photography text
TRANSCRIPT
SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL TRADE CURRICULUM
PHOTOGRAPHY
NIGERIAN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL (NERDC) SHEDA, ABUJA
Nigerian Educational Research And Development Council (NERDC) 2009
First Published 2009
ISBN: 978-054-179-9
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC).
Reprinted 2012
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NIGERIAN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL
Headquarters: Lokoja - Kaduna Road, Sheda, PMB 91, Abuja NigeriaPhone: (09) 8822202, 8822204, Fax: (09) 8821047Email: [email protected]
Website: www.nerdcnigeria.org
Zonal OfficesSouth-EastOld SUBEB Building Waterworks Road Abakaliki Ebonyi State.
South-South2nd Floor, Federal Secretariat Complex, Muritala Muhammed High Way, Calabar, Cross-River.
North-EastCommissioners’ Quarters Road, Off Maiduguri Road, Damaturu, Yobe State.
North-WestGP 109, State Road, Opposite Kano State High Court, Kano, Kano State.
South-West3, Jibowu Street, Yaba, Lagos.
North-Central3rd Floor, Rm 313-315, Federal Secretariat Complex, Minna, Niger State.
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FOREWORD
I am delighted to have unique opportunity to commend this volume of Senior Secondary School (SSS) Trades Curriculum to all Schools in the Federation. This is one of the Thirty-Four (34) Senior Secondary School Trade Curricula being published by my Ministry for the successful implementation of the National Policy on Education as it affects the Senior Secondary Component.
I am also pleased to note that the completion of some of the pre-requisites, such as Secondary School Trades Curricula in printed form, is taking place during my tenure as Federal Minister of Education. I must congratulate all those who participated in developing these curricula for the new Senior Secondary Education Structure. I wish to thank most especially the Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC) and their resource personnel for a job well done.
It is my fervent hope that the Teacher and Students for who these curricula are produced would demonstrate the required devotion and unfailing assiduity in using these curricula to lay a solid foundation for a pragmatic approach to secondary education so that in later years we can all look back with the pride that we left for posterity a proud legacy in education.
I gladly commend these curricula to all for the purposes of producing the best in text material and the best in students, since education has been recognized as a key factor in achieving Mr. President's seven point agenda.
Thank you.
DR. SAM EGWU Honorable Minister of Education, Abuja January, 2009
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PREFACE
The new trades curriculum was designed to meet the targets of the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), which are expressed as:- value re-orientation, poverty eradication, job creation, wealth generation and using education to empower the citizenry. The overall goal of the curriculum is to prepare the students to face the challenges of the new millennium.
The major aim is that students having successfully passed through the Senior Secondary Education, should have acquired the skills in a specific trade to enable them create jobs and generate wealth.
The process of the development of the trades curriculum which included a series of planning, writing, critique and editorial workshops entailed wide consultations with stakeholders, experienced secondary and technology teachers, teacher educators, school inspectors, technicians and entrepreneurs. Others include policy makers, and examination bodies. The implementation of this trade curriculum is to commence at the Senior Secondary One (SS1) in year 2011.
It is my pleasure to express our gratitude to the Federal Government of Nigeria for supporting this project. Our special thanks go to all resource persons that were involved in one way or the other in the development of the trades curriculum.
It is our belief that when this curriculum is properly implemented, the future generations of this country will be better for it.
PROF. GODSWILL OBIOMA fman, fiica, fcon, mnae Executive Secretary NERDC
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INTRODUCTION
Photography is one of the vocational subjects offered in Senior Secondary Schools in the Country. The introduction of the subject is informed
by the continually changing world in which we live today and the unprecedented rate in technological advancement that is shrinking the world
into a global village.
Photography enables a person to record visual images through photographs to be kept for posterity. It also enables one to transmit events
happening around the globe in a matter of seconds thereby enriching ones experiences in terms of activities that have bearing on politics,
economics, educational, social, cultural and other institutions. It is therefore a truism that a picture is worth a thousand words.
This curriculum covers the following nineteen (19) themes:-
Introduction to photography (1)
Theory of light
The camera
The film
Shooting of photographs (1)
The darkroom
Film development
Printing
History and appreciation of photography (II)
Introduction to lighting
Lenses
Shooting of photographs (II)
Care and preservation of photographs
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Introduction of digital photography (I)
Field trips (I)
History and appreciation of photography (III)
Darkroom printing techniques
Digital photography (II)
Field trips (II)
Exhibition
The topics and contents under each theme are made to reflect the basic nature of technology, i.e. knowledge, skill, creativity and attitude.
The digital photography themes are meant to usher the trainees into the world of computer, information and communication technology (ICT).
The curriculum is designed for use with basic and fairly inexpensive equipment. Teaching and learning can be facilitated and enhanced by the
use of real life experiences through industrial visits.
The curriculum has also been designed for a minimum number of 4 periods of 40 minutes per week. The success of the curriculum
implementation will largely depend on some key factors viz: availability of qualified teachers, equipment, teaching materials and opportunities
for excursions. It is hoped that both teachers and students will find this revised curriculum a useful guide to the teaching and learning of
photography.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv PREFACE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- v
TABLE OF CONTENTS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- viii
INTRODUCTION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- v i
SS 1
THEME: INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOGRAPHY (I)
Essence of Photography ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Importance of photography --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 History of photography (I) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Area of photography -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Photography terminologies --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 THEME: THEORY OF LIGHT Sources of light -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Properties of light --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
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THEME: THE CAMERA Basic principle of camera -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Basic parts of a camera --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Types of Camera -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 Care of camera ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 THEME: THE FILM
The nature of film --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Types of film --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Film speeds --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 THEME: SHOOTING OF PHOTOGRAPHS (I)
Shooting preparation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Shooting of Photographs ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 THEME: THE DARKROOM
The Darkroom --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 Darkroom tools and equipment ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 Darkroom safety ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 THEME: FILM DEVELOPMENT Materials and equipment for film development --------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Film Development ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 Drying and storage of negatives ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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THEME: PRINTING
Materials and equipment for printing of photographs -------------------------------------------------------- 11 Printing process --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 Drying and storage of photographs ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
SS II
THEME: HISTORY AND APPRECIATION OF PHOTOGRAPHY (II)
Historical development of Photography ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 Photography in Nigeria ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13
THEME: INTRODUCTION TO LIGHTING Natural light ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Artificial light -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 THEME: LENSES
Basic principle of lenses ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 Lens and aperture ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15 Types of Camera lenses -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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THEME: SHOOTING OF PHOTOGRAPHS (II) Composition ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16 Nature Study ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16 Still life ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 Portraiture ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 THEME: CARE AND PRESERVATION OF PHOTOGRAPHS Mo ing and framing of photographs ------------------------------------------------------------------- ----- 17 unt -- THEME: INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY (1)
Digital Photography equipment --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 Digital photography software ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
THEME: FIELD TRIP (I)
Excursion to a photography studio ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
SS III
THEME: HISTORY AND APPRECIATION OF PHOTOGRAPHY (III)
Contemporary Nigerian Photographers ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 Emergence of digital photography
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
20
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THEME: DARKROOM PRINTING TECHNIQUES Creative printing ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 THEME: DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY (II) Input methods in digital photography --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 Output methods in digital photography ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 THEME: FIELD TRIP (II)
Excursion to a photographic colour laboratory ----------------------------------------------------------------- 23 THEME: EXHIBITION
Exhibition of Students’ work ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
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SS I
THEME: INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOGRAPHY (I) TOPIC PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVES CONTENTS ACTIVITIES TEACHING AND
LEARNING
MATERIALS
EVALUATION GUIDE TEACHER STUDENTS
1. The essence of photography
Students should be able to : 1. define
photography as a means of visual communication
2. relate photography with universal needs
i. Visual communication.
ii. Record keeping
1. Discusses photography in relation to universal needs.
List the different aspect of life in which photography is used.
Photographs Students to: discuss photography in relation to universal needs.
2. Importance of photography
Students should be able to: enumerate the importance of photography.
i. Record of events.
ii. used in
advertising
iii. Scientific use.
iv. News reporting
v. 5. Artistic expression
Explains each of the important areas identified with the aid of suitable examples.
Enumerate the areas of importance of photography identified.
Sample of photographs showing the identified areas of importance of photography.
Students to: explain the importance of photography.
3. History of photography
Students should be able to: discuss the development of camera obscura.
The Camera obscura Discusses the development of the camera obscura.
Construct a pin hole camera using a carton.
Carton Pin
Students to: explain camera obscura
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SS I
THEME: INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOGRAPHY (I) TOPIC PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVES CONTENTS ACTIVITIES TEACHING AND
LEARNING
MATERIALS
EVALUATION GUIDE TEACHER STUDENTS
4. Areas of photography
Students should be able to: identify and discuss the areas of photography.
Areas of photography: Fashion
Forensic
Nature
Sports
Underwater
War
Documentary
Architectural, etc.
Discusses the different areas of photography
List the various areas of photography
Sample photographs showing the different areas of photography.
Students to: mention seven areas of photography.
5. Photography terminologies
Students should be able to: list and define terms used in photography.
Photography terminologies
• Exposure • Develop • Print • Enlarge • Focus • Aperture • F-number • Perspective • Image • intensity, etc.
Defines and explains terms used in photography.
List the terms used in photography.
Chart Students to: define terms used in photography
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SS I
THEME: THEORY OF LIGHT TOPIC PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVES CONTENTS ACTIVITIES TEACHING AND
LEARNING
MATERIALS
EVALUATION GUIDE TEACHER STUDENTS
1. Sources of light Students should be able to: 1. identify sources
of light 2. discuss each
identified source of light in relation to photography.
i. Natural light (e.g. sun and moon).
ii. Artificial light (electric light, flash, etc.)
Identifies and discusses the different sources of light in relation to photography.
Experiment with different artificial light.
Torchlight Bulb Flash, etc.
Students to:
1. mention different sources of light.
2. list various source of light that are useful in photography.
2. Properties of light
Students should be able to: identify and
properties of light. discusses
i. Absorption ii. Reflection iii. Transmission iv. Refraction v. Dispersion
1. Explains the various properties of light. 2. Experiments the effect of light on different surfaces.
Experiment the effect of artificial light on different surfaces.
Torchlight Mirror Black sand White surfaces Glass Prism Diagrams
Students to identify and explain properties of light.
3
SS I
THEME: THE CAMERA TOPIC PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVES
CONTENTS ACTIVITIES TEACHING AND
LEARNING
MATERIALS
EVALUATION
GUIDE TEACHER STUDENTS
1. Basic principle of camera
Students should be able to: explain the principle upon which the camera is designed.
i. Basic principles :
• Light tights registration surface .
• Light inlet (aperture).
• Image formation (lens)
• Image captures (Shutter).
• Viewing system.
Explains with the aid of a camera the basic principles upon which camera is designed.
Identify the principles upon which the camera is designed.
Camera Diagrams
Students to: explain five principles upon which the camera is designed.
2. Basic parts of a camera
Students should be able to : 1. identify the basic
parts of a camera. 2. mention the
function of each part.
ii. Basic parts :
• Light tight box • Lens • Lens opening • Shutter • Shutter release • View finder • Film advance
mechanism
• Function of each part of a camera.
1. Lists and discusses the parts of a camera. 2. Explains the functions of each part of a camera.
1. Identify the basic parts of a camera using manual camera. 2. List the function of the identified parts of a camera.
Camera Diagram
Students to: 1. lists five basic parts of a camera. 2. explain five functions of five basic part of a camera.
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SS I
THEME: THE CAMERA TOPIC PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVES CONTENTS ACTIVITIES TEACHING AND
LEARNING
MATERIALS
EVALUATION GUIDE TEACHER STUDENTS
3. Types of Camera
Students should be able to: identify different types of camera.
Types of camera:
• Twin lens reflex • Single lens reflex • Direct vision • View through
technical
• Miniature • Polaroid •
Digital
1. Discuses the system of each of the cameras. 2. Identifies the differences between the cameras.
Identify the different types of camera.
Samples of different types of camera. Diagram of different camera Pictures of different cameras.
Student to: detect the differences between the cameras.
4. Care of the Camera
Students should be able to: discuss different methods of taking care of a camera.
Care of the camera:
• Keep away from dirt and oil.
• Keep duster away from it.
• Regular servicing by competent technician.
• Careful handling at all times.
1. Explains the need to take good care of a camera. 2. Explains and demonstrates (where necessary) various methods of taking care of a camera.
1. Demonstrate how to: • Clean the
lens • Handle the
camera when loading the film.
2. Keep camera in camera bag when not in use.
Camera Camera bag Muslin cloth.
Students to: mention four ways of caring for a camera.
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SS I
THEME: THE FILM TOPIC PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVES CONTENTS ACTIVITIES TEACHING AND
LEARNING
MATERIALS
EVALUATION GUIDE TEACHER STUDENTS
1. The nature of film
Students should be able to: describe film and state its composition.
i. Light sensitive material. ii. Chemical composition.
1. Describes the sensitive nature of film. 2. States the chemical composition of film (silver and potassium salts, held to cellulose – acetate by gelatin emulsion.
Observe the nature of an undeveloped film pulled out of the cartridge.
Undeveloped film.
Students to: list the chemical composition of a film.
2. Types of film Students should be able to: identify different types of film in relation to format and type.
i. Film format (sizes) • 110 • 135 (35 mm)
• 120/220 • Sheet film etc. ii. Film types
• Black and white • Coloured film.
1. Describes the various film formats. 2. Discusses the two film types.
1. Identify the various film formats. 2. Differentiate between black/white and coloured film.
Samples of the various film formats Samples of the two film types (black/white and coloured)
Students to: 1. mention three different film formats. 2. identify black/ white and coloured films
3. Film Speed Students should be able to: 1. define film speed. 2. relate film speed with ASA (American Standard Association) number.
Film speed: i. ASA 32- slow speed film. ii. ASA 40 – 200 medium speed film iii. ASA 400 and above – fast high speed film.
Discusses each category of film in relation to their speed.
Identify ASA number inscribed on various film cartridges.
Cartridges of film with different ASA inscription.
Students to: relate ASA number to film speed.
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SS I
THEME: SHOOTING OF PHOTOGRAPHS (1) TOPIC PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVES
CONTENTS ACTIVITIES TEACHING AND
LEARNING MATERIALS
EVALUATION
GUIDE TEACHER STUDENTS
1. Shooting preparation
Student should be able to: identify various forms of preparation prior to shooting photographs.
i. Loading the film into the camera.
ii. Get subject
prepared.
iii. Set up studio lighting equipment.
iv. Study outdoor
weather condition.
Discusses the need and importance of making adequate preparation before shooting photograph.
Load film into camera and make other preparations as determined by the type of photograph to be taken.
Camera Film Lighting equipment
Students to: explain the three preparatory steps to be taken in taking in door or outdoor photographs.
2. Shooting of photographs
Student should be able to: focus and shoot photographs (both indoor and outdoor).
1. Focusing with the camera. 2. Shooting indoor photographs. 3. Shooting outdoor photographs.
1. Explains ways of handling camera for shooting.
- hand held - using
tripod 2. Demonstrates how to focus and shoot photographs (both indoor and outdoor).
Experiment with shooting of photographs both (indoor and outdoor).
Camera Tripod Flash Lighting equipment.
Students to: write their indoor and outdoor experiences in taking photographs.
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SS I
THEME: THE DARKROOM TOPIC PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVES CONTENTS ACTIVITIES TEACHING AND
LEARNING
MATERIALS
EVALUATION GUIDE TEACHER STUDENTS
1. The darkroom Students should be able to:
1. describe the layout of a dark
room.
2. mention darkroom
requirement.
i. Darkroom layout: dry area
wet area ii. Darkroom requirements
light tights
good ventilation adequate electricity supply
adequate water supply. Waste outlet
Flat working surfaces.
1. Discusses the dry and wet
areas of a darkroom.
2. Explains each darkroom
requirement.
Visit the dark room and
acquaint themselves
with the layout
(dry and wet areas)
Darkroom Students to: write a report of
their experience in the darkroom
2. Darkroom tools and equipment
Students should be able to:
1. identify tools and equipment
used in the
darkroom. 2. mention the
function of each of the tools and
equipment.
Tools and equipment. Measures
Containers Funnels
Timers
Thermometers Developing tanks
Safe light Enlarger
Dryer
Trays/dishes, etc.
Discusses the functions of
each tools and equipment in
the darkroom.
1. Identify the various tools
and equipment in the dark
room.
2. State the
functions of each tool and
equipment.
All darkroom tools and equipment
Students to: list seven tools and
equipment in the darkroom.
3. Darkroom Safety Students should be
able to: mention various
safety measures
required in the darkroom.
Safety measures:
Wear darkroom apron/lab coat
Wear rubber gloves.
Avoid sudden movements
Apply first aid in treating chemical burns
Properly store chemical
when not in use.
Discusses:
1. importance of safety in the
darkroom.
2. the various
safety measures required while in
the darkroom.
3. darkroom first aid measures.
Demonstrate:
1. wearing of
rubber gloves.
2. apron/
laboratory coat.
Rubber gloves
Laboratory coats First aid box
Fire extinguisher.
Student to:
list darkroom safety measures.
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SS I
THEME: FILM DEVELOPMENT TOPIC PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVES CONTENTS ACTIVITIES TEACHING AND
LEARNING
MATERIALS
EVALUATION GUIDE TEACHER STUDENTS
1. Materials and equipment for film development
Students should be able to: 1. identify materials and equipment required for film development 2. xplain the functions of the equipment (developing tank and dishes).
e
Materials for film development. Developer Developing tank Developing
trays/dishes Fixer
1. Discusses the use of the developing materials/ developer and fixer 2. Explains the functions of the equipment (developing tank and dishes)
Identify the materials and equipment used for film development.
Developer Developing tank Developing
trays/dishes Fixer.
Students to: List three materials and equipment used in film development.
2. Film development
Students should be able to: develop exposed film into negative.
i. Dilution of: Developer Fixer
ii. Loading the film into the tank or using the see-saw method.
iii. Pouring and timing the action of developer on the film in the tank.
iv. Rinsing and fixing the negative.
Explains and demonstrates the processes of film development using both the developing tank and the see-saw methods.
Experiment with developing tank and the see-saw method.
Developing tank Developer Fixer Developing
trays/dishes. Timer Water Rubber gloves.
Students to: Explain the two methods of film development.
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SS I
THEME: FILM DEVELOPMENT TOPIC PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVES CONTENTS ACTIVITIES TEACHING AND
LEARNING
MATERIALS
EVALUATION GUIDE TEACHER STUDENTS
3. Drying and storage of negatives
Students should be able to: 1. dry
negatives
2. store negatives.
i. Methods of drying negatives.
ii. ethods of storing negatives
M
1. Explains and demonstrates the two methods of drying negatives. Dryer Open air. 2. Explains and demonstrates the methods of storing negatives. Film container Cellophane
Jackets Chest of
drawers.
1. Experiment using dryer and open air methods. 2. Store negatives using different methods.
Dryer Rope line Pegs Film container Cellophane jackets Chest of drawers.
Students to: explain: 1. drying
processes
2. storage methods.
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SS I
THEME: PRINTING TOPIC PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVES CONTENTS ACTIVITIES TEACHING AND
LEARNING
MATERIALS
EVALUATION GUIDE TEACHER STUDENTS
1. Materials and equipment for printing of photographs
Students should be able to: identify materials and equipment required for printing of photographs.
Equipment for printing. Enlarger Safelight Printing paper Printing frame Developer
fixer Developing
trays/ dishes Dryer Guillotine.
Discusses the use of each printing material and equipment.
Identify the materials and equipment used in printing of photographs.
Enlarger Safety light Printing paper Printing frame Developer Fixer Water Developing trays/ dishes. Dryer Guillotine
Students to: list seven materials and equipment used in printing of photographs.
2. Printing process
Students should be able to: print photographs from negatives
i. Dilution of Developer Fixer ii. Contact print. iii. Printing photograph using enlarger. iv. Developing and fixing of photographs.
Explains and demonstrates the printing of photographs using: 1. contact
method 2. enlarger
Experiment with: 1. negative and printing paper (contact print) 2. negative and enlarger.
Negative Enlarger Printing frame Printing paper Developer Fixer Dryer.
Students to: explain the two methods of printing photographs.
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SS I
THEME: PRINTING TOPIC PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVES CONTENTS ACTIVITIES TEACHING AND
LEARNING
MATERIALS
EVALUATION GUIDE TEACHER STUDENTS
3. Drying and storage of photographs
Students should be able to: 1. dry printed
photographs.
2. store printed
photographs.
i. Methods of drying printed photographs.
ii. Methods of
storing printed photographs.
1. Explains and demonstrates the two methods of drying printed photographs Dryer Open air 2. Explains and demonstrates the methods of storing printed photographs Printing paper
pack Cellophane
jackets Photo albums
1. Experiment with dryer and open air methods. 2. Store printed photographs using different methods.
Dryer Rope line Pegs Printing pack Cellophane jacket Photo album.
Students to: explain 1. drying
processes
2. storage methods.
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