recei"ed optical
po0er 0ith respect to the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration$ ;:!i"alently9 the optical recei"er
sensiti"ity impro"es %y ,$/ dB depending on the ;5) threshold$ The optical recei"er sensiti"ityat ;5) %elo0 N,@ dB ]?^ is N*$, dBm$ The ;5) impro"ement 0ith respect to the optical %ac1<
to<%ac1 config!ration is ascri%ed to gain in the fi%re transfer f!nction ind!ced %y the
interaction of the 56;& chirp 0ith a resid!al fi%re chromatic dispersion9 as a similar ;5)
impro"ement is o%tained after transmission o"er /++ m of BI<)F9 as also sho0n in Fig$ /,7a89
7c8 and 7e8$ The po0er le"el increases after /++ m BI<)F transmission 0ith respect to the
optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration9 as can %e "erified in Fig$ /*7a8 and 7%8$ The D6)<2FD)
UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and is s!ccessf!lly distri%!ted o"er /++ m of BI<)F9 0hich is
s!fficient for most in<%!ilding net0or1s9 0ith an optical recei"er sensiti"ity of N*$, dBm at
;5) M,@ dB$ The signal is not distorted as the minim!m ;5) o%tained at high recei"ed
Fig$ /*$ R) a"erage spectr!m of the demod!lated D6)<2FD) UKB signal at point 7-8 in Fig$ .?com%ining optical and / m 0ireless transmission 7resol!tion %and0idth# / )E(8$ 7a8 B*B at N*$/ dBmrecei"ed optical po0er$ 7%8 /++ m BI<)F at N- dBm$ 7c8 */ 1m )F at N*$@ dBm$ 7d8 .+ 1m )F at*$- dBm$
$" !"$ !"# %"0 %"% %" 5"$
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.$, D6) 2FD) and BPH imp!lse radio employing 56;& direct mod!lation
,,,
optical po0er is not degraded 0ith respect to the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration$ This can
also %e "erified in Fig$ /*7a8 and 7%8$
The three D6)<2FD) UKB %ands are reco"ered after .+ 1m )F transmission9 as sho0n in
Fig$ /,7%89 7d8 and 7f89 ho0e"er 0ith not clear constellation$ The ;5) after .+ 1m )F
transmission at high recei"ed optical po0er can %e impro"ed %y read>!sting the 56;& dri"ing
0ith respect to the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration$ The ;5) is impro"ed d!e to the
read>!stment of the 56;& chirp9 0itho!t employing dispersion compensation or management
of the 56;& chirp ],?/^N],?@^$ This is sho0n in Fig$ /,7%89 7d8 and 7f8 for read>!stment of the
%ias c!rrent applied to the 56;& from ?$A m4 to ,-$A/ m4$ 6onsidering an ;5) threshold of
N,@ dB9 the optical recei"er sensiti"ity for s!ccessf!l reco"ering of the three D6)<2FD) UKB
%ands is , dBm9 limited %y the signal distortion in the UKB Band ,$ This corresponds to a
po0er penalty of ,$- dB 0ith respect to the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration$
The expected performance employing dispersion compensation %y D6F is also in"estigated$
The .+ 1m )F lin1 is compensated %y =$/ 1m of D6F 0hich has dispersion e:!i"alent to
compensation of .+ 1m )F$ The ;5) in the three D6)<2FD) UKB %ands impro"es at high
recei"ed optical po0er and is degraded at lo0 recei"ed optical po0er 0ith respect to the
!ncompensated .+ 1m lin19 as sho0n in Fig$ /,7%89 7d8 and 7f8$ The optical recei"er sensiti"ity at
;5) M,@ dB is , dBm limited %y the UKB Band -9 corresponding to a po0er penalty of
,$= dB 0ith respect to the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration$ It sho!ld %e noted that the
s!ccessf!l transmission after dispersion compensation %y IDF or D6F 0ith ;5) N,@ dB is
achie"ed increasing the amplification ;DF4 * in Fig$ .? %y / dB to compensate for the
increased loss of the com%ined fi%re lin1$
The impact of the gain of the recei"ing antenna on performance is also st!died$ Fig$ /,7a8
sho0s the ;5) of the D6)<2FD) UKB Band , after */ 1m )F transmission 0hen a
6assegrain antenna 0ith -?$@ dBi gain is employed at recei"er instead of the *+ dBi antenna$
The optical recei"er sensiti"ity impro"es %y ,$- dB at lo0 recei"ed optical po0er 0hereas the
minim!m ;5) is maintained at high recei"ed optical po0er$
Fig$ /- sho0s examples of D6)<2FD) UKB spectra in the =+ GE( %and meas!red at point 7*8
in Fig$ .?$ The po0er le"el decreases %y approximately * dB e"ery time the recei"ed optical
po0er decreases %y , dB$ The signal spectr!m meets c!rrent reg!lation in the =+ GE( %and ],,/^
in all config!rations$ Eo0e"er9 spectra of noise and distortion are o%ser"ed d!e to imperfect
filtering$ These spectra co!ld ca!se interference to other radio signals in the c!rrent =+ GE(%and 7/@N== GE(8 or to f!t!re fre:!encies o!tside /@N== GE(9 partic!larly aro!nd /* GE($ The
!ndesired spectra co!ld %e red!ced %y ade:!ate filtering in practice or %y system design$
3e"ertheless9 !ndesired spectra do not impact on the meas!red performance as this is
e"al!ated only o"er the %and0idth of each D6)<2FD) UKB %and$
Fig$ /. sho0s examples of D6) constellation diagrams at point 7-8 in Fig$ .?$ ignal
degradation translates into more disperse constellation points th!s degrading the ;5)$ The
constellation diagrams in Fig$ /. confirm the good performance 0ith ;5) M,@ dB of the
radio<o"er<fi%re system for generation 0ith com%ined fi%re and 0ireless transmission of high<
:!ality D6)<2FD) UKB signals in the =+ GE( %and$
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.$, D6) 2FD) and BPH imp!lse radio employing 56;& direct mod!lation
,,-
The config!ration of the RF amplification and filtering %loc1 at the remote antenna !nits is a
lo0<noise amplifier 0ith ,A$@ dB gain9 a %and<pass filter 7/A$,*/M=,$A@/ GE(8 and a high<
po0er amplifier 0ith *A$@ dB gain$ The config!ration at the recei"er is a high<po0er amplifier
0ith *A$@ dB gain9 a lo0<noise amplifier 0ith ,=$* dB gain and a %and<pass filter 7/@$/M
=*$/ GE(8$
The performance of the demod!lated BPH imp!lse<radio UKB signal at point 7-8 in Fig$ .? is
e"al!ated %y the B;R parameter$ B;R is meas!red on the eye diagrams employing off<line
c!stom DP$ The DP soft0are consists of re<sampling %y a factor of ,$++A9 lo0<pass filtering at
a c!t<off fre:!ency optim!m for each config!ration 7/$, GE( for %ac1<to<%ac19 =$/ GE( for
*/ 1m )F and */ 1m )F extended %y /++ m BI<)F9 and / GE( for .+ 1m )F89 matched
filtering 0ith the original UKB p!lse shape9 %it synchroni(ation and calc!lation of the optim!m
decision threshold$ The B;R is calc!lated %y %it<%y<%it comparison 0ith the original
pse!dorandom %it se:!ence o"er ,*+9+++ %its in all config!rations$ B;R performance of theBPH imp!lse<radio UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and com%ining optical and / m 0ireless
transmission is sho0n in Fig$ /= as a f!nction of the recei"ed optical po0er$ Three optical
transmission cases are considered# */ 1m )F9 */ 1m )F extended %y /++ m BI<)F9 and
.+ 1m )F$ !ccessf!l reco"ery of the BPH imp!lse<radio UKB signal 0ith B;R %elo0 the
F;6 limit of *$* W ,+N- is achie"ed in all fi%re config!rations$ 4fter considering the @\ F;6
o"erhead9 the effecti"e data rate is ,$-. G%Ls$ 5ery lo0 optical recei"er sensiti"ities of
N,*$/ dBm and N,/$= dBm after */ 1m and .+ 1m of )F9 respecti"ely9 and N,.$- dBm after
*/ 1m of )F extended %y /++ m of BI<)F are o%tained$ This corresponds to an
impro"ement of +$, dB9 -$* dB and ,$? dB9 respecti"ely9 compared 0ith optical %ac1<to<%ac1$
The B;R is limited %y electrical noise in Fig$ /=$ Decreasing the recei"ed optical po0er f!rther
increases the B;R d!e to red!ction in 3R$ In addition9 the impro"ement in optical recei"er
sensiti"ity after fi%re transmission is ascri%ed to gain in the fi%re transfer f!nction ind!ced %y
the interaction of the chirp of the directly<mod!lated 56;& 0ith the fi%re chromatic
dispersion ],?.^9 as "erified in ection .$,$/$
3ote that the same 56;& dri"ing ad>!sted initially in the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration
has %een employed in all fi%re config!rations$ 3e"ertheless9 optimi(ation of the 56;& dri"ing
in a gi"en fi%re config!ration co!ld lead to different performance9 as has %een sho0n in
ection .$,$- for D6)<2FD) UKB$
Fig$ //$ Programmed BPH imp!lse<radio UKB signal applied to the 4KG$ 7a8 Part of the signal in thetime domain corresponding to the %it se:!ence ,+,,+C$ 7%8 3ormali(ed po0er spectral density of thesignal 7solid line8 and UKB ;IRP spectral density indoor mas1 ],^ 7dashed line8$
Time )ns0 0"5 1 1"5 $ $"5 ! !"5
A m . 3 i t ' e ) a " '
1
0"5
0
-0"5
-1
re&'enc( )G*+0 $ % # 10 1$
P 6 D ) B
0
-10
-$0
-!0
-%0
-50
)a )b
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. Generation and optical<0ireless transmission of UKB signals in the =+ GE( %and
,,.
Fig$ /@ sho0s examples of BPH imp!lse<radio UKB spectra in the =+ GE( %and at point 7*8 in
Fig$ .?$ Resid!al spectral lines at fre:!encies m!ltiple of the %itrate are ca!sed %y asymmetry
of the BPH p!lses$ This is d!e to the nonlinear transfer f!nction of the 56;& and distortion
from fi%re dispersion$ The po0er le"el decreases %y approximately * dB e"ery time therecei"ed optical po0er decreases %y , dB$ The increase of po0er le"el after fi%re transmission
0ith respect to the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration as 0ell as its dependence on fi%re length
can %e "erified in Fig$ /@7a8 and 7c8$ The signal spectr!m meets c!rrent reg!lation in the =+ GE(
%and ],,/^ in all config!rations$ Eo0e"er9 resid!al RF carrier at =.$== GE( and noise spectr!m
aro!nd /* GE( are o%ser"ed d!e to imperfect filtering$ These spectra co!ld ca!se interference
to other radio signals in the c!rrent =+ GE( %and 7/@N== GE(8 or to f!t!re fre:!encies aro!nd
/* GE($ The !ndesired spectra co!ld %e red!ced %y ade:!ate filtering in practice or %y system
design$ The !ndesired spectra do not impact on performance %eca!se fre:!ency do0n<
con"ersion is done 0ith the same RF carrier9 and DP lo0<pass filtering is done at the recei"er$
BPH eye diagrams at point 7-8 in Fig$ .? are sho0n in Fig$ /A$ The open eye diagrams in Fig$ /A9especially after .+ 1m of )F9 confirm the excellent performance sho0n in Fig$ /=$
Fig$ /@$ Pea1 spectr!m of the BPH imp!lse<radio UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and at point 7*8 in Fig$ .?7"ideo %and0idth# ,+ )E(8$ RF carrier fre:!ency# =.$== GE($ 7a8 B*B at N?$A dBm recei"ed opticalpo0er$ 7%8 */ 1m )F at N,/ dBm$ 7c8 .+ 1m )F at N,@$/ dBm$
-70-#0-50-%0-!0
-70-#0-50-%0-!0
50 55 #0 #5 70-70-#0-50
-%0-!0
P e r ) B m
re&'enc( )G*+
)a
)b
)c
Fig$ /=$ Performance meas!red at point 7-8 in Fig$ .? of the BPH imp!lse<radio UKB radio<o"er<fi%resystem in the =+ GE( %and com%ining optical and / m 0ireless transmission$ The F;6 limit of *$* W ,+
N- is
sho0n "ia a dashed line$
-17 -1# -15 -1% -1! -1$ -11 -10 -8#
5
%
!
$
B$B $5 km 66M $5 km 66M500 m B-6M %0 km 66M
- 3 2 ) B E 9
9ecei@e .tica3 .er )Bm
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. Generation and optical<0ireless transmission of UKB signals in the =+ GE( %and
,,=
4 single<mode rate<e:!ation model of a 56;& is employed$ The meas!red po0er< and
"oltage<%ias c!rrent c!r"es and thermal fre:!ency shift of the 56;& are incl!ded in the
model$ F!rthermore9 0e pre"io!sly "erified that the model for the 56;& can reprod!ce the
%eha"io!r of the real 56;& %y meas!ring the o!tp!t of the 56;& in the time and fre:!ency
domains !nder mod!lation 0ith a 3R pse!dorandom %it se:!ence of * @ M, 0ord length at
@$/ G%Ls$ @$/ G%Ls 0as chosen in order to ha"e similar spectral 0idth in the sim!lations and
the experiments$ D!e to the fifth deri"ati"e Ga!ssian p!lse shape9 the spectral properties9 and
therefore also the chirp< and dispersion<related characteristics are more similar to @$/ G%Ls
22H leading to more acc!rate res!lts$ Parameters of the 56;& model gi"ing a sim!latedo!tp!t of the 56;& "ery similar to that meas!red are fo!nd %y m!lti<parameter s0eep at a
gi"en dri"e "oltage and %ias c!rrent$ im!lation res!lts are o%tained at approximately the
same dri"e "oltage and %ias c!rrent as in the experiment and setting the corresponding 56;&
parameters o%tained from the s0eep$
im!lated B;R performance of the BPH imp!lse<radio UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and is
sho0n in Fig$ /? com%ining optical and / m 0ireless transmission 0hich is modelled as free<
space path loss$ The same optical transmission cases as in Fig$ /= are considered# */ 1m )F9
*/ 1m )F extended %y /++ m BI<)F9 and .+ 1m )F$ im!lated B;R exhi%its the same
%eha"io!r as experimental B;R sho0n in Fig$ /=$ F!rthermore9 it is "erified that no
performance impro"ement is o%tained after fi%re transmission 0ith respect to optical %ac1<to<
%ac1 0hen the chirp of the 56;& is disa%led in sim!lation$
.2 //: im"ulse radio em"loying ;CS7L and 7CL u"conversion
2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals in the =+ GE( %and is proposed and
experimentally demonstrated ]Bel,,%^$ ;6& and 56;& are employed for fre:!ency !p<
con"ersion %y heterodyne mixing 0ith a UKB optical signal for comparison p!rposes$ Real<
time B;R performance of generated signals at -$,*/ G%Ls is e"al!ated com%ining fi%re and * m
0ireless transmission$ Different optical fi%re types incl!ding , 1m BI<)F and *+ 1m 3<DF is
Fig$ /?$ Performance sim!lated at point 7-8 in Fig$ .? of the BPH imp!lse<radio UKB radio<o"er<fi%resystem in the =+ GE( %and com%ining optical and / m 0ireless transmission9 to %e compared 0ith Fig$
/=$ The F;6 limit of *$*W,+
N-
is sho0n "ia a dashed line$
-$5 -$% -$! -$$ -$1 -$0 -18 -1 -17#
5
%
!
$
B$B $5 km 66M $5 km 66M500 m B-6M %0 km 66M
9ecei@e .tica3 .er )Bm
- 3 2 ) B E 9
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.$* 22H imp!lse radio employing 56;& and ;6& !p<con"ersion
,,@
e"al!ated$ B;R ,+N? for the ;6& and B;R *$*W,+N- for the 56;& re:!iring higher recei"ed
optical po0er than the ;6& is demonstrated employing electrical po0er detection$
.2.1 Introduction
UKB operation in the =+ GE( %and permits to o"ercome coexistence iss!es limiting UKB
operation in the -$, to ,+$= GE( %and$ In this Ph$D$ thesis9 0e propose and analyse =+ GE(
UKB photonic generation and integrated optical<radio transmission employing 56;& and ;6&$
=+ GE( photonic generation and integrated transmission is an interesting approach for m!lti<
G%Ls access in FTTE net0or1s ]Bel,+c^9 ]Bel,,a^9 in KP43 s!pporting a!dioL"ideo streaming9
as disc!ssed in ection .$,9 and in interference<sensiti"e scenarios li1e on<%oard plane
e:!ipment ]Bel+?a^9 ]Bel,+a^9 as disc!ssed in ection -$-$ Pre"io!s 0or1s9 s!mmari(ed in Ta%le
I9 demonstrate 0ireless distances %elo0 , m employing 22H mod!lation !p to -$,*/ G%Ls in
the -$,N,+$= GE( %and ]*.^9 ]*/^9 ].A^9 ]=@^$ In the =+ GE( %and9 optical transmission !p to
.+ 1m )F and / m 0ireless distance has %een demonstrated employing BPH mod!lation at,$.. G%Ls ]Bel,+c^9 ]Bel,,a^$ Finally9 0ireless transmission !p to ,$= m employing 22H
mod!lation at *$/ G%Ls has %een demonstrated in the @/M,,+ GE( %and for */+ m )F and
/+ m of D6F ]/?^$
The analysis herein presented addresses the photonic generation9 optical transmission !p to
*+ 1m and 0ireless transmission !p to * m of imp!lse<radio UKB signals in the =+ GE( %and$
22H mod!lation at -$,*/ G%Ls is employed$ 22H permits en"elope detection a"oiding do0n<
con"ersion at the recei"er and phase loc1ing$ The photonic generation techni:!e employed is
%ased on fre:!ency !p<con"ersion %y heterodyne photodetection of an imp!lse<radio UKB
signal and a semicond!ctor diode laser at a 0a"elength =+ GE( apart$ This techni:!e permitsd!al operation in the -$,N,+$= GE( and in the =+ GE( %and$ 2ptical transmission performance
is e"al!ated experimentally considering , 1m of BI<)F 0itho!t %ending 7,$, dB loss8 and
*+ 1m of 3<DF 7.$@ dB loss8$ The BI<)F is employed for indoor distri%!tion d!e to its lo0
%end loss and s!ita%ility for indoor installation$ The 3<DF is employed for FTTE distri%!tion
d!e to the impro"ed dispersion performance compared to )F$ The total dispersion of the
*+ 1m of 3<DF employed is e:!i"alent to that of =$/ 1m of )F$
.2.2 7"erimental setu"
Fig$ =+ sho0s the experimental set!p$ 4t the head<end !nit 7E;U89 an imp!lse<radio UKBsignal at -$,*/ G%Ls is optically generated %ased on the incoherent optical field s!mmation
res!lting from cross<gain mod!lation of an !ncooled DFB laser at ,//*$. nm 0ith an ;6&
7;6&, in Fig$ =+8 at ,//-$/ nm ].A^$ The ;6&, is mod!lated at -$,*/ G%Ls %y a R pse!do<
random %inary se:!ence signal 0ith a d!ty cycle of +$*/$ 4 programmed * @N, pse!dorandom
%it se:!ence from the p!lse pattern generator is employed9 ,+++C and ++++C corresponding
to , and + UKB %its9 respecti"ely$ The signal at point 7,8 in Fig$ =+ is sho0n in Fig$ =,7a8$ The
p!lse shape is in excellent compliance 0ith the UKB ;IRP density reg!lated in the U$$
pro"ided an antenna 0ith an ade:!ate fre:!ency response is !sed for operation in the
-$,N,+$= GE( %and ].A^$ Fig$ =,7%8 sho0s the signal in the -$,M,+$= GE( %and9 0hich is
a"aila%le at point 7-8 in Fig$ =+ sim!ltaneo!sly to the =+ GE( signal$
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.$* 22H imp!lse radio employing 56;& and ;6& !p<con"ersion
,,?
.2.& 9erformance analysis
B;R as a f!nction of the recei"ed optical po0er of the =+ GE( optical and * m radio lin1 is
compared for ;6& and 56;&$ ;6& is s!ita%le for heterodyning d!e to the relati"e narro0<
line0idth ],?A^$ In recent years9 56;& ha"e gained a lot of interest d!e to the relati"e lo0cost$ 56;& placed at a remote site is also in"estigated to compare different scenarios$
For ;6&9 the spectr!m at point 7*8 in Fig$ =+ is sho0n in Fig$ =*7a8$ Fig$ =- sho0s B;R
performance 0hich is limited %y electrical noise$ Decreasing the recei"ed optical po0er f!rther
increases the B;R d!e to red!ction in 3R$ B;R ,+ N? is achie"ed at an optical recei"er
sensiti"ity of N,+$, dBm9 N?$A dBm9 and N@$= dBm for optical %ac1<to<%ac19 , 1m BI<)F9 and
*+ 1m 3<DF9 respecti"ely$ The po0er %!dget apart from fi%re loss is ,*$- dB9 ,,$, dB9 and
.$* dB9 respecti"ely$ Eence9 fi%re dispersion introd!ces a po0er %!dget penalty of ,$* dB9 and
A$, dB9 respecti"ely$
For 56;&9 Fig$ =*7%8 sho0s the spectr!m at point 7*8 in Fig$ =+$ There is a small difference in
DFB %ias %et0een ;6& and 56;& d!e to the lo0er 0a"elength acc!racy of the 56;&$ This
ca!ses different DFB chirp so that the DFB %and0idth in Fig$ =*7%8 is 0ider than that in Fig$
=*7a8$ Fig$ =. sho0s B;R performance$ B;R floor is limited %y the optical 3R$ The optical 3R
for %ac1<to<%ac1 is degraded compared 0ith ;6& d!e to the 56;& noise$ im!lation res!lts
s!ggest that the 56;& line0idth 7*+ )E( min$ "s$ ,++ 1E( of the ;6&9 as of datasheets8
dominates o"er the 56;& relati"e intensity noise9 as disc!ssed in ection .$*$.$ 4 maxim!m
relati"e intensity noise of N,-/ dBLE( is considered for %oth 56;& and ;6&$ In addition9 the
infl!ence of the 56;& chirp on the fi%re RF transfer f!nction mitigates dispersion<ind!ced RF
po0er fading compared 0ith ;6&$ BI<)F dispersion does not degrade B;R floor li1e in Fig$ =-$Eence9 BI<)F penalty in Fig$ =- is not d!e to p!lse time stretching %!t to =+ GE( signal
distortion ind!ced %y RF po0er fading$ B;R floor degradation %y 3<DF dispersion in Fig$ =. is
lo0er than that in Fig$ =-$ Eence9 RF po0er fading contri%!tes to 3<DF penalty in Fig$ =-$
F!rthermore9 B;R floor degradation %y 3<DF in Fig$ =. does not ind!ce penalty in optical
recei"er sensiti"ity$ This excellent transmission property is the res!lt of gain in the fi%re RF
transfer f!nction f!rther ind!ced %y 56;& chirp ],?.^$ This gain impro"es 3R at lo0 recei"ed
optical po0er$ This effect is also the ca!se of the impro"ement in optical recei"er sensiti"ity
for BI<)F 0ith respect to %ac1<to<%ac1 in Fig$ =/$ 4dditionally9 ass!ming that the B;R floor
degradation %y 3<DF in Fig$ =. is only ca!sed %y p!lse time stretching9 time stretching 70hich
is dependent on DFB %and0idth8 ind!ces a maxim!m penalty of , dB$ B;R is %elo0 the F;6limit of *$* W ,+N- at optical recei"er sensiti"ity approximately the same of N. dBm for optical
%ac1<to<%ac19 , 1m BI<)F9 and *+ 1m 3<DF$ The po0er %!dget apart from fi%re loss is A dB9
@$, dB9 and -$, dB9 respecti"ely$ The po0er %!dget penalty 0ith respect to ;6& at B;R
*$* W ,+N- is @ dB9 =$? dB9 and .$* dB9 respecti"ely$ 4fter considering the @\ F;6 o"erhead9 the
effecti"e data rate is *$?, G%Ls$
Fig$ =/ sho0s B;R 0hen the 56;&9 polari(ation controller and - dB co!pler are mo"ed to point
7*8 in Fig$ =+$ The optical spectr!m at point 7*8 in Fig$ =+ at +$? dBm maxim!m recei"ed
optical po0er is li1e that in Fig$ =*7%8 0ith a po0er le"el red!ced %y @$@ dB and +$. dB for
56;& and DFB9 respecti"ely9 and increased %y ,$, dB for ;6&,$ B;R floor is limited %y theoptical 3R$
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. Generation and optical<0ireless transmission of UKB signals in the =+ GE( %and
,*+
Fig$ =/$ B;R for remote 56;&$ 7a8 , 1m BI<)F at + dBm recei"ed optical po0er9 B;R =$- W ,+N/
$ 7%8*+ 1m 3<DF at N-$, dBm9 B;R * W ,+N.$
Fig$ =.$ B;R for 56;& at the head<end !nit$ 7a8 , 1m BI<)F at +$, dBm recei"ed optical po0er9 B;R .$A W ,+N/$ 7%8 *+ 1m 3<DF at N+$? dBm9 B;R , W ,+N.$
Fig$ =-$ B;R for ;6&$ 7a8 , 1m BI<)F at N@$@ dBm recei"ed optical po0er9 B;R ,+ N?$ 7%8 *+ 1m 3<DFat N@$? dBm9 B;R @ W ,+N?$
Fig$ =*$ 2ptical spectr!m meas!red at point 7*8 in Fig$ =+ for optical B*B$ 7a8 ;6& at *$* dBm maxim!mrecei"ed optical po0er$ 7%8 56;& at . dBm maxim!m recei"ed optical po0er$ 7Resol!tion %and0idth#+$+* nm8$
1551"# 155$" 155%"0-50-%0
-!0-$0-10
010
P
e r ) B m
Wa@e3en2t4 )nm1551"# 155$" 155%"0-50-%0
-!0-$0-10
010
P
e r ) B m
Wa@e3en2t4 )nm
)a
DBE:L1
#0 G*+
E:LDB
E:L1#0 G*+
:6EL
)b
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.$* 22H imp!lse radio employing 56;& and ;6& !p<con"ersion
,*,
The noise at the co!pler o!tp!t is dominated %y the noise at the ;DF4 o!tp!t for %ac1<to<%ac1
at high recei"ed optical po0er$ The lo0er po0er !sed for !p<con"ersion and the different
optical noise res!lt in optical 3R for %ac1<to<%ac1 degraded compared 0ith Fig$ =- and Fig$ =.$
B;R *$* W ,+N- is achie"ed at an optical recei"er sensiti"ity of N@ dBm9 N@$@ dBm9 and
N=$@ dBm for %ac1<to<%ac19 , 1m BI<)F9 and *+ 1m 3<DF9 respecti"ely$ The po0er %!dgetapart from fi%re loss is @$? dB9 @$@ dB9 and -$= dB9 respecti"ely$ These res!lts demonstrate that
56;& !sed for remote direct mod!lation co!ld also %e !sed for heterodyning$ F!rthermore9
remote 56;& potentially eliminates RF po0er fading$
3ote that the 0a"elength of the 56;& 0as ad>!sted to trac1 the temperat!re drift 7+$, nmL6
typ$8$ In practice9 temperat!re control co!ld impro"e sta%ility$
.2. Simulation analysis
The B;R floor in Fig$ =. is limited %y the optical 3R$ The signal at point 7,8 in Fig$ =+ is more or
less the same for ;6& and 56;& and the o!tp!t po0er of the ;6& and 56;& is the same$
Eence9 the optical 3R for %ac1<to<%ac1 may %e significantly degraded compared 0ith ;6& d!e
to the 56;& noise$
The experimental set!p has %een sim!lated employing 5PItransmission)a1erO 7"ersion A$/8
to st!dy the infl!ence on B;R floor for %ac1<to<%ac1 of line0idth and relati"e intensity noise
7RI38 of the laser employed for heterodyning$ Ke ha"e considered the line0idth of the ;6&
employed in the experiment 7,++ 1E(8 and the minim!m line0idth specified %y 5;RTI&4 for
the 56;& 7*+ )E(8$ T0o "al!es of RI39 N,-/ dBLE( and N,./ dBLE(9 are considered for %oth
;6& and 56;&$ 3ote that RI3 N,-/ dBLE( is a typical maxim!m RI3 for 56;& at the %ias
c!rrent employed in the experiment$ im!lation res!lts are sho0n in Fig$ == 0itho!t
considering 0a"elength drift 0ith temperat!re 7deltaT + in the legend8$
B;R degradation 0ith line0idth is "erified at the same RI3 for ;6& and 56;&$ In addition9
red!cing RI3 slightly impro"es B;R for 56;& 0hereas B;R significantly impro"es for ;6&$
Eence9 56;& noise is dominated %y line0idth %!t of co!rse RI3 and other impairments affect
performance$
The infl!ence of 0a"elength drift 0ith temperat!re has also %een in"estigated$ The typical
temperat!re coefficient specified %y 5;RTI&4 for the 56;& 7,*$/ GE(L68 is considered and
*$/ GE(L6 is ass!med for ;6&$ Fig$ == sho0s sim!lation res!lts for a 0a"elength drift of,$*/ GE( for %oth ;6& and 56;&$ Ka"elength drift ca!ses similar B;R floor degradation at
%oth RI3 "al!es for ;6& 0hereas degradation is different for 56;& d!e to the line0idth
limitation$
B;R floor is degraded for 56;& compared 0ith ;6& e"en 0hen 56;& has higher relati"e
intensity noise$ Eence9 56;& performance is limited %y line0idth and 0a"elength drift 0ith
temperat!re$
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. Generation and optical<0ireless transmission of UKB signals in the =+ GE( %and
,**
.& Conclusion
UKB radio<o"er<fi%re in the =+ GE( %and for pro"iding m!lti<G%Ls integrated FTTE and KP43
connecti"ity has %een proposed and experimentally demonstrated$ Radio<o"er<fi%re
transmission o"er .+ 1m )F 0itho!t any dispersion compensation and f!rther / m 0ireless
transmission has %een demonstrated for %oth D6)<2FD) and BPH imp!lse<radio UKB
signals at ,$.. G%Ls in the =+ GE( %and$ The BPH imp!lse<radio UKB implementation is more
tolerant to fi%re impairments re:!iring lo0er recei"ed optical po0er than the D6)<2FD)
UKB co!nterpart9 altho!gh other UKB generation and DP detection techni:!es co!ld lead to
different res!lts$ The !se of the same 4KG for %oth 2FD) and imp!lse<radio UKB generation
0ill pro"ide a thoro!gh concl!sion$ ;xperimental res!lts "erified %y sim!lation sho0 that theUKB radio<o"er<fi%re system in the =+ GE( %and can %enefit from the chirp of lo0<cost
directly<mod!lated 56;&s to increase optical recei"er sensiti"ity$
Ke %elie"e that these res!lts !nderpin the flexi%ility of UKB signalling not only in the
-$,N,+$= GE( %and9 %!t also in the =+ GE( %and$
imple optical generation of 22H =+ GE( imp!lse<radio UKB signals at -$,*/ G%Ls has %een
experimentally demonstrated$ 6ost<effecti"e 56;& is proposed for optical heterodyning$
56;& is demonstrated to %e s!ita%le for integrated FTTE or optical indoor and KP43
transmission in t0o scenarios incl!ding centrali(ed 56;& and remote 56;&$ 6ompared 0ith
;6&9 56;& co!ld %e directly mod!lated and 56;& chirp impro"es dispersion tolerance$
Eo0e"er9 B;R is degraded for 56;&$ Red!ced 56;& line0idth for centrali(ed 56;& and high
56;& o!tp!t po0er for remote 56;& co!ld red!ce the B;R degradation$
Fig$ ==$ im!lation of the infl!ence of relati"e intensity noise9 line0idth and 0a"elength drift 0ithtemperat!re of the laser employed for !p<con"ersion$
- -7 -# -5 -% -! -$ -1 0 1 $$$$011#1%1$10
#
%
$
- 3 2 ) B E 9
9ecei@e <.tica3 Per )Bm
9N -1!5 B/*+
- -7 -# -5 -% -! -$ -1 0 1 $$$$011#1%1$10
#
%
$
9N -1%5 B/*+
- 3 2 ) B E 9
9ecei@e <.tica3 Per )Bm
E:L e3taT0 E:L e3taT0"5 :6EL e3taT0 :6EL e3taT0"1
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,*-
Reconfigurable multiwavelengt! source based on
electroo"tic "!ase modulation of a "ulsed laser
4 reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rce %ased on time<domain electrooptic phase
mod!lation of a p!lsed laser is proposed and experimentally demonstrated ]Bel,,c^9 ]&lo,*^$
The techni:!e permits great reconfig!ration in 0a"elength separation M%y m!ltiplying the
n!m%er of 0a"elengths 0ithin the optical %and0idth9 as 0ell as in the spectr!m allocation$ 4
t!na%le / GE( and *$/ GE( fre:!ency spacing from a ,+ GE( mode<loc1ed laser is
experimentally demonstrated$ 4 / GE( fre:!ency shift is also demonstrated$
.1 Introduction
)!lti0a"elength light so!rces are f!ndamental components in a "ariety of photonic
applications incl!ding optical comm!nications9 signal processing9 and spectroscopy ],??^$
e"eral approaches for m!lti0a"elength light generation ha"e %een reported ]*++^M]*+@^$ For
instance9 m!ltifre:!ency operation of an ;r%i!m<doped fi%re laser can %e achie"ed %y adding a
fre:!ency shifter in the ring ca"ity ]*+,^$ 4 different approach is %ased on stim!lated Brillo!in
scattering$ In this techni:!e9 mode spacing ad>!stment is possi%le %y changing the free
spectral range of an intraca"ity %irefringent loop mirror filter ]*+*^$ 2n the other hand9 mode<
loc1ed lasers ]*++^ are ideally 0ell s!ited for m!ltifre:!ency generation as they pro"ide a
reg!larly spaced series of sta%le and sharp spectral components and ha"e lo0 noise :!alities$
Eo0e"er9 these m!ltimode p!lsed lasers !s!ally present limited reconfig!ration capa%ilities in
terms of9 e$g$9 0a"elength spacing$ 2ptical fre:!ency com%s %ased on electrooptic mod!lators
dri"en %y large<amplit!de sin!soidal signals permit ar%itrary 0a"elength spacing %y ad>!sting
the fre:!ency of the sin!soidal signals9 and 0a"elength can %e shifted employing a t!na%le
contin!o!s<0a"e laser$ For instance9 com% generation %ased on a phase mod!lator ]*+-^9 a d!al<
dri"e )) ]*+.^9 or cascaded phase and intensity mod!lators ]*+/^$ 4ltho!gh this techni:!e
can pro"ide a relati"ely flat optical com%9 it can %e limited %y the insertion loss of the
mod!lator together 0ith the mod!lation efficiency$ Gain<s0itched p!lsed lasers can also %e
employed for simple and cost efficient m!lti0a"elength generation 0ith t!na%le 0a"elength
spacing ]*+=^$ Eo0e"er9 these com% so!rces !s!ally present limited %and0idth and flatness
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/$* Principle of operation
,*/
.& 7"erimental setu"
Fig$ =A sho0s the experimental set!p$ The original m!lti0a"elength so!rce is an acti"e mode<
loc1ed laser 76almar &aser9 P&<,+<*T89 )&& %loc1 in Fig$ =A$ The laser generates p!lses 0ith
* ps of FKE) at a repetition rate of ,+ GE($ This p!lse train is temporally mod!lated 0ith a
%it pattern in an electrooptic phase mod!lator 76o"ega9 &3/-8 7 3.5V V π = 8$ 4n optical delay
line is !sed to synchroni(e the mod!lation pattern 0ith the p!lse train$ The mod!lation depth
is t!ned %y !sing a "aria%le electrical atten!ator$ Fig$ =?7a8 sho0s the original ,+ GE( p!lse
train meas!red at point 7*8 in Fig$ =A$ Fig$ @+7a8 sho0s the original m!lti0a"elength spectr!m$
. 0unctional demonstration
Three experimental cases are considered to demonstrate a reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength
so!rce$ T0o different %it patterns 0ith different amplit!de are employed to decrease the
0a"elength separation of the mode<loc1ed laser in Fig$ =A %y t0o different factors$ By
ad>!sting either the %it pattern or the amplit!de of the %it se:!ence9 the centre 0a"elength is
shifted alternati"ely to decrease the 0a"elength separation$
..1 Reduction of t!e fre6uency s"acing by a factor of 2
First9 0e experimentally demonstrate red!ction of the fre:!ency spacing of the mode<loc1ed
laser %y a factor of *9 as introd!ced in ection /$*$ 4 %it pattern +,+, at ,+ G%Ls is employed
to dri"e the electrooptic mod!lator$ Fig$ =?7%8 sho0s the %it pattern meas!red at point 7,8 in
Fig$ =A$ The mod!lation depth of the electrooptic mod!lator is caref!lly t!ned !ntil a / 2π phase shift is achie"ed$
Fig$ =A$ ;xperimental set!p of a reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rce$
:L<:>
10 G*+
PMP:
Am.
(3)(2)
0101"""
00010001"""
(1)10 Gbit/s
<6A
ABPG
MLL <DL
Fig$ =@$ Principle of operation of a reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rce %y time<domain phasemod!lation of a p!lsed laser$
Time Time
P4ase
re&'enc( re&'enc(
/repf r
Ti*e )+ltile,el
)-.+l/ti-0
= 1rep repT l f
repf
repT
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/ Reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rce %ased on phase mod!lation of a p!lsed laser
,*=
3ote that the dri"ing signal g!arantees that the same phase shift is applied along the 0hole
optical p!lse d!ration$ Fig$ @+7%8 sho0s the reconfig!red m!lti0a"elength spectr!m meas!red
at point 7-8 in Fig$ =A$ The spectr!m exhi%its a fre:!ency spacing of / GE( in agreement 0ith
the theory introd!ced in ection /$*$
..2 Reduction of t!e fre6uency s"acing by a factor of
In a second experimental demonstration9 the fre:!ency spacing of the mode<loc1ed laser is
red!ced %y a factor of . %y dri"ing the phase mod!lator 0ith a se:!ence +++,+++, at
,+ G%Ls and setting a π phase shift$ The mod!lating se:!ence is sho0n in Fig$ =?7c8$ The
res!ltant periodic se:!ence in this case is +9 +9 +9 π 9 +9 +9 +9 π 9 u 0hich9 altho!gh not deri"ed
from 7,89 also pro"ides a fo!rfold red!ction in the fre:!ency spacing ]*+A^$ Fig$ @+7c8 sho0s the
reconfig!red m!lti0a"elength spectr!m meas!red at point 7-8 in Fig$ =A$ The spectr!m
exhi%its a fre:!ency spacing of *$/ GE( as expected$ 3ote that the correspondence to the
original spectr!m in Fig$ @+7a8 is not perfect d!e to the resol!tion of the trace 7-@/ points in,$/ nm8$
..& $avelengt! s!ift by !alf fre6uency s"acing
The proposed techni:!e also permits to shift the 0a"elength of the original m!lti0a"elength
spectr!m$ The spectr!m is shifted %y half of the original fre:!ency spacing 0hen an alternate
π phase shift is set$ The se:!ence in this case +9 π 9 +9 π 9 u is deri"ed from 7,8 0ith 1= s and
1r = $ Fig$ @+7d8 sho0s the reconfig!red m!lti0a"elength spectr!m meas!red at point 7-8 in
Fig$ =A$ The spectr!m exhi%its a fre:!ency shift of / GE( 0ith respect to the inp!t spectr!m$
Fig$ =?$ 7a8 Inp!t ,+ GE( optical p!lse train meas!red at point 7*8 in Fig$ =A 74naly(er optical %and0idth#-+ GE(8$ 7%8 and 7c8 )od!lating signal at point 7,8 in Fig$ =A for t0ofold and fo!rfold decrease in thefre:!ency spacing of the p!lsed laser9 respecti"ely$
-1"$-0"-0"%0"00"%0"1"$
P 4 a s e ) r a
A m . 3 i t ' e ) a " ' " -0"$
0"00"$0"%0"#0"1"0
P e r ) a " ' "
/ 2π
0
)a
)b
)c π
0
Time ).s0 0 1#0 $%0 !$0 %00
-1"$-0"-0"%0"00"%0"1"$
P 4 a s e ) r a
A m . 3 i t ' e ) a " ' "
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/$. F!nctional demonstration
,*@
It sho!ld %e noted that the experimental examples reported here only !se t0o phase le"els9 0hile
in general m!ltile"el phase se:!ences are re:!ired$ For instance9 the periodic se:!ence +9 / 4π 9
π 9 / 4π 9 u deri"ed from 7,8 0ith 1= s and 4r = also leads to a fo!rfold decrease in the
fre:!ency spacing of the p!lsed laser$ Eo0e"er9 the implementation of s!ch a case may re:!ire a
more complex m!ltile"el mod!lation approach ]?@^9 ]?A^$
. C!ir" and noise im"act analysis
The infl!ence of chirp9 timing >itter and amplit!de noise of the original so!rce on the proposed
techni:!e has %een analysed %y n!merical sim!lations$ 4 se:!ence of Ga!ssian p!lses 0ith
/ ps FKE) and repetition rate 10rep
f GHz = is considered$ The phase mod!lation process does
not infl!ence the p!lse train in intensity in the presence of chirp and noise$
The spectr!m of the linearly<chirped Ga!ssian p!lses is %roader than that of the !nchirped
p!lses$ Fig$ @, sho0s sim!lation res!lts of the reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rce for
linearly<chirped Ga!ssian p!lses$ 6hirp does not infl!ence the proposed reconfig!ration
techni:!e neither for fre:!ency spacing red!ction nor for fre:!ency shifting$
Fig$ @+$ 7a8 Inp!t ,+ GE( m!lti0a"elength laser spectr!m meas!red at point 7*8 in Fig$ =A$ 7%8 and 7c8Decrease %y an integer factor of * and . in the fre:!ency spacing9 respecti"ely$ 7d8 Fre:!ency shifting %yhalf of the original fre:!ency spacing$ 7Resol!tion %and0idth# +$+, nm8$
1550"$ 1550"!-15
-10
15%8"5 1550"0 1550"5 1551"0-!5-!0-$5-$0-15-10
-5
P e r ) B m
Wa@e3en2t4 )nm
-!5-!0
-$5-$0-15-10
-5
P
e r ) B m
-!5-!0-$5-$0-15-10
-5
P e r ) B m
-!5-!0-$5-$0-15-10
-5
P e r ) B m
)a
)b
)c
)
$X
%X
NPUT
6*T
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/ Reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rce %ased on phase mod!lation of a p!lsed laser
,*A
Fig$ @-$ )!lti0a"elength spectr!m reconfig!red for fo!rfold decrease in the fre:!ency spacingcompared 0ith the inp!t spectr!m 0hen amplit!de noise is considered in sim!lation$
-100-0 -#0 -%0 -$0 0 $0 %0 #0 0 1000"0
0"$
0"%
0"#
0"
1"0
n t e n s i t ( ) n " ' "
re&'enc( )G*+
%X NPUT
-100-0 -#0 -%0 -$0 0 $0 %0 #0 0 1000"0
0"5
1"0
1"5
$"0
$"5!"0
!"5
re&'enc( )G*+
H10-%
Fig$ @*$ )!lti0a"elength spectr!m reconfig!red for t0ofold decrease in the fre:!ency spacing and forfre:!ency shifting %y half fre:!ency spacing compared 0ith the inp!t spectr!m 0hen timing >itter isconsidered in sim!lation$
0"0
0"$
0"%
0"#0"
1"0
n t e n s i t ( ) n " ' "
$X
NPUT
-100-0 -#0 -%0 -$0 0 $0 %0 #0 0 1000"0
0"$
0"%
0"#
0"
1"0
n t e n s i t ( ) n " ' "
re&'enc( )G*+
6*T NPUT
0"0
0"5
1"0
1"5$"0
$"5
!"0
!"5
H10-%
-100-0 -#0 -%0 -$0 0 $0 %0 #0 0 1000"0
0"5
1"0
1"5
re&'enc( )G*+
H10-%
Fig$ @,$ )!lti0a"elength spectr!m reconfig!red for t0ofold decrease in the fre:!ency spacingcompared 0ith the inp!t spectr!m 0hen chirp is considered in sim!lation$
-100-0 -#0 -%0 -$0 0 $0 %0 #0 0 1000"0
0"$
0"%
0"#
0"
1"0
n t e n s i t ( ) n " ' "
re&'enc( )G*+
$X NPUT
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/$/ 6hirp and noise impact analysis
,*?
The spectr!m of the Ga!ssian p!lses 0ith timing >itter is narro0er than that of the p!lses
0itho!t >itter and presents noise %et0een spectral lines$ Fig$ @* sho0s sim!lation res!lts of
the reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rce 0hen a p!lse<to<p!lse random time shift 0ith
Ga!ssian distri%!tion at , ps mean and +$- ps standard de"iation is considered$ The phase
mod!lation process in the presence of timing >itter ind!ces non!niformity in the spectralen"elope and increases the noise %et0een spectral lines for fre:!ency spacing red!ction$ The
higher the fre:!ency spacing red!ction factor the higher the noise increment$ For fre:!ency
shifting9 phase mod!lation shifts the noise %et0een spectral lines$
Finally9 amplit!de noise infl!ences the reconfig!red spectr!m similarly to timing >itter$ The
spectr!m of the Ga!ssian p!lses 0ith amplit!de noise presents noise %et0een spectral lines$
Fig$ @- sho0s sim!lation res!lts of the reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rce 0hen a p!lse<
to<p!lse random amplit!de "ariation 0ith Ga!ssian distri%!tion at +$, mean and +$+- standard
de"iation is considered$ The phase mod!lation process in the presence of amplit!de noise
ind!ces non!niformity in the spectral en"elope and increases the noise %et0een spectral linesfor fre:!ency spacing red!ction$ The higher the fre:!ency spacing red!ction factor the higher
the noise increment$ For fre:!ency shifting9 phase mod!lation shifts the noise %et0een
spectral lines$
.) Conclusion
)!ltile"el electrooptic phase mod!lation is s!ita%le for adding flexi%ility in %oth 0a"elength
spacing and centre 0a"elength to p!lsed lasers$ The theory reported in ]6ar,,^ has %een
"erified experimentally$ T0ofold and fo!rfold red!ction of 0a"elength spacing %y do!%ling and:!adr!pling the n!m%er of 0a"elengths and 0a"elength shift %y half 0a"elength spacing has
%een demonstrated employing a simple electrooptic phase mod!lator dri"en %y a %inary
signal$ The techni:!e is insensiti"e to chirp9 and increases the spectral noise after 0a"elength
spacing reconfig!ration$
The techni:!e has %een demonstrated to reconfig!re a ,+ GE( mode<loc1ed laser$
4lternati"ely9 the techni:!e co!ld %e applied to optical com%s %ased on electrooptic
mod!lators pro"ided they are config!red to operate as p!lsed lasers as 0ell as to gain<
s0itched lasers$ These p!lsed lasers may offer lo0er cost sol!tions ho0e"er they !s!ally
exhi%it 0orse performance 0hich co!ld translate into higher o"erall cost in radio<o"er<fi%rearchitect!res s!pporting a large n!m%er of remote antenna !nits$
ilicon<%ased optical mod!lators ha"e %een demonstrated 0hich can alternati"ely %e !sed for
phase mod!lation targeting to red!ce cost ],?,^$ 4ltho!gh these silicon mod!lators offer
se"eral ad"antages9 the technology is still in de"elopment and de"ice performance need to %e
impro"ed$ In addition9 phase mod!lation can %e implemented %y nonlinear optical processes9
as s!ggested in ]6ar,,^$
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/ Reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rce %ased on phase mod!lation of a p!lsed laser
,-+
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,-,
) Conclusion and furt!er work
).1 Conclusion
The st!dy on different techni:!es allo0ing the de"elopment9 implementation and
maintenance of optical access net0or1s pro"iding high capacity 0ireless connecti"ity in a
flexi%le and cost<effecti"e 0ay is re:!ired for next<generation access net0or1s and has %een
s!%>ect of st!dy in this Ph$D$ thesis$ The feasi%ility of ne0 UKB radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!es to
pro"ide m!ltigiga%it 0ireless comm!nications in FTTE net0or1s has %een demonstrated$ The
techni:!es st!died are transfera%le to real prod!ct systems and act!al optical net0or1s$
T0o techni:!es ha"e %een proposed and experimentally demonstrated for UKB generation
integrating optical access transmission$ 2ptical p!lses are remotely shaped to UKB Ga!ssian
monocycles %ased on optical delay and %alanced photodetection or %ased on differential
photorecei"er and electrical delay$ imple optical schemes for UKB generation9 0hich are
scala%le to high<fre:!ency 0a"eforms9 reconfig!ra%le and employ off<the<shelf components9
are yet to %e proposed$ !ch methods may significantly enhance UKB radio<o"er<fi%re
integration$
UKB in the =+ GE( %and has also %een presented as a "ery interesting approach for next<
generation radio systems 0hich 0o!ld %enefit from the !nlicensed nat!re of this %and
together 0ith the intrinsic coexistence characteristics of UKB technology$ 4pplication of UKB<
o"er<fi%re systems in the =+ GE( %and to interference<sensiti"e locations s!ch as in<aircraft
comm!nications and to integrated optical access and indoor radio net0or1s has %een
proposed and experimentally demonstrated$ 6ommercially a"aila%le technology has %een
employed and the !se of other e"ol"ing technologies has %een disc!ssed9 0hich co!ld lead to
simpler and lo0er o"erall cost implementations$
There are se"eral challenges limiting practical application of =+ GE( 0ireless systems for high<
speed KP43$ First9 &2 transmission is re:!ired for high<speed operation$ e"eral sol!tions
ha"e %een proposed to s!pport 3&2 comm!nications9 s!ch as )I)29 %eam forming9 and
%eam steering$ Their implementation in practical commercial compact and cost<effecti"e
6)2 transcei"ers as re:!ired for KP43 has %een demonstrated ho0e"er it is still in
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= 6oncl!sion and f!rther 0or1
,-*
de"elopment$ In addition9 in practical applications9 it is often desired to com%ine mo%ility and
high<speed capa%ility of the &2 directional lin1s$ Eence9 sol!tions are re:!ired to pro"ide
0ide co"erage 0itho!t increasing complexity significantly$
=+ GE( do0nlin1 radio<o"er<fi%re transmission s!ita%le for EDT5 deli"ering has %een
in"estigated in this thesis$ ;na%ling technologies for f!ll<d!plex systems 1eeping the remote
antenna !nits simple sho!ld %e f!rther in"estigated$ These systems co!ld in"ol"e the !plin1
transmission of =+ GE( 0ireless and 0ired ser"ices$ The =+ GE( signal co!ld %e do0n<
con"erted at the remote antenna !nits for %ase%and !plin1 optical transmission o"er extended
distances$ The !se of =+ GE( 6)2 transcei"ers may pro"ide a cost<effecti"e sol!tion$
In addition9 "arying fi%re dispersion in optical access net0or1s co"ering different distances can
%e exploited to co"er a 0ide range of applications in different RF %ands sim!ltaneo!sly9
incl!ding =+ GE( FTTE9 *. GE( infrastr!ct!re<to<car radar and comm!nications9 and
@/N,,+ GE( o!tdoor comm!nications$ =+ GE( generation has %een experimentally
demonstrated employing ,/ GE( !p<con"ersion de"ices and ,*$/ 1m of )F in FTTE
net0or1s at ,$*/ G%Ls$ Kireless transmission at , m has also %een demonstrated$
Integration of =+ GE( UKB<o"er<fi%re in FTTE net0or1s is proposed and demonstrated for
_, m 0ireless distance !p to -$,*/ G%Ls$ =+ GE( operation re!ses UKB technology to
o"ercome UKB coexistence iss!es and to extend UKB range$ 56;& ena%les cost<effecti"e
electrooptic con"ersion and optical fre:!ency !p<con"ersion$ 6om%ined .+ 1m )F and / m
0ireless transmission has %een experimentally demonstrated for the t0o mainstream UKB
implementations <2FD) and imp!lse<radio< at ,$.. G%Ls$ The res!lts permit9 from an
application point<of<"ie09 to select a gi"en UKB implementation depending on net0or1 reach
and system complexity desired$ The !se of a direct<mod!lated 56;& in com%ination 0ith
optical carrier s!ppression in a )) has %een proposed$ 56;& chirp has %een sho0n to
impro"e optical recei"er sensiti"ity$
56;& has also %een proposed for fre:!ency !p<con"ersion and compared 0ith con"entional
;6&$ 6om%ined =$/ 1m )F and * m 0ireless transmission has %een experimentally
demonstrated at -$,*/ G%Ls$ The res!lts permit9 from an application point<of<"ie09 to select a
gi"en laser technology depending on net0or1 reach and system complexity desired$
The application of the theory de"eloped in ]6ar,,^ to m!lti0a"elength so!rces has %een
proposed and experimentally demonstrated in this thesis$ )!lti0a"elength so!rces 0ith easily
reconfig!ra%le 0a"elength spacing or centre 0a"elength are proposed %ased on electrooptic
m!lti<phase mod!lation of a p!lsed laser$ T0ofold and fo!rfold m!ltiplication of com% lines
and 0a"elength shift %y half of the 0a"elength spacing of a mode<loc1ed laser has %een
experimentally demonstrated employing a simple phase mod!lator dri"en %y a %inary signal$
ince the p!lse train is !naltered in intensity9 the proposed reconfig!ra%le so!rce can %e !sed
sim!ltaneo!sly for time<domain applications s!ch as optical time di"ision m!ltiplexing 72TD)8
systems$
Finally9 since imp!lse<radio UKB is no0adays mostly !sed for radarLpositioning application9
0e %elie"e that a com%ination of m!lti<G%Ls comm!nications and acc!rate positioning is "ery
attracti"e as a research topic$
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=$* 2ngoing and f!rther 0or1
,--
).2 /ngoing and furt!er work
There are t0o ongoing research lines related 0ith this Ph$D$ thesis9 in the context of hy%rid
millimetre<0a"e optical net0or1s and reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rces#First9 a colla%oration has %een done proposing and experimentally demonstrating the
com%ined optical access and 0ireless transmission of compressed ED "ideo in the =+ GE( %and
]&e%,,a^9 ]&e%,,%^$ The st!dy demonstrates that performance in terms of 0ireless distance or
optical po0er %!dget can %e impro"ed employing ad"anced "ideo coding9 performance
degradation ind!ced %y "ideo compression %eing a trade<off$ The system is %ased on DFB
direct mod!lation9 fre:!ency !p<con"ersion %y optical carrier s!ppression in a ))9 and RF
po0er detection$ ;mploying this system9 in addition9 re!se of 0idely deployed in<%!ilding
))F as extension of optical access net0or1s has %een proposed and experimentally
demonstrated for in<%!ilding giga%it 0ireless access in the =+ GE( %and ]Pha,,^$ Distri%!tion
of * G%Ls data in com%ined ,+ 1m )FL, 1m ))F and f!rther =$/ m 0ireless distance has
%een demonstrated$
econd9 in the line of spectral reconfig!ration of m!lti0a"elength so!rces9 there is ongoing
0or1 targeting to in"estigate the flexi%ility of the phase mod!lation techni:!e proposed in this
thesis %y employing m!ltile"el electrooptic mod!lation$ 2f partic!lar interest9 the possi%ility of
achie"ing high m!ltiplication factors 0itho!t increasing complexity significantly$ e"eral
applications are also %eing in"estigated9 0here the !se of this techni:!e may %e rele"ant$ For
instance9 in photonic millimetre<0a"e 0ireless systems %ased on m!lti%and 2FD) signals$ The
!se of a reconfig!ra%le optical com% in this application is an attracti"e approach to pro"ide
flexi%le seamless slicing of the 0ide RF %and0idth$ The optical com% generates the m!ltiple
optical 0a"elengths s!pporting the different 2FD) %ands to ser"e different !sers in the
system$ 2ptical 3R red!ction d!e to reconfig!ration may limit the n!m%er of com% lines
s!pported in the system$ The m!lti%and 2FD) techni:!e can also red!ce the po0er and
%and0idth re:!irements of D46L4D6 e:!ipment for energy<efficient and cost<effecti"e
systems$ oint experiments ha"e started to in"estigate photonic millimetre<0a"e 0ireless
systems in the @/M,,+ GE( %and %ased on electrical 2FD) and optical com% generation
]Den,,^9 ]Bel,*^$
8/12/2019 Photonic Techniques for Next Generation Integrated Optical Networks Based on Ultrawideband Radio
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= 6oncl!sion and f!rther 0or1
,-.
8/12/2019 Photonic Techniques for Next Generation Integrated Optical Networks Based on Ultrawideband Radio
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,-/
A
/riginal contributions
Peer-re2iewed 3ournals
]Bel,,d^ "* Beltr#n and R$ &lorente9 D!al photonic generation !ltra0ide%and imp!lse<radio
%y fre:!ency shifting in remote<connecti"ity fi%er9C J. ightw. !echnol.9 "ol$ *?9 no$ *.9 pp$
-=./M-=/-9 Dec$ *+,,$
]Bel,,c^ "* Beltr#n9 $ 6ara:!itena9 R$ &lorente9 and $ )art9 Reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength
so!rce %ased on electrooptic phase mod!lation of a p!lsed laser9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9
"ol$ *-9 no$ ,=9 pp$ ,,@/M,,@@9 4!g$ *+,,$
]Bel,,%^ "* Beltr#n9 $ B$ ensen9 R$ &lorente9 and I$ Taf!r )onroy9 ;xperimental analysis of
=+<GE( 56;& and ;6& photonic generation and transmission of imp!lse<radio !ltra<0ide%andsignals9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ *-9 no$ ,/9 pp$ ,+//M,+/@9 4!g$ *+,,$
]Bel,,a^ "* Beltr#n9 $ B$ ensen9 $ J!9 R$ &lorente9 R$ Rodes9 )$ 2rtsiefer9 6$ 3e!meyr9 and
I$ Taf!r )onroy9 Performance of a =+<GE( D6)<2FD) and BPH<imp!lse !ltra<0ide%and
system 0ith radio<o"er<fi%er and 0ireless transmission employing a directly<mod!lated
56;&9C "### J. %el. &rea Comm.' %pecial "ssue on ()istributed *roadband Wireless
Communications'+ "ol$ *?9 no$ =9 pp$ ,*?/M,-+-9 !n$ *+,,$
]Bel,+a^ "* Beltr#n and R$ &lorente9 =+<GE( !ltra<0ide%and radio<o"er<fi%er system !sing a
no"el photonic monocycle generation9C "### !rans. ,icrow. !heory !ech.9 "ol$ /A9 no$ =9pp$ ,=+?M,=*+9 !n$ *+,+$
]Den,,^ &$ Deng9 "* Beltr#n9 $ Pang9 $ hang9 5$ 4rl!nno9 J$ hao9 4$ 6a%allero9 4$ Dogadae"9
$ J!9 R$ &lorente9 D$ &i!9 and I$ Taf!r )onroy9 Fi%er 0ireless transmission of A$- G%LsLch
[PH<2FD) signals in @/<,,+ GE( %and9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ *.9 no$ /9 pp$ -A-M
-A/9 )ar$ *+,*$
]&e%,,%^ 4$ &e%ede"9 T$ T$ Pham9 "* Beltr#n9 $ J!9 4$ U1hano"a9 R$ &lorente9 I$ Taf!r )onroy9
and $ Forchhammer9 2ptimi(ation of high<definition "ideo coding and hy%rid fi%er<0ireless
transmission in the =+ GE( %and9C pt. #xpress9 "ol$ ,?9 no$ *=9 pp$ BA?/<B?+.9 Dec$ *+,,$
8/12/2019 Photonic Techniques for Next Generation Integrated Optical Networks Based on Ultrawideband Radio
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4 2riginal contri%!tions
,-=
]6ar,,^ $ 6ara:!itena9 "* Beltr#n9 R$ &lorente9 $ )art9 and )$ 4$ )!riel9 pectral
self<imaging effect %y time<domain m!ltile"el phase mod!lation of a periodic p!lse train9C
pt. ett.9 "ol$ -=9 no$ =9 pp$ A/AMA=+9 )ar$ *+,,$
]Par,+^ )$ 6$ Par1er9 $ D$ Kal1er9 R$ &lorente9 )$ )orant9 "* Beltr#n9 I$ )vllers9 D$ wger9
6$ 5'(:!e(9 D$ )ontero9 I$ &i%r'n9 $ )i1ro!lis9 $ Hara%etsos9 and 4$ Bogris9 Radio<o"er<fi%re
technologies arising from the %!ilding the f!t!re optical net0or1 in ;!rope 7B23;8 pro>ect9C
"#! ptoelectron.9 pecial "ssue on (ext /eneration of ptical &ccess'+ "ol$ .9 no$ =9
pp$ *.@N*/?9 Dec$ *+,+$
]&lo+Ac^ R$ &lorente9 T$ 4l"es9 )$ )orant9 "* Beltr#n9 $ Pére(9 4$ 6artaxo9 and $ )arti9
Ultra<0ide%and radio signals distri%!tion in FTTE net0or1s9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9
"ol$ *+9 no$ ,,9 pp$ ?./M?.@9 !n$ *++A$
Book chapters
]&lo,,a^ R$ &lorente9 "* Beltr#n9 and )$ )orant 7*+,,8$ UKB<o"er<Fi%re in 3ext<generation
4ccess 3et0or1s9 Ultra Kide%and 6omm!nications# 3o"el Trends < ystem9 4rchitect!re and
Implementation9 )ohammad )atin 7;d$89 IB3# ?@A<?/-<-+@<.=,<+9 InTech9 4"aila%le from#
http#LL000$intechopen$comLarticlesLsho0LtitleL!0%<o"er<fi%re<technology<performance<
and<next<generation<applications
]&lo,+a^ R$ &lorente and "* Beltr#n 7*+,+8$ Radio<o"er<Fi%re Techni:!es and Performance9
Frontiers in G!ided Ka"e 2ptics and 2ptoelectronics9 Bishn! Pal 7;d$89
IB3# ?@A<?/-<@=,?<A*<.9 InTech9 4"aila%le from# http#LLsciyo$comLarticlesLsho0LtitleLradio<
o"er<fi%re<techni:!es<and<performance
4onferences
]&lo,*^ R$ &lorente9 "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 and ;$ Pellicer9 6ost and ;nergy ;fficient )!lti<
standard 2FD) Integrated 2ptical 4ccess and In<%!ilding 3et0or1 4rchitect!re9C in "nternational
Conference on !ransparent ptical etworks 0"C!19 6o"entry9 ;ngland9 !l$ *+,*$ In2ited paper*
]Bel,*^ "* Beltr#n9 &$ Deng9 $ Pang9 $ hang9 5$ 4rl!nno9 J$ hao9 $ J!9 R$ &lorente9 D$ &i!9
and I$ Taf!r )onroy9 -A$*<G%Ls 2ptical<0ireless transmission in @/<,,+ GE( %ased on
electrical 2FD) 0ith optical com% expansion9C in ptical 2iber Communication Conference and#xposition 02C19 &os 4ngeles9 U49 )ar$ *+,*9 paper 2)*B$*$
]&lo,,%^ R$ &lorente9 $ Kal1er9 I$ Taf!r )onroy9 "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 T$ [!inlan9 and
$ B$ ensen9 Triple<play and =+<GE( radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!es for next<generation optical
access net0or1s9C in #uropean Conference on etworks and ptical Communications 0C19
3e0castle !pon Tyne9 United Hingdom9 !l$ *+,,9 pp$ ,=M,?$ In2ited paper*
]Bel,+c^ "* Beltr#n9 $ B$ ensen9 $ J!9 R$ &lorente9 and I$ Taf!r )onroy9 ;xperimental
performance comparison of =+ GE( D6) 2FD) and imp!lse BPH !ltra<0ide%and 0ith
com%ined optical fi%re and 0ireless transmission9 in #uropean Conference and #xhibition on
ptical Communication 0#CC19 Torino9 Italy9 ept$ *+,+9 paper Th$?$B$-$
8/12/2019 Photonic Techniques for Next Generation Integrated Optical Networks Based on Ultrawideband Radio
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4 2riginal contri%!tions
,-@
]&lo,+%^ R$ &lorente9 )$ )orant9 and "* Beltr#n9 2ptical technologies for m!lti<G%itLs
!ltra<0ide%and radio# From the access to the pico<cell9C in "nternational Conference on
!ransparent ptical etworks 0"C!19 )!nich9 Germany9 !n$ *+,+9 paper Ke$4-$-$ In2ited
paper*
]Bel,+%^ "* Beltr#n and R$ &lorente9 2ptical generation 0ith FTTE transmission of =+ GE(
imp!lse<radio !ltra<0ide%and signals9 in &ccess etworks and "n-house Communications
0&"C19 Harlsr!he9 Germany9 !n$ *+,+9 paper 4K6@$
]Bel+?c^ "* Beltr#n9 R$ am%ara>!9 4$ &a Porta9 R$ &lorente9 and $ Pere(9 Photonic generation
and en"elope detection of millimeter<0a"e !ltra0ide%and imp!lse<radio employing
)ach<ehnder mod!lators9 in "### "nternational Conference on 3ltra-Wideband 0"C3W*19
5anco!"er9 6anada9 ept$ *++?9 pp$ .*AM.-*$
]&lo+?a^ R$ &lorente9 )$ )orant9 and "* Beltr#n9 Ultra<0ide%and radio<o"er<fi%re in
transparent optical net0or1s9C in "nternational Conference on !ransparent ptical etworks
0"C!19 4(ores9 Port!gal9 !n$ *++?9 paper T!$4/$,$ In2ited paper*
]Bel+?%^ "* Beltr#n9 R$ &lorente9 R$ am%ara>!9 and $ )arti9 *. GE( UKB<o"er<fi%er system
for sim!ltaneo!s "ehic!lar radar and comm!nications9C in $roc. "C!-,obile%ummit 9 antander9
pain9 !n$ *++?$
]Bel+?a^ "* Beltr#n9 R$ &lorente9 R$ am%ara>!9 and $ )arti9 =+ GE( UKB<o"er<fi%er system
for in<flight comm!nications9C in "### ,!!-% "nternational ,icrowave %ymposium 0",%19
Boston9 U49 !n$ *++?9 pp$ /MA$ 5inalist in the est student paper co$petition$
]Bel+Ac^ "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 $ Pere(9 R$ &lorente and $ )arti9 Photonic generation and
fre:!ency !p<con"ersion of imp!lse<radio UKB signals9C in "### asers and #lectro-ptics
%ociety &nnual ,eeting 0#%19 3e0port Beach9 U49 3o"$ *++A9 pp$ .?AM.??$
]&e%,,a^ 4$ &e%ede"9 T$ T$ Pham9 "* Beltr#n9 $ J!9 4$ U1hano"a9 &$ Deng9 3$ G!errero
Gon(ale(9 R$ &lorente9 I$ Taf!r )onroy9 and $ Forchhammer9 2ptimi(ation of high<definition
"ideo coding and hy%rid fi%er<0ireless transmission in the =+ GE( %and9C in #uropean
Conference and #xhibition on ptical Communication 0#CC19 Gene"a9 0it(erland9 ept$ *+,,9
paper Ke$,+$P,$?@$
]Pha,,^ T$ T$ Pham9 4$ &e%ede"9 "* Beltr#n9 $ J!9 R$ &lorente9 and I$ Taf!r )onroy9 )FL))F%ased in<%!ilding Giga%it 0ireless access systems !sing simplified =+<GE( transcei"ers9C in
#uropean Conference and #xhibition on ptical Communication 0#CC19 Gene"a9 0it(erland9
ept$ *+,,9 paper Ke$,+$P,$,,,$
]en,+^ $ B$ ensen9 R$ Rodes9 "* Beltr#n9 I$ Taf!r )onroy9 hared medi!m * G%ps %ase%and
b * G%ps UKB in<%!ilding con"erged opticalL0ireless net0or1 0ith m!ltimode fi%er and
0ireless transmission9C in #uropean Conference and #xhibition on ptical Communication
0#CC19 Torino9 Italy9 ept$ *+,+9 paper Ke$@$B$.$
8/12/2019 Photonic Techniques for Next Generation Integrated Optical Networks Based on Ultrawideband Radio
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4 2riginal contri%!tions
,-A
])or+?^ )$ )orant9 $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 and R$ &lorente9 Performance e"al!ation of in<%!ilding
radio<o"er<fi%er distri%!tion of m!lti<%and 2FD) UKB signals9C in "### "nternational !opical
,eeting on ,icrowave $hotonics 0,W$19 5alencia9 pain9 2ct$ *++?9 paper Th.$,-$
]Per+?d^ $ Pere(9 )$ )orant9 "* Beltr#n9 and R$ &lorente9 Performance of )B<2FD) UKB
and Ki)4 I;;; A+*$,=e con"erged radio<o"er<fi%er in P239C in "### "nternational !opical
,eeting on ,icrowave $hotonics 0,W$19 5alencia9 pain9 2ct$ *++?9 paper Th.$.,$
]&lo+?%^ R$ &lorente9 )$ )orant9 and "* Beltr#n9 Photonics<aided sensing for context
a0areness in complex radio en"ironments9C presented at #uropean Commission workshop on
locali4ation and context awareness9 Br!ssels9 Belgi!m9 ept$ *++?$
]Bel+?d^ "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 $ Pere(9 and R$ &lorente9 Performance e"al!ation of 2FD)
and imp!lse<radio !ltra<0ide%and o"er fi%er distri%!tion for in %!ilding net0or1s9 in "###
"nternational Conference on 3ltra-Wideband 0"C3W*19 5anco!"er9 6anada9 ept$ *++?9
pp$ -.AM-/*$
]Per+?c^ $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 &$ 6a"allin9 and R$ &lorente9 Protection margins for
>oint operation of Ki)4 A+*$,=e and Ki)edia<defined UKB radio in personal area
net0or1s9C in "### "nternational Conference on 3ltra-Wideband 0"C3W*19 5anco!"er9 6anada9
ept$ *++?9 pp$ @*-M@*@$
]Per+?%^ $ Pere(9 )$ )orant9 &$ 6a"allin9 "* Beltr#n9 R$ Ga!dino9 and R$ &lorente9
;xperimental analysis of Ki)edia<defined UKB and Ki)4 A+*$,=e coexistence in personal
area net0or1s9C in $roc. "C!-,obile%ummit 9 antander9 pain9 !n$ *++?$
]Per+?a^ $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 R$ &lorente9 4$ Rahim Bis0as9 R$ Piesie0ic(9
)$ 6otton9 D$ FYhrer9 B$ el"a9 I$ B!caille9 and $ eis%erg9 ;xperimental analysis of -$/ GE(
Ki)4 A+*$,=e interference in Ki)edia<defined UKB radio transmissions9C in "### 5ehicular
!echnology Conference 05!C-%pring19 Barcelona9 pain9 4pr$ *++?9 pp$ ,M/ $
])or+Ac^ )$ )orant9 $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 R$ &lorente and $ )arti9 Integrated performance
analysis of UKB 0ireless optical transmission in FTTE net0or1s9C in "### asers and #lectro-
ptics %ociety &nnual ,eeting 0#%19 3e0port Beach9 U49 3o"$ *++A9 pp$ A@MAA$
])or+A%^ )$ )orant9 R$ &lorente9 $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 and a"ier )arti9 Impact of pilot
tone<assisted e:!ali(ation in Kimedia<defined 2FD)<UKB signals transmission in FTTEnet0or1s9C in "### "nternational !opical ,eeting on ,icrowave $hotonics 0,W$19 Gold 6oast9
4!stralia9 2ct$ *++A9 pp$ *,@M**+$
]Bel+A%^ "* Beltr#n9 R$ &lorente9 and $ )arti9 Photonic 4D6 technology for spectr!m
meas!rement and 0ireless coexistence in U6;&& pro>ect9C presented at Walter 3W*
Workshop9 Ispra9 Italy9 !l$ *++A$
])or+Aa^ )$ )orant9 "* Beltr#n9 $ Pere(9 and R$ &lorente9 Imp!lse<radio !ltra 0ide<%and
signals distri%!tion in FTTE net0or1s9C presented at "%"% etwork of #xcellence Korkshop on
2!!6' Wireless Communications' and their interaction9 toc1holm9 0eden9 !n$ *++A$
8/12/2019 Photonic Techniques for Next Generation Integrated Optical Networks Based on Ultrawideband Radio
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4 2riginal contri%!tions
,-?
]&lo+A%^ R$ &lorente9 $ Pére(9 "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 and $ )art9 UKB picocell cl!sters#
Real<time interference monitoring9C in $roc. "C!-,obile%ummit 9 toc1holm9 0eden9 !n$ *++A$
]Bel+Aa^ "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 $ Pere(9 and R$ &lorente9 UKB 0ireless coexistence %y
fi%re<%ased photonic 4D6 interference monitoring9C presented at "%"% etwork of #xcellence
Korkshop on 2!!6' Wireless Communications' and their interaction9 toc1holm9 0eden9
!n$ *++A$
]&lo+Aa^ R$ &lorente9 T$ 4l"es9 )$ )orant9 "* Beltr#n9 $ Pere(9 4$ 6artaxo9 and $ )arti9 2ptical
distri%!tion of 2FD) and imp!lse<radio UKB in FTTE net0or1s9C in ptical 2iber
Communication Conference and #xposition 02C19 an Diego9 U49 Fe%$ *++A9 paper K4,+?$
]&lo+@^ R$ &lorente9 $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 and $ )arti9 6on"ertidores analógico<digital
fotónicos# tecnologa y aplicaciones en telecom!nicación9C in $roc. !elecom "7)9 5alencia9
pain9 2ct$ *++@$
]Per+@^ $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 R$ &lorente9 and $ )arti9 Performance e"al!ation of the parallel
)ach<ehnder differential lineari(ation architect!re9C presented at #-$hotone7 8 C%! 9:;
%ummer %chool on &dvanced optical communications systems< 2rom short range to long haul
networks9 Brest9 France9 !l$ *++@$
]&lo+=^ R$ &lorente9 "* Beltr#n9 $ Pere(9 3$ Uehara9 )d$ aad Hhan9 and $ )arti9 &ong<term
and short<term spectral sta%ility characteri(ation of s!percontin!!m laser so!rces9C in "###
asers and #lectro-ptics %ociety &nnual ,eeting 0#%19 )ontreal9 6anada9 3o"$ *++=9 pp$
=A/M=A=$
Technical reports
];UR2<F2 DA$-^ 6$ Ho!lo!mentas9 4$ )a(iotis9 P$ Ba1opo!los9 )$ pyropo!lo!9
E$ 4"ramopo!los9 B$ chren19 F$ Bonada9 ;$ Tommy9 5$ Polo9 $ Prat9 $ 4$ &a(aro9 P$ 2ssie!r9
$ $ [i!9 $ Ba!0elinc19 $ Jin9 $ eoane9 D$ i%ar9 P$ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 ;$ Tangdiongga9
D$ ;rasme9 6$ Kare9 -rd 4cti"ity report on 6;.# 3ext Generation 2ptical 4ccess !%systems
and on related Research Topics9C "C! #3=-2% $ro>ect )eliverable )?.@9 4pr$ *+,,$
]FI5;R D*$=^ )$ )orant9 T$ [!inlan9 R$ &lorente9 $ Kal1er9 3$ )edina9 "* Beltr#n9
6$ Rodrig!es9 4$ Gamelas9 5$ )irones9 $ )$ il"a9 I$ Freitas 2li"eira9 4$ 3gZ2ma9 6KDD
integrated net0or1 architect!re specification9C "C! 2"5#= $ro>ect )eliverable )9.A9 Dec$ *+,+$
]FI5;R D-$.^ $ 6y0ios1i9 4$ chmidt9 R$ &lorente9 )$ )orant9 F$ )artne(9 $ )atres9
"* Beltr#n9 $ 'nche(9 )$ )aestro9 $ 4$ P$ )orgado9 D$ D$ Fonseca9 4$ 6artaxo9 Report on
%ase%and and radio<o"er<fi%re 2FD) transmission impairment compensation algorithms and
expected performance9C "C! 2"5#= $ro>ect )eliverable )@.B9 Dec$ *+,+$
]FI5;R D-$*^ 4$ chmidt9 D$ B!rggraf9 T$ Bart(sch9 )$ )orant9 "* Beltr#n9 R$ &lorente9
T$ [!inlan9 )$ Par1er9 $ Kal1er9 P$ 6l!(ea!d9 F$ 6ar"alho9 4$ 6artaxo9 Report on radio
transmission coexistence re:!irements9C "C! 2"5#= $ro>ect )eliverable )@.99 ept$ *+,+$
8/12/2019 Photonic Techniques for Next Generation Integrated Optical Networks Based on Ultrawideband Radio
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photonic-techniques-for-next-generation-integrated-optical-networks-based-on 140/156
4 2riginal contri%!tions
,.+
]U6;&& D.$*^ R$ &lorente9 "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 $ Pére(9 $ )art9 D$ )esh!lam9 4$ 6artaxo9
$ Romme9 E$ Porte9 $ P!che9 $ D!plicy9 T$ "an Katerschoot9 5$ &e 3ir9 3$ 4miot9 Intermediate
report on the RF9 photonic s!%systems9 m!ltichannel 4D6 and enhanced UKB terminals9C "C!
3C#% $ro>ect )eliverable )B.99 Dec$ *++?$
]U6;&& D/$,^ R$ &lorente9 )$ )orant9 $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 $ P!che9 $ Romme9 T$ 4l"es9
4$ 6artaxo9 $ Ea!den9 $ D!plicy9 R$ BaQales9 5$ &e 3ir9 B$ Ug!en9 J$ &ostanlen9 J$ Hol1o"ich9
Intermediate reported on the cell!lar<UKB la%oratory platform9C "C! 3C#% $ro>ect
)eliverable ).;9 Dec$ *++?$
]U6;&& D@$*^ R$ &lorente9 $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 $ D!plicy9 D$ )esh!lam9 First
report on the UKB technology e"ol!tion9C "C! 3C#% $ro>ect )eliverable )D.99 Dec$ *++?$
]U6;&& D.$,^ R$ &lorente9 )$ )orant9 "* Beltr#n9 $ Pere(9 $ )arti9 J$ 2ti1er9 T$ Danon9
$ )antel9 D$ chmert(9 R$ Horman9 T$ 4l"es9 4$ 6artaxo9 $ Romme9 $ Ea!den9 E$ Porte9 RF and
photonic s!%system specification9C "C! 3C#% $ro>ect )eliverable )B.;9 2ct$ *++A$
]U6;&& D*$,^ R$ &lorente9 )$ )orant9 $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 T$ Danon9 $ )antel9 D$ chmert(9
J$ 2ti1er9 $ D!plicy9 $ P!che9 T$ "an Katerschoot9 5$ &e 3ir9 T$ 4l"es9 4$ 6artaxo9 $ Romme9
3$ 4miot9 B$ Ug!en9 J$ &ostanlen9 R$ BaQales9 Report on cell!lar<UKB f!nctionalities9 real<time
UKB spectr!m monitoring f!nctionalities$ Photonic<4D6 and radio<o"er<fi%re architect!re9
s!ita%le scenarios and technology state<of the<art9C "C! 3C#% $ro>ect )eliverable )9.;9 2ct$
*++A$
]FR;DIT D*$,^ 4$ afra9 $ P!che9 5$ Perales9 6$ 5ernich9 $ Pére(9 "* Beltr#n9 $ &$ Torral%a9
4r:!itect!ra y especificaciones del 4D6 fotónico9C 2=#)"! $ro>ect )eliverable )9.;9 !n$ *++@$
]FR;DIT D*$*^ "* Beltr#n9 $ P!che9 ;specificaciones de la f!ente l'ser s!percontin!!m9C
2=#)"! $ro>ect )eliverable )9.99 !n$ *++@$
8/12/2019 Photonic Techniques for Next Generation Integrated Optical Networks Based on Ultrawideband Radio
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,.,
%ibliogra"!y
],^ Re"ision of part ,/ of the 6ommissionZs r!les regarding !ltra<0ide%and transmission
systems9C F669 Rep$ F66 +*<.A9 4pr$ *++*$
]*^ )$ H!nert9 G$ Rollmann9 E$<&$ Bloecher9 and $ ch!ermann9 *. GE( !ltra<0ide%and
"ehic!lar short range radar systems$ Technology and reg!latory aspects o"er"ie09C in
International Krocla0 ymposi!m and ;xhi%ition on ;lectromagnetic 6ompati%ility 7;)689
!n$ *++=$ ]2nline^$ 4"aila%le# http#LL000$sara<gro!p$org
]-^ T$ H!ri9 J$ 2miya9 T$ Ha0anishi9 $ Eara9 and H$ Hitayama9 2ptical transmitter and recei"er
of *.<GE( !ltra<0ide%and signal %y direct photonic con"ersion techni:!es9C in "###
"nternational !opical ,eeting on ,icrowave $hotonics 0,W$19 pp$ ,M.9 2ct$ *++=$
].^ 4$ Paier9 $ Haredal9 3$ 6(in19 E$ Eofstetter9 6$ D!mard9 T$ emen9 F$ T!f"esson9 6$ F$)ec1len%ra!1er9 and 4$ F$ )olisch9 First res!lts from car<to<car and car<to<infrastr!ct!re
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and ,obile =adio Communications 0$",=C19 pp$ ,M/9 ept$ *++@$
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]=^ J$ &e G!ennec9 4$ Pi((inat9 $ )eyer9 B$ 6har%onnier9 P$ &om%ard9 )$ &o!rdiane9 B$ 6a%on9
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http#LL000$alereon$comLprod!ctsLchipsetsLal/,++al/-+,<chipset
],,^ Kisair9 Kireless UB single chip$ ]2nline^$ 4"aila%le#
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reach KD) P239C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ *,9 no$ ,@9 pp$ ,*@.M,*@=9 ep$ *++?$
]*,^ $ 6apmany and D$ 3o"a19 )icro0a"e Photonics com%ines t0o 0orlds9C ature $hoton.9
"ol$ ,9 no$ =9 pp$ -,?M--+9 *++@$
]**^ )$ 4%tahi9 )$ )irshafiei9 $ &aRochelle9 and &$ 4$ R!sch9 4ll<2ptical /++ )%Ls UKB
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Communication Conference and #xposition 02C19 Paper 2T!9 )ar$ *++?$
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%tate Circuits9 "ol$ ..9 no$ -9 pp$ A+AMA*-9 )ar$ *++?$
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on com%ining s!%nanosecond Ga!ssian p!lses9 ,icrow. pt. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ /*9 no$ ,,9
pp$ *.+,M*.+/9 3o"$ *+,+$
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]-.^ T$ Hi11a0a9 P$ H$ aha9 3$ asa1i9 and H$ Himoto9 Ga!ssian monocycle p!lse transmitter
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intensity con"ersion9C pt. ett.9 "ol$ --9 no$ -9 pp$ ***M**.9 Fe%$ *++A$
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J. ightw. !echnol.9 "ol$ */9 no$ ,,9 pp$ -=*=M-=--9 3o"$ *++@$
].+^ [$ 6hang9 J$ Tian9 T$ Je9 $ Gao9 and J$ !9 4 *.<GE( !ltra0ide%and o"er fi%er system
!sing photonic generation and fre:!ency !p<con"ersion9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ *+9
no$ ,?9 pp$ ,=/,M,=/-9 2ct$ *++A$
].,^ [$ Kang and $ P$ Jao9 2ptically s0itcha%le UKB monocycle and do!%let generation
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tap micro0a"e photonic filter and phase in"ersion adapta%le to different p!lse mod!lation
formats9C pt. #xpress9 "ol$ ,@9 no$ @9 pp$ /+*-M/+-*9 )ar$ *++?$
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radio transmitter !sing an electrooptic phase mod!lator together 0ith a delay
interferometer9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ **9 no$ *+9 pp$ ,.@?M,.A,9 2ct$ *+,+$
]./^ $ Dong9 $ hang9 $ !9 and D$ E!ang9 4ll<optical !ltra0ide%and monocycle generation
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pt. ett.9 "ol$ -*9 no$ ,/9 pp$ *,/AM*,=+9 4!g$ *++@$
].=^ 5$ T$ 6ompany9 H$ Prince9 and I$ T$ )onroy9 Ultra0ide%and p!lse generation %ased on
o"ershooting effect in gain<s0itched semicond!ctor laser9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ *+9
no$ ,/9 pp$ ,*??M,-+,9 4!g$ *++A$
].@^ $ J!9 T$ B$ Gi%%on9 )$ Pa0li19 $ Blaa%erg9 and I$ T$ )onroy9 4 photonic !ltra<0ide%and
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,@9 no$ ,*9 pp$ ?=A+M?=A@9 !n$ *++?$
].A^ T$ B$ Gi%%on9 $ J! R$ Gamatham9 3$ G!errero Gon(ale(9 R$ Rodes9 $ B$ ensen9 4$
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]/?^ 6$ K$ 6ho09 F$ )$ H!o9 $ K$ hi9 6$ E$ Jeh9 J$ F$ K!9 6$ E$ Kang9 J$ T$ &i9 and 6$ &$ Pan9
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home net0or1s9C pt. #xpress9 "ol$ ,A9 no$ *9 pp$ .@-M.@A9 an$ *+,+$
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0ide%and<o"er<fi%er systems9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ ,?9 no$ ,-9 pp$ ??=M??A9 !l$*++@$
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,@9 pp$ ,,@*M,,@.9 ep$ *++?$
]=-^ E$ 6$ 6hien9 4$ 6ho0dh!ry9 $ ia9 J$ T$ Es!eh9 and G$ H$ 6hang9 =+ GE( millimeter<0a"e
giga%it 0ireless ser"ices o"er long<reach passi"e optical net0or1 !sing remote signal
regeneration and !pcon"ersion9C pt. #xpress9 "ol$ ,@9 no$ /9 pp$ -+-=M-+.,9 )ar$ *++?$
]=.^ F$ hang9 $ K!9 $ F!9 H$ !9 J$ &i9 $ Eong9 P$ h!m9 and $ &in9 im!ltaneo!s m!lti<channel
6)K<%and and ))K<%and UKB monocycle p!lse generation !sing FK) effect in a highly
nonlinear photonic crystal fi%er9C pt. #xpress9 "ol$ ,A9 no$ ,/9 pp$ ,/A@+M,/A@/9 !l$ *+,+$
]=/^ H$ 3a1am!ra9 )$ Eana0a9 and H$ 3ona1a9 *.GE(<%and UKB<IR p!lse generation !sing
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ThD*9 !l$ *++?$
]==^ 3$ Deparis9 4$ iligarisy9 P$ 5incenty9 and 3$ Rolland9 4 * pL%it p!lsed I&2 UKB
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Wideband 0"C3W*19 pp$ ,,-M,,@9 ep$ *++?$
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4$ Borghesani9 D$ )oodie9 )$ Ran9 and J$ Ben<;(ra9 .A+<)%ps9 %i<directional9 !ltra<0ide%and
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