photography in a nutshell
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8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 1/83
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8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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omzlomzl xbgexbge gg olzlolzl {eg~{eg~ mzmz zlkmzhzlkmzh {bmx{bmx%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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oldkme {% dg~feg
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ma vm|z {|j`lkx g~~lgz{ fe xbl azgol%
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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kg|ibx me afdo%
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8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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vm|z ~fkx|zl f{ {bgz~%
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8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Yble Yble xmxm Kbmm{lKbmm{l G |xmamk|{ G |xmamk|{
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{|j`lkx{|j`lkx xmxm amk|{amk|{ meme%% Vm| Vm| {bm|dh{bm|dh gd{mgd{m jljl gygzlgygzl ma ma xblxbl {fx|gxfme{{fx|gxfme{ yble yble GA GA f{f{ emxemx g{g{ laalkxfqllaalkxfql º º {m{m xbgxxbgx
vm|vm| cemy cemy yble yble xmxm {yfxkb{yfxkb xmxm xblxbl oge|gdoge|gd//amk|{amk|{
omhl$omhl$ ybfkb ybfkb f{f{ am|eham|eh meme gddgdd immhimmh g|xmamk|{g|xmamk|{omhld{omhld{%%
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8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Mj{k|zlhMj{k|zlh Qfly Qfly
GA GA {v{xlo{{v{xlo{ amk|{amk|{ meme
xblxbl ~gzx~gzx ma ma xblxbl ~fkx|zl~fkx|zlelgzl{xelgzl{x xblxbl kgolzgkgolzg yfxbfe yfxbfexblxbl {le{mz{le{mz pmelpmel%% Fa Fa {bmmxfei {bmmxfei xbzm|ibxbzm|ib idg{{$idg{{$ xblxbl kgolzgkgolzg
ogv ogv amk|{amk|{ meme xblxbl idg{{$idg{{$zgxblzzgxblz xbgexbge meme xblxbl {|j`lkx{|j`lkxjlvmehjlvmeh%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Kmexzg{xKmexzg{x HlxlkxfmeHlxlkxfme º º G|xmamk|{ G|xmamk|{ [DZ{[DZ{ ymzc ymzc memexblxbl ~zfekf~dl~zfekf~dl xbgxxbgx gg {bgz~{bgz~ fogilfogil f{f{ omzlomzl kmexzg{xv kmexzg{xv xbgexbge gege m|xm|x//ma ma//amk|{amk|{ melmel%% Xblzlamzl$ Xblzlamzl$ {|j`lkx{{|j`lkx{ yfxb yfxb
dfxxdldfxxdl kmexzg{x$kmexzg{x$ {|kb{|kb g{g{ xbf{xbf{ ybfxl ybfxl `|i `|i gehgeh jmydjmyd meme gg ybfxl ybfxl jgkcizm|eh$jgkcizm|eh$ |{|gddv |{|gddv zlw|fzlzlw|fzl {yfxkbfei {yfxkbfei xmxmoge|gdoge|gd amk|{amk|{%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Ghqgexgil{ Ghqgexgil{ Hf{ghqgexgilHf{ghqgexgil{
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w|fkclzw|fkclz xbgexbge oge|gdoge|gdamk|{amk|{%%
KgeKge km~lkm~l yfxb yfxb ag{xag{x//
omqfei omqfei {|j`lkx{{|j`lkx{%%
Kmo~le{gxl{Kmo~le{gxl{ yldd yldd amzamzagfdfei agfdfei lvl{fibxlvl{fibx%%
OmzlOmzl lr~le{fqllr~le{fql xbgexbge
oge|gdoge|gd omhld{omhld{%%
KgeKge {xz|iidl{xz|iidl fefe dmy dmy
dfibxdfibx gehgeh yfxb yfxb dmy dmy kmexzg{xkmexzg{x%%
Blgqv Blgqv hzgfehzgfe meme jgxxlzv jgxxlzv
~mylz~mylz%%
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8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Ybfkb Ybfkb [mzx[mzx ma ma [DZ=[DZ=
OmhlzeOmhlze [DZ{$[DZ{$ ~gzxfk|dgzdv ~gzxfk|dgzdv g|xmamk|{g|xmamk|{ omhld{$omhld{$
gzlgzl ~gkclh~gkclh a|dda|dd ma ma dgjmzdgjmz//{gqfei {gqfei hlqfkl{hlqfkl{ ybfkb ybfkb gzlgzlhl{fielhhl{fielh xmxm ogclogcl ~bmxmizg~bv ~bmxmizg~bv xbgxxbgx o|kbo|kb lg{flzlg{flz%%
G{ G{ yldd yldd g{g{ g|xmogxfei g|xmogxfei zl~lxfxfqlzl~lxfxfql xg{c{$xg{c{$ {mol{mol ma ma xblxblalgx|zl{algx|zl{ ifqlifql vm|vm| fe{xgexfe{xgex gkkl{{gkkl{{ xmxm ybgx ybgx |{lh|{lh xmxm jljl
w|fxlw|fxl ghqgeklhghqgeklh xlkbefw|l{xlkbefw|l{%%
EmxEmx gddgdd algx|zl{algx|zl{ gzlgzl am|eham|eh meme gddgdd kgolzg{$kgolzg{$ {m{mvm|vm| o|{xo|{x hlkfhlhlkfhl ybfkb ybfkb mel{mel{ vm|vm| ygex ygex jlamzljlamzl vm|vm|
imim {bm~~fei {bm~~fei amzamz vm|zvm|z [DZ [DZ%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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AfddAfdd//fefe Adg{bAdg{b º º J|fdxJ|fdx//fefe adg{badg{b |efx{|efx{ gzlgzl emxemx medv medv
|{la|d|{la|d fefe dmy dmy dfibxdfibx%% FeFe {|edfibx{|edfibx xblv xblv kgekge dfibxdfibx |~|~~mzxzgfx{~mzxzgfx{ "dlax"dlax ~bmxm&~bmxm& gehgeh ldfofegxfei ldfofegxfei |eygexlh|eygexlh{bghmy{{bghmy{ "zfibx"zfibx ~bmxm&~bmxm&%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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oldkme { % dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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G |xm G |xm//JzgkclxfeiJzgkclxfei º º Xbl Xbl jzgkclxfei jzgkclxfei algx|zlalgx|zl am|eham|eh meme
{mol{mol [DZ{[DZ{ gddmy{gddmy{ gg {lw|lekl{lw|lekl ma ma {bmx{{bmx{ xmxm jljl xgclexgcleg|xmogxfkgddv$g|xmogxfkgddv$ lgkblgkb gxgx gg {dfibxdv {dfibxdv hfaalzlexhfaalzlex lr~m{|zllr~m{|zl%% \{la|d\{la|dfefe xzfkcv xzfkcv dfibxfei dfibxfei kmehfxfme{$kmehfxfme{$ mzmz yble yble |{fei |{fei {dfhl{dfhl afdoafdo"ybfkb"ybfkb ellh{ellh{ o|kbo|kb omzlomzl ~zlkf{l~zlkf{l lr~m{|zllr~m{|zl xbgexbge ~zfex~zfex
afdo&afdo&%%
G {lw|lekl ma lr~m{|zl{ bld~{ le{|zlxbgx mel ma xblo yfdd jl ±kmzzlkx¹%
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8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Olxlzfei
Omhl{ º
[mol kgolzg{ifql g kbmfklma dfibx olxlz{v{xlo
Lr~m{|zl omhl{ º Xbl{l kmexzmd bmy xblg~lzx|zl geh {b|xxlz{~llh gzl {lx% ^zmizgoomhl{ yfdd kmexzmd jmxbg|xmogxfkgddv%
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ifql{ feamzogxfmeme lr~m{|zl$ afdogeh algx|zl{k|zzlexdv fe |{l%
HR Kmhfei º Om{x [DZ{ bgql g {v{xlo xbgx g|xmogxfkgddv {lx{ xbl afdo {~llh
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Lr~m{|zl Omhl{
G~lzx|zl ~zfmzfxv omhl f{ mel
ma xbl ygv{ fe ybfkb vm| kge{lx ge g~lzx|zl {m xbgx vm|le{|zl xbgx gdd xbl ygexlhhlxgfd fe vm|z {bmx f{ {bgz~%
OlxlzfeiOmhl{
[~mx olxlz{ olg{|zl xbl dfibx
azmo g {ogdd gzlg ma xblazgol% Xblv gzl |{la|d amzfogil{ yfxb g qlzv jzfibx mz qlzv hgzc jgkcizm|eh%
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8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Ybgx Ybgx gzlgzl a-e|ojlz{=a-e|ojlz{=
G~lzx|zl G~lzx|zl gehgeh {b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh{~llh gzlgzl xblxbl a|ehgolexgda|ehgolexgd
kmexzmd{kmexzmd{ gqgfdgjdlgqgfdgjdl xmxm xblxbl [DZ [DZ |{lz|{lz00 Qgzvfei Qgzvfei melmel mzmzmxblzmxblz ma ma xbl{lxbl{l m~le{m~le{ |~|~ gg ovzfghovzfgh ma ma kzlgxfqlkzlgxfql
~m{{fjfdfxfl{~m{{fjfdfxfl{%% JmxbJmxb gd{mgd{m kmexzmdkmexzmd bmy bmy o|kbo|kb dfibxdfibxzlgkbl{zlgkbl{ xblxbl afdoafdo º º {m{m fa fa vm|vm| ogclogcl xblxbl bmdlbmdl xbzm|ibxbzm|ib
ybfkb ybfkb xblxbl dfibxdfibx ~g{{l{~g{{l{ fexmfexm xblxbl kgolzgkgolzg "xbl"xbl
g~lzx|zl&g~lzx|zl& {ogddlz{ogddlz33 vm|vm| o|{xo|{x cll~cll~ xbf{xbf{ bmdlbmdl m~lem~leamzamz dmeilzdmeilz "xbl"xbl {b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh&{~llh& xmxm kmo~le{gxlkmo~le{gxl%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Amzx|egxldv$Amzx|egxldv$ meme om{xom{x kgolzg{kgolzg{ xbf{xbf{ gh`|{xolexgh`|{xolex f{f{
oghloghl g|xmogxfkgddv g|xmogxfkgddv%% Xbl Xbl {fpl{fpl ma ma xblxbl g~lzx|zlg~lzx|zl f{f{olg{|zlholg{|zlh |{fei |{fei a-e|ojlz{a-e|ojlz{ "mz"mz a-{xm~{&a-{xm~{&%%
Kmea|{feidv$Kmea|{feidv$ g{g{ a-e|ojlz{a-e|ojlz{ zl~zl{lexzl~zl{lex azgkxfme{$azgkxfme{$ xblxbldgzilzdgzilz xblxbl a-e|ojlza-e|ojlz xblxbl {ogddlz{ogddlz xblxbl g~lzx|zlg~lzx|zl%% Xbl Xbl
yfhl{x yfhl{x g~lzx|zlg~lzx|zl meme gg dle{dle{ ofibxofibx jljl a-a-::$$ ybfd{x ybfd{x xblxbl
{ogddl{x{ogddl{x g~lzx|zlg~lzx|zl gqgfdgjdlgqgfdgjdl ogv ogv jljl a-a-::::%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Ofefo|oOfefo|o g~lzx|zlg~lzx|zl º º FeFe xbf{xbf{ {bmx${bmx$ xblxbl g~lzx|zlg~lzx|zl jlfei jlfei |{lh|{lh f{f{ a-a-:::: º º xblxbl {ogddl{x{ogddl{x m~lefei m~lefei gqgfdgjdlgqgfdgjdl meme gg 7>>7>>oooo
dle{dle{%% G{ G{ xbf{xbf{ dlx{dlx{ fefe medv medv gg {ogdd{ogdd gom|exgom|ex ma ma dfibx$dfibx$ xblxblg~lzx|zlg~lzx|zl yg{ yg{ m~lelhm~lelh amzamz dmeilzdmeilz xbgexbge yble yble xblxbl m~lefei m~lefei |{lh|{lh yg{ yg{ yfhlz yfhlz%% MeMe xbf{xbf{ mkkg{fme$mkkg{fme$ gg {b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh{~llh ma ma 77--;>;>{lk{lk yg{ yg{ ellhlhellhlh {m{m xbgxxbgx xblxbl afdoafdo zlklfqlhzlklfqlh lem|iblem|ib dfibxdfibx xmxmifqlifql kmzzlkxkmzzlkx lr~m{|zllr~m{|zl%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Ogrfo|oOgrfo|o g~lzx|zlg~lzx|zl º º M~lefei M~lefei xblxbl dle{dle{ gg a|zxblza|zxblz :: {xm~{{xm~{xmxm a-a-88 dlx{dlx{ fefe 88 xfol{xfol{ omzlomzl dfibxdfibx%% Xbl Xbl {b|xxlz{b|xxlz ellh{ellh{ medv medv xmxm
jljl m~lem~le amzamz gg w|gzxlzw|gzxlz ma ma xblxbl xfolxfol kmo~gzlhkmo~gzlh xmxm xblxbl~zlqfm|{~zlqfm|{ {bmx{bmx º º {m{m gg {b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh{~llh ma ma 77--7>>>7>>> {lk${lk$ xblxblag{xl{xag{xl{x meme ogev ogev kgolzg{$kgolzg{$ yg{ yg{ |{lh|{lh%% EmxfklEmxfkl bmy bmy kbgeifei kbgeifei xblxbl g~lzx|zlg~lzx|zl fefe xblxbl ;; {bmx{{bmx{ bg{bg{ gaalkxlhgaalkxlh bmy bmy ogev ogev ma ma xblxbl
k|~{k|~{ gzlgzl fefe amk|{amk|{%% Xbf{ Xbf{ f{f{ cemyecemye g{g{ hl~xbhl~xb ma ma afldhafldh%%oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Gq mfhfei Gq mfhfei KgolzgKgolzg [bgcl[bgcl
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BmylqlzBmylqlz xfibxdv xfibxdv vm|vm| bmdhbmdh vm|zvm|z kgolzg$kgolzg$ fxfx yfdd yfddgdygv{gdygv{ omqlomql {dfibxdv {dfibxdv g{g{ vm|vm| afzlafzl%% Fa Fa vm|vm| |{l|{l xmmxmm
{dmy {dmy gg {b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh{~llh xbf{xbf{ yfdd yfdd olgeolge jd|zzlhjd|zzlh
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oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Bmy Bmy xmxm bmdh bmdh vm|z vm|z kgolzg kgolzg
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oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 28/83
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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;<;<oooo dle{dle{ º º 77--;>;> {lk{lk º º Xbl Xbl lg{v lg{v ygv ygv xmxm ymzc ymzc m|xm|x xblxbl{dmyl{x{dmyl{x {b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh{~llh vm|vm| kgekge |{l|{l yble yble bmdhfei bmdhfei xblxbl
kgolzgkgolzg jv jv bgeh$bgeh$ f{f{ xmxm hfqfhlhfqfhl melmel {lkmeh{lkmeh jv jv xblxbl amkgdamkgddleixbdleixb ma ma dle{dle{ vm|vm| gzlgzl |{fei |{fei%% Xble Xble zm|ehzm|eh xblxbl ge{ylzge{ylz hmyehmyexmxm xblxbl elgzl{xelgzl{x {b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh{~llh am|eham|eh meme vm|zvm|z kgolzgkgolzg%% Yfxb Yfxb gg;<;<oooo dle{$dle{$ gg 77--;>;> {lk{lk {b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh{~llh mzmz ag{xlzag{xlz {bm|dh{bm|dh jljl|{lh|{lh%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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7>>7>>oooo dle{dle{ º º 77--7:<7:< {lk{lk º º Xbl Xbl dmeilzdmeilz xblxbl amkgdamkgd dleixbdleixb ma ma xblxbl dle{dle{ vm|vm| |{l$|{l$ xblxbl omzlomzl xblxbl fogilfogil f{f{ ogiefaflhogiefaflh%%
\eamzx|egxldv$\eamzx|egxldv$ xblxbl laalkx{laalkx{ ma ma kgolzgkgolzg {bgcl{bgcl gzlgzl gd{mgd{mogiefaflhogiefaflh º º {m{m gg ag{xlzag{xlz {b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh{~llh f{f{ ellhlhellhlh xbgexbge yfxb yfxb{bmzxlz{bmzxlz dle{l{dle{l{%% Yfxb Yfxb gg pmmo$pmmo$ vm|vm| {xfdd{xfdd yfdd yfdd ellhellh gg ag{xlzag{xlz{b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh{~llh gxgx fx{fx{ xldl~bmxmxldl~bmxm {lxxfei{{lxxfei{ xbgexbge vm|vm| yfdd yfdd gxgx yfhlgeidl yfhlgeidl mel{mel{%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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;>>;>>oooo dle{dle{ º º 77--:<>:<> {lk{lk º º \{l\{l omzlomzl ~mylza|d~mylza|dxldl~bmxm{xldl~bmxm{ {xfdd${xfdd$ gehgeh xblxbl {b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh{~llh ellhlhellhlh xmxm cll~cll~ xblxblfogilfogil {bgz~{bgz~ cll~{cll~{ imfei imfei |~|~%% Yfxb Yfxb gg ;>>;>>oooo dle{$dle{$ xblxbl{b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh{~llh vm|vm| {bm|dh{bm|dh xblmzlxfkgddv xblmzlxfkgddv |{l|{l f{f{ 77--;>>;>> {lk{lk mzmzag{xlzag{xlz º º zm|ehfei zm|ehfei xblxbl afi|zlafi|zl gigfe$gigfe$ gg 77--:<>:<> {lk{lk {lxxfei {lxxfei yfdd yfdd{|aafkl{|aafkl%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Yble Yble xmxm \{l\{l [dmy [dmy [b|xxlz[b|xxlz [~llh{[~llh{
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~bmxmizg~blz{~bmxmizg~blz{ kgekge |{l|{l {dmylz{dmylz {b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh{{~llh{ xbgexbge|{|gd|{|gd%% Xbl{l Xbl{l gddmy gddmy vm|vm| xmxm |{l|{l g~lzx|zl{g~lzx|zl{ xbgxxbgx ym|dh ym|dh
emxemx mxblzyf{lmxblzyf{l jljl ~m{{fjdl~m{{fjdl yble yble |{fei |{fei gg bgehbldhbgehbldhkgolzgkgolzg º º gehgeh xmxm {bmmx{bmmx fefe xblxbl dmyl{xdmyl{x dfibxdfibx%% [dmy [dmy
{b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh{{~llh{ kgekge gd{mgd{m jljl |{lh|{lh amzamz kzlgxfqlkzlgxfql laalkx$laalkx$
g{g{ omqfei omqfei {|j`lkx{{|j`lkx{ yfdd yfdd jlkmoljlkmol gzxf{xfkgddv gzxf{xfkgddv jd|zzlhjd|zzlh%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 35/83
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 36/83
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g~lzx|zlg~lzx|zl |{lh|{lh f{f{ xblxbl {ogddl{x{ogddl{x gqgfdgjdlgqgfdgjdl "a-"a-:::: meme ;<;<//9>9>oooo pmmo&pmmo& xmxm le{|zlle{|zl xbgxxbgx g{g{ o|kbo|kb ma ma xblxbl ~fkx|zl~fkx|zl
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oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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emxemx medv medv meme xblxbl qldmkfxv qldmkfxv ma ma xblxbl {|j`lkx${|j`lkx$ j|xj|x gd{mgd{m meme
xblxbl hfzlkxfmehfzlkxfme fefe ybfkb ybfkb fxfx f{f{ xzgqlddfei xzgqlddfei%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 42/83
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oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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AmkgdAmkgd dleixbdleixb f{f{ gg olg{|zlolg{|zl ma ma xblxbl dfibxdfibx//jlehfei jlehfei
~mylz~mylz ma ma gg dle{dle{%% FxFx f{f{ feqgzfgjdv feqgzfgjdv olg{|zlholg{|zlh fefeofddfolxlz{ofddfolxlz{ "oo&"oo&%% Xbl Xbl dmeilzdmeilz xblxbl amkgdamkgd dleixbdleixb ma ma gg
dle{$dle{$ xblxbl egzzmylzegzzmylz xblxbl geidlgeidl ma ma qfly$ qfly$ gehgeh xblxbl dgzilzdgzilzmj`lkx{mj`lkx{ g~~lgzg~~lgz fefe xblxbl qflyafehlz qflyafehlz yfxbm|x yfxbm|x xblxbl ellhellh
xmxm omqlomql gev gev kdm{lzkdm{lz xmxm xbloxblo%% Dmei Dmei amkgdamkgd dleixbdleixb
dle{l{dle{l{ gzlgzl kgddlhkgddlh xldl~bmxm{xldl~bmxm{ º º {bmzx{bmzx amkgdamkgd dleixb{dleixb{gzlgzl kgddlhkgddlh yfhlgeidl{ yfhlgeidl{%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 47/83
Yfhlgeidl{ Yfhlgeidl{
G G dle{dle{ yfxb yfxb gg amkgdamkgd dleixbdleixb ma ma <><>oooo f{f{ cemyecemye g{g{
gg {xgehgzh{xgehgzh dle{dle{ º º xblxbl qfly qfly xbgxxbgx fxfx ifql{ifql{ f{f{ {fofdgz{fofdgz xmxmxbgxxbgx ma ma xblxbl b|ogeb|oge lvllvl%% Gev Gev dle{dle{ yfxb yfxb gg {bmzxlz{bmzxlz
amkgdamkgd dleixb$dleixb$ gehgeh yfhlz yfhlz geidlgeidl ma ma qfly$ qfly$ f{f{ cemyecemye g{g{ yfhlgeidl yfhlgeidl%% Xbf{ Xbf{ ~fkx|zl~fkx|zl {bmy {bmy xblxbl qfly{ qfly{ gaamzhlhgaamzhlh
jv jv kmoomekmoome yfhlgeidl yfhlgeidl dle{l{dle{l{%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 48/83
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Bmy Bmy AmkgdAmkgd DleixbDleixb G aalkx{ G aalkx{ FogilFogil [fpl[fpl
Dle{l{Dle{l{ ymzc ymzc meme xblxbl ~zfekf~dl~zfekf~dl xbgxxbgx dfibxdfibx gaalkxfei gaalkxfei
azmoazmo gg {|j`lkx{|j`lkx kgekge jljl jlexjlex |{fei |{fei xblxbl zlazgkxfqlzlazgkxfql~zm~lzxfl{~zm~lzxfl{ ma ma idg{{idg{{ xmxm amzoamzo gg ofefgx|zlofefgx|zl fogilfogil ma ma
xblxbl {|j`lkx{|j`lkx%% Dle{l{Dle{l{ yfxb yfxb {bmzx{bmzx amkgdamkgd dleixb{$dleixb{$ {|kb{|kbg{g{ xblxbl yfhlgeidl yfhlgeidl dle{$dle{$ ~zmh|kl~zmh|kl gg {ogdd{ogdd fogilfogil%%
Xldl~bmxm Xldl~bmxm dle{l{$dle{l{$ yfxb yfxb dmeilzdmeilz amkgdamkgd dleixb{$dleixb{$
~zmh|kl~zmh|kl gg dgzilzdgzilz fogil$fogil$ yble yble xgclexgcle azmoazmo xblxbl {gol{golhf{xgeklhf{xgekl%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 50/83
Yfhlgeidl Dle{
º G {bmzx amkgddleixb zl{|dx{ fe g{ogddlz fogil%
Xldl~bmxm Dle{
º Dmei amkgddleixb{ jzfei mj`lkx{ kdm{lz xmafdd xbl azgol%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Xldl~bmxm Xldl~bmxm Dle{l{Dle{l{
Xldl~bmxm{ Xldl~bmxm{ gzlgzl dle{l{dle{l{ yfxb yfxb amkgdamkgd dleixb{dleixb{ izlgxlzizlgxlz
xbgexbge <><>oooo%% Xblv Xblv zgeilzgeil azmoazmo 9>9>oooo {bmzx{bmzxxldl~bmxm{xldl~bmxm{ xmxm ±dmei ±dmei xmo{±xmo{± yfxb yfxb amkgdamkgd dleixb{dleixb{ ma ma
7>>>7>>>oooo mzmz omzlomzl%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 52/83
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Hml{Hml{ AmkgdAmkgd DleixbDleixb G aalkx G aalkx Hl~xbHl~xb ma ma
Afldh=Afldh=
G~lzx|zl G~lzx|zl f{f{ emxemx xblxbl medv medv agkxmzagkxmz xbgxxbgx gaalkx{gaalkx{ bmy bmy
o|kbo|kb ma ma gg {klel{klel f{f{ fefe amk|{amk|{%% Vm| Vm| {bm|dh{bm|dh gd{mgd{m xgclxgclfexmfexm gkkm|exgkkm|ex xblxbl amkgdamkgd dleixbdleixb ma ma xblxbl dle{dle{ jlfei jlfei
|{lh|{lh gehgeh xblxbl hf{xgeklhf{xgekl xbgxxbgx xblxbl dle{dle{ f{f{ amk|{lhamk|{lh gxgx"ilelzgddv "ilelzgddv xblxbl hf{xgeklhf{xgekl azmoazmo xblxbl kgolzgkgolzg xmxm vm|zvm|z
{|j`lkx&{|j`lkx&%% Xbl Xbl dmeilzdmeilz xblxbl amkgdamkgd dleixb$dleixb$ xblxbl omzlomzl
zl{xzfkxlhzl{xzfkxlh hl~xbhl~xb ma ma afldhafldh jlkmol{jlkmol{%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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[m$[m$ gddgdd xbfei{xbfei{ jlfei jlfei lw|gd$lw|gd$ gg yfhlgeidl yfhlgeidl dle{dle{
cll~{cll~{ omzlomzl ma ma xblxbl {klel{klel fefe amk|{amk|{ xbgexbge gg xldl~bmxmxldl~bmxmmelmel%% FeFe ghhfxfme$ghhfxfme$ hl~xbhl~xb ma ma afldhafldh jlkmol{jlkmol{
fekzlg{feidv fekzlg{feidv omzlomzl dfofxlhdfofxlh xblxbl kdm{lzkdm{lz vm|vm| gzlgzl xmxm xblxbl{|j`lkx{|j`lkx xbgxxbgx vm|vm| dle{dle{ f{f{ amk|{lhamk|{lh meme%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 55/83
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Agkxmz{Agkxmz{ G aalkxfei G aalkxfei Hl~xbHl~xb ma ma AfldhAfldh
Xbl{l Xbl{l hfgizgo{hfgizgo{ {bmy {bmy bmy bmy g~lzx|zl$g~lzx|zl$ amk|{lhamk|{lh
hf{xgeklhf{xgekl gehgeh amkgdamkgd dleixbdleixb kgekge fehfqfh|gddv fehfqfh|gddv gaalkxgaalkxbmy bmy o|kbo|kb ma ma gg {klel{klel f{f{ fefe amk|{amk|{%% Xbl Xbl {bghlh{bghlh gzlggzlg
fehfkgxl{fehfkgxl{ xblxbl gom|exgom|ex ma ma hl~xbhl~xb ma ma afldhafldh fefe azmexazmex ma$ma$gehgeh jlbfeh$jlbfeh$ xblxbl {|j`lkx{|j`lkx%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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7%7% G ~lzx|zl G ~lzx|zl º º Xbl Xbl dgzilzdgzilz xblxbl g~lzx|zlg~lzx|zl xblxbl dl{{dl{{
hl~xbhl~xb ma ma afldhafldh%% AmzAmz ogrfo|oogrfo|o hl~xbhl~xb ma ma afldh$afldh$ |{l|{lxblxbl {ogddl{x{ogddl{x g~lzx|zlg~lzx|zl
:%:% Amk|{lhAmk|{lh Hf{xgeklHf{xgekl º º Xbl Xbl kdm{lzkdm{lz xblxbl {|j`lkx{|j`lkx vm|vm|
amk|{amk|{ me$me$ xblxbl dl{{dl{{ hl~xbhl~xb ma ma afldhafldh%% Hl~xbHl~xb ma ma afldhafldh
f{f{ izlgxlzizlgxlz yfxb yfxb hf{xgeklhf{xgekl {|j`lkx{{|j`lkx{%%
;%;% AmkgdAmkgd DleixbDleixb º º Xbl Xbl dmeilzdmeilz xblxbl dle{dle{ vm|vm| |{l$|{l$xblxbl dl{{dl{{ l~xbl~xb ma ma afldhafldh vm|vm| yfdd yfdd bgqlbgql%% Yfhlgeidl Yfhlgeidl
dle{l{dle{l{ ifqlifql xblxbl izlgxl{xizlgxl{x hl~xbhl~xb ma ma afldhafldh%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Jgkcizm|ehJgkcizm|eh {bgz~{bgz~ º º
Amk|{fei Amk|{fei meme xblxbl xmylzxmylz gehgeh|{fei |{fei gg 7;<7;<oooo xldl~bmxmxldl~bmxm
yfxb yfxb gege g~lzx|zlg~lzx|zl ma ma a-a-::%%22$$xblxbl |ze|ze fefe xblxbl ofhhdlofhhdlizm|ehizm|eh gehgeh xblxbl vm|ei vm|ei jmv jmv fefe xblxbl amzlizm|ehamzlizm|eh gzlgzl
xbzmyexbzmye m|xm|x ma ma amk|{amk|{%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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OfhhdlOfhhdl izm|ehizm|eh {bgz~{bgz~ º º Gigfe Gigfe gg 7;<7;<oooo dle{dle{ gehgeh gg yfhl yfhl g~lzx|zlg~lzx|zl ma ma a-a-::%%22%% xbf{xbf{
xfol$xfol$ bmylqlz$bmylqlz$ xblxbl dle{dle{ bg{bg{jllejlle amk|{lhamk|{lh meme xblxblhlkmzgxfqlhlkmzgxfql |ze|ze%% Xbl Xbl lvllvl f{f{hzgyehzgye {xzgfibx{xzgfibx xmxm xblxbl ~mfex~mfex
ma ma amk|{amk|{%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 61/83
Amzlizm|ehAmzlizm|eh [bgz~[bgz~ º º Blzl$Blzl$ xblxbl amk|{amk|{ yg{ yg{ xblxbl jmv jmv fefe xblxbl amzlizm|eh$amzlizm|eh$ j|xj|x xblxbl
g~lzx|zlg~lzx|zl ma ma 7;<7;<oooo dle{dle{ yg{ yg{ dlaxdlax xmxm a-a-::%%22%% emxlemxl xbgxxbgxxblxbl xmylzxmylz f{f{ omzlomzl m|xm|x ma ma amk|{amk|{ xbgexbge xblxbl |ze|ze fefe xblxbl
ofhhdlofhhdl%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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L q lzvxbfei [bgz~% Fexbf{ {bmx$ xbl {ogddl{x
g~lzx|zl yg{ |{lh xmle{|zl xbgx g{ o|kb ma xbl {klel yg{ fe amk|{ g{~m{{fjdl% Gigfe$ xbl amkgd
dleixb |{lh f{ 7;<oo$j|x xbl g~lzx|zl f{ a-::% Xbl |ze f{ amk|{lh%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Bmy Bmy KgeKge V m| V m| Xldd Xldd Ybgx¹{ Ybgx¹{ fefe Amk|{=Amk|{=
Xbl Xbl [DZ¹{[DZ¹{ qflyafehlz qflyafehlz {bmy{{bmy{ vm|vm| xblxbl gom|exgom|ex ma ma
hl~xbhl~xb ma ma afldhafldh gqgfdgjdlgqgfdgjdl yfxb yfxb xblxbl yfhl{x yfhl{x g~lzx|zlg~lzx|zl%%AmzAmz {ogddlz{ogddlz g~lzx|zl{$g~lzx|zl{$ {mol{mol kgolzg{kgolzg{ bgqlbgql gg hl~xbhl~xb
ma ma afldhafldh ~zlqfly$~zlqfly$ gddmyfei gddmyfei vm|vm| xmxm {ll{ll bmy bmy o|kbo|kb ma ma xblxbl {klel{klel f{f{ {bgz~{bgz~%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Hml{Hml{ AmkgdAmkgd DleixbDleixb G dxlz G dxlz
^lz{~lkxf q l=^lz{~lkxf q l=
^lz{~lkxfql^lz{~lkxfql f{f{ gaalkxlhgaalkxlh jv jv melmel agkxmzagkxmz gdmelgdmel º º xblxbl
hf{xgeklhf{xgekl ma ma xblxbl {|j`lkx{|j`lkx azmoazmo xblxbl kgolzgkgolzg%% FeFe xblmzv$xblmzv$xblzlamzl$xblzlamzl$ amkgdamkgd dleixbdleixb hml{hml{ emxemx gdxlzgdxlz ~lz{~lkxfql~lz{~lkxfql%%
Bmylqlz$Bmylqlz$ jlkg|{ljlkg|{l xldl~bmxmxldl~bmxm dle{l{dle{l{ gzlgzl ilelzgddv ilelzgddv |{lh|{lh xmxm {bmmx{bmmx {|j`lkx{{|j`lkx{ xbgxxbgx gzlgzl a|zxblza|zxblz gygv gygv azmoazmo
xblxbl kgolzgkgolzg xbgexbge yfhlgeidl yfhlgeidl mel{$mel{$ xblxbl kbmfklkbmfkl ma ma dle{dle{
azlw|lexdv azlw|lexdv kbgeil{kbgeil{ xblxbl ~lz{~lkxfql~lz{~lkxfql ma ma xblxbl {klel{klel%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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:2:2oooo Yfhlgeidl Yfhlgeidl azmoazmo 77 OlxlzOlxlz "^bmxmizg~b"^bmxmizg~b fefe
^zlklhfei^zlklhfei [dfhl&[dfhl&
Yfxb Yfxb gg :2:2oooo yfhlgeidl yfhlgeidl dle{$dle{$ xblxbl ~bmxmizg~blz~bmxmizg~blz
{bmx{{bmx{ xbf{xbf{ j|{xj|{x azmoazmo `|{x`|{x gg olxlzolxlz gygv gygv xmxm ilxilx fxfx xmxmafddafdd xblxbl blfibxblfibx ma ma xblxbl azgolazgol%% EmxEmx medv medv f{f{ o|kbo|kb ma ma
xblxbl zmmozmmo fekd|hlhfekd|hlh fefe xblxbl {bmx${bmx$ j|xj|x xblxbl ~lz{~lkxfql~lz{~lkxfqlf{f{ xv~fkgdxv~fkgd ma ma gg yfhlgeidl yfhlgeidl dle{$dle{$ yfxb yfxb xblxbl zmmozmmo
g~~lgzfei g~~lgzfei xmxm egzzmy egzzmy gxgx xblxbl {llofeidv {llofeidv hf{xgexhf{xgex agzagz
ygdd ygdd%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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7<>7<>oooo Xldl~bmxm Xldl~bmxm azmoazmo 11 Olxlz{Olxlz{ "^bmxmizg~b"^bmxmizg~b
fefe ^zlklhfei^zlklhfei [dfhl&[dfhl&
\{fei \{fei gg 7<>7<>oooo xldl~bmxmxldl~bmxm dle{$dle{$ FF bghbgh xmxm {xgeh{xgeh
11oo gygv gygv azmoazmo xblxbl j|{xj|{x xmxm ilxilx xblxbl {gol{gol {fpl{fpl fogilfogilg{g{ jlamzljlamzl%% Xbl Xbl medv medv hlxgfdhlxgfd ma ma xblxbl zmmozmmo dlaxdlax fefe xblxbl
{bmx{bmx f{f{ xblxbl yfehmy yfehmy gxgx xblxbl agzagz lehleh%% Xv~fkgddv Xv~fkgddv amzamz ggxldl~bmxmxldl~bmxm dle{$dle{$ xbf{xbf{ g~~lgz{g~~lgz{ o|kbo|kb kdm{lzkdm{lz xmxm xblxbl
j|{xj|{x xbgexbge fefe zlgdfxv zlgdfxv%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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<><>oooo [xgehgzh[xgehgzh Dle{Dle{azmoazmo :: Olxlz{Olxlz{ º º Xgcle Xgcle yfxb yfxb gg <><>oooo {xgehgzh{xgehgzh dle{$dle{$xbf{xbf{ {bmx{bmx ifql{ifql{ xblxbl om{xom{x
egx|zgdegx|zgd//dmmcfei dmmcfei ~lz{~lkxfql$~lz{~lkxfql$ogxkbfei ogxkbfei xbgxxbgx ybfkb ybfkb gg~lz{me~lz{me fefe xblxbl zmmozmmo ym|dh ym|dh{ll{ll%%
2<oo Xldl~bmxm azmo ;%<
olxlz{ º Jv |{fei ge 2<ooxldl~bmxm dle{ {lxxfei$ xbl
{dfhl ygdd{ gzl em dmeilz qf{fjdl$ ifqfei dl{{feamzogxfme gjm|x hl~xbxbge yfxb omzl yfhlgeidl
dle{l{%oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Ybfkb Ybfkb AfdoAfdo xmxm \{l\{l
AfdoAfdo f{f{ gqgfdgjdlgqgfdgjdl fefe qgzflxv qgzflxv ma ma ){~llh{)){~llh{)%% Xbl Xbl
ag{xlzag{xlz xblxbl afdoafdo xblxbl omzlomzl {le{fxfql{le{fxfql fxfx f{f{ xmxm dfibx$dfibx$ gehgehxblxbl {bmzxlz{bmzxlz xblxbl lr~m{|zllr~m{|zl ellhlhellhlh%% Ag{xAg{x afdoafdo
~zmh|kl{~zmh|kl{ gg izgfeflzizgfeflz fogilfogil%%
AfdoAfdo {~llh{~llh f{f{ olg{|zlholg{|zlh meme xblxbl F[MF[M {kgdl{kgdl%% G G
afdoafdo zgxlhzgxlh g{g{ F[MF[M 7>>7>> f{f{ am|zam|z xfol{xfol{ {dmylz{dmylz xbgexbge gege
F[MF[M 8>>8>> afdo$afdo$ gehgeh ellh{ellh{ am|zam|z xfol{xfol{ omzlomzl dfibxdfibx amzamzxblxbl {gol{gol {bmx{bmx%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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[dmy [dmy AfdoAfdo gehgeh \dxzg\dxzg//[dmy [dmy AfdoAfdo º º [dmy [dmy afdo{afdo{ gzlgzl emxemx`|{x`|{x |{lh|{lh kmehfxfme{kmehfxfme{%% AmzAmz xblxbl {bmx{bmx ma ma xblxbl {k|d~x|zl{k|d~x|zl "dlax&"dlax& gg
xzf~mhxzf~mh yg{ yg{ |{lh|{lh gehgeh F[MF[M <><> afdoafdo%% AmzAmz xblxbl efibx{kg~lefibx{kg~l"zfibx&"zfibx& F[MF[M 7>>7>> afdoafdo yg{ yg{ |{lh|{lh g{g{ xblxbl ~bmxmizg~blz~bmxmizg~blz ygexlh ygexlhgg dmei dmei {b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh{~llh xmxm jd|zjd|z xblxbl omqfei omqfei dfibx{dfibx{%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Kbmm{fei xbl Z fibx [~llh ma AfdoKbmm{fei xbl Z fibx [~llh ma Afdo
[~llh[~llh F[M Zgxfei F[M Zgxfei W|gdfxv W|gdfxv \{l{\{l{
\ dxzg \ dxzg/ /{dmy {dmy F[M :<F[M :<//<><> Qlzv afel izgfe Qlzv afel izgfe Yblzl Yblzl afelafelhlxgfdhlxgfd f{f{ ~gzx~gzxma ma {|j`lkx{|j`lkxogxxlzogxxlz º º fhlgdfhlgd
amzamz {xfdd{xfdd//dfaldfal~bmxmizg~bv ~bmxmizg~bv%%
[dmy [dmy F[M 18F[M 18//7>>7>> Afel IzgfeAfel Izgfe AmzAmz |{l|{l fefe
immhimmh dfibx$dfibx$ mzmz yble yble {dmy {dmy
{b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh{~llhgehgeh xzf~mhxzf~mh kgekgejljl |{lh|{lh%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
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Kbmm{fei xbl Z fibx [~llh ma AfdoKbmm{fei xbl Z fibx [~llh ma Afdo
[~llh[~llh F[M Zgxfei F[M Zgxfei W|gdfxv W|gdfxv \{l{\{l{
Olhf|o Olhf|o F[M 7:<F[M 7:<//:>>:>> Olhf|oOlhf|oIzgfeIzgfe
Gdd Gdd//~|z~m{l~|z~m{l afdo$afdo$~zmqfhfei ~zmqfhfei kmo~zmof{lkmo~zmof{l jlxyllejlxylleizgfeizgfe gehgeh {~llh{~llh
Ag{x Ag{x F[M 8>>F[M 8>>//18>18> EmxfklgjdlEmxfklgjdlIzgfeIzgfe
AmzAmz h|ddh|dd hgv{$hgv{$ mzmz yble yble ag{xag{x {b|xxlz{b|xxlz{~llh{~llh f{f{ l{{lexfgdl{{lexfgd º º {|kb{|kb g{g{ yfxb yfxb {~mzx{~mzx%%
[|~lz [|~lz/ /ag{x ag{x F[M 7>>>F[M 7>>>//;:>>;:>> Qlzv Qlzv emxfklgjdlemxfklgjdl
izgfeizgfe
AmzAmz bgehbldhbgehbldh~bmxmizg~bv ~bmxmizg~bv fefe dmy dmy dfibxdfibx º º amzamz fehmmzfehmmz
{~mzx${~mzx$ amzamz lrgo~dllrgo~dl%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 74/83
Ag{xAg{x AfdoAfdo º º Ag{xlzAg{xlz afdo{$afdo{$ yfxb yfxb gg bfiblzbfiblz F[MF[M zgxfei$zgxfei$ gzlgzlellhlhellhlh fefe dmy dmy dfibxdfibx yble yble ag{xlzag{xlz {b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh{{~llh{ gzlgzl zlw|fzlh$zlw|fzlh$
lfxblzlfxblz xmxm gqmfhgqmfh kgolzgkgolzg {bgcl{bgcl mzmz xmxm azllplazllpl xblxbl gkxfmegkxfme%% FeFe xbf{xbf{{bmx${bmx$ xgclexgcle fefe aghfei aghfei {|edfibx${|edfibx$ xblxbl ~bmxmizg~blz~bmxmizg~blz ellhlhellhlh gg
{b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh{~llh ma ma 77--:<>:<> {lk{lk xmxm azllplazllpl xblxbl `miilz`miilz omqfei omqfei gkzm{{gkzm{{ xblxbl azgol$azgol$ gehgeh |{lh|{lh F[MF[M 8>>8>> afdoafdo%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 75/83
[|~lz[|~lz//Ag{xAg{x AfdoAfdo º º Xbl Xbl ag{xl{xag{xl{x afdo{afdo{ gzlgzl hl{fielhhl{fielh amzamz bgehbldhbgehbldh |{l|{lfefe dmy dmy dfibxdfibx kmehfxfme{kmehfxfme{ yble yble xblxbl ag{xl{xag{xl{x {b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh{{~llh{ ogv ogv jljl
zlw|fzlhzlw|fzlh%% AmzAmz xbf{xbf{ omxmzkvkdlomxmzkvkdl zgklzgkl meme gege mqlzkg{xmqlzkg{x hgv hgv xblxbl~bmxmizg~blz~bmxmizg~blz ellhlhellhlh {b|xxlz{b|xxlz {~llh{{~llh{ ma ma 77--7>>>7>>> {lk{lk mzmz mqlzmqlz xmxmazllplazllpl xblxbl gkxfme$gkxfme$ gehgeh kbm{lkbm{l xmxm |{l|{l F[MF[M 7>>>7>>> afdoafdo%% Xbl Xbl izgfeizgfe meme{|kb{|kb afdo{afdo{ f{f{ emxfklgjdlemxfklgjdl ~gzxfk|dgzdv ~gzxfk|dgzdv fefe {bghmy {bghmy gzlg{gzlg{ gehgeh gxgx jfiilzjfiilzledgzilolex{ledgzilolex{ º º j|xj|x xbf{xbf{ f{f{ agzagz ~zlalzgjdl~zlalzgjdl xmxm jd|zzlhjd|zzlh ~bmxmizg~b{~bmxmizg~b{%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 76/83
Bmy Bmy xmxm \{l\{l Adg{bAdg{b
Adg{bAdg{b f{f{ emxemx medv medv |{lh|{lh xmxm fekzlg{lfekzlg{l dfibxdfibx dlqld{$dlqld{$bld~fei bld~fei vm|vm| xmxm xgclxgcl ~fkx|zl{~fkx|zl{ fefe xblxbl hgzc$hgzc$ fxfx gd{mgd{mkbgeil{kbgeil{ xblxbl w|gdfxv w|gdfxv ma ma xblxbl dfibxdfibx fefe xblxbl {klel{klel%%
Yfxbm|x Yfxbm|x kgzl$kgzl$ xblxbl kbgeilkbgeil kgekge jljl amzamz xblxbl ymz{l ymz{l%%J|fdxJ|fdx//fefe adg{bi|e{adg{bi|e{ am|eham|eh meme ogev ogev omhlzeomhlze [DZ{[DZ{gzlgzl |{la|d$|{la|d$ j|xj|x xblxbl ~m{fxfme~m{fxfme ma ma xblxbl |efx|efx olge{olge{ xbgxxbgxxblxbl {bghmy{{bghmy{ fxfx kg|{l{kg|{l{ kgekge hlxzgkxhlxzgkx azmoazmo xblxbl ~fkx|zl$~fkx|zl$
zgxblzzgxblz xbgexbge ghhfei ghhfei xmxm fxfx%% Jgkcizm|eh{Jgkcizm|eh{ kgekge gd{mgd{mhf{g~~lgz$hf{g~~lgz$ g{g{ gev gev adg{bi|eadg{bi|e medv medv bg{bg{ gg qlzv qlzv dfofxlhdfofxlhzgeilzgeil gehgeh kgeemxkgeemx dfibxdfibx {|j`lkx{{|j`lkx{ gxgx hfaalzlexhfaalzlexhf{xgekl{hf{xgekl{ lqledv lqledv%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 77/83
Fe q lz{lFe q lz{l [w|gzl[w|gzl Dgy Dgy º º Xbl Xbl a|zxblza|zxblz xblxbl {|j`lkx{|j`lkx f{f{ azmoazmoxblxbl adg{bi|e$adg{bi|e$ xblxbl dl{{dl{{ dfibxdfibx fxfx zlklfql{zlklfql{%% Fa Fa {mol{mol gzlg{gzlg{ ma ma xblxbl
azgolazgol gzlgzl a|zxblza|zxblz gygv gygv xbgexbge mxblz{$mxblz{$ xbl{lxbl{l g~~lgzg~~lgz o|kbo|kbhgzclz$hgzclz$ g{g{ fefe xblxbl {bmx{bmx gjmqlgjmql%% Xbl Xbl gom|exgom|ex ma ma agddagdd//aa aa f{f{~zm~mzxfmegd~zm~mzxfmegd xmxm xblxbl {w|gzl{w|gzl ma ma hf{xgeklhf{xgekl%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 78/83
MeMe//KgolzgKgolzg Adg{bAdg{b º º J|fdxJ|fdx//fefe adg{bi|e{$adg{bi|e{$ mzmz xbm{lxbm{l gxxgkblhgxxgkblhxmxm xblxbl bmx{bml$bmx{bml$ gzlgzl kmeqleflexkmeqleflex%% \eamzx|egxldv$\eamzx|egxldv$ bmylqlz$bmylqlz$
xblv xblv ~zmh|kl~zmh|kl adgxadgx dfibxfei$dfibxfei$ yfxb yfxb bgzhbgzh {bghmy{{bghmy{ xbgxxbgx amzoamzo gege|e{fibxdv |e{fibxdv m|xdfelm|xdfel gzm|ehgzm|eh melmel {fhl{fhl ma ma xblxbl {|j`lkx${|j`lkx$ g{g{ {lle{lle fefexblxbl {bmx{bmx gjmqlgjmql%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 79/83
Jgef{bfeiJgef{bfei Z lhZ lh//LvlLvl º º )Zlh)Zlh//lvl)lvl) mkk|z{mkk|z{ yble yble dfibxdfibx
azmoazmo gg adg{badg{b zladlkx{zladlkx{ maa maa xblxblzlxfeg$zlxfeg$ fdd|ofegxfei fdd|ofegxfei jdmmhjdmmh
ql{{ld{ ql{{ld{%%
Ilx kdm{lz xm xbl {|j`lkxIlx kdm{lz xm xbl {|j`lkx
geh |{l g yfhlzgeh |{l g yfhlz//geidlhgeidlhdle{ fa elkl{{gzv% Omqldle{ fa elkl{{gzv% Omql
xbl adg{b gygv azmo xblxbl adg{b gygv azmo xbl
dle{%dle{%
Jzfibxle zmmo dfibxfei Jzfibxle zmmo dfibxfei xm zlh|kl xbl {fpl ma xblxm zlh|kl xbl {fpl ma xbl{|j`lkx¹{ fzf{l{$ {m zlh{|j`lkx¹{ fzf{l{$ {m zlh//
lvl f{ dl{{ ogzclh%lvl f{ dl{{ ogzclh%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 80/83
Jm|eklJm|ekl Adg{bAdg{b º º MelMel ygv ygv ma ma fo~zmqfei fo~zmqfei xblxbl w|gdfxv w|gdfxv ma ma xblxbldfibxfei dfibxfei azmoazmo gege meme//kgolzgkgolzg adg{bi|eadg{bi|e f{f{ xmxm |{l|{l gg |efx|efx yfxb yfxb gg
xfdxgjdlxfdxgjdl blghblgh%% Xbf{ Xbf{ gddmy{gddmy{ vm|vm| xmxm jm|ekljm|ekl xblxbl adg{badg{b maa maa gg klfdfei klfdfei mzmz ygdd ygdd%% Xbl Xbl jm|eklhjm|eklh dfibxdfibx f{f{ {maxlz${maxlz$ yfxb yfxb dl{{dl{{ hlafelhhlafelh {bghmy{{bghmy{%%Fa Fa xblzlxblzl f{f{ emem kmeqleflexkmeqleflex {|zagkl{|zagkl xmxm jm|ekljm|ekl maa$maa$ gg zladlkxmzzladlkxmz |efx|efxkgekge jljl afxxlhafxxlh xmxm xblxbl adg{badg{b xmxm ~zmh|kl~zmh|kl gg {fofdgz{fofdgz laalkxlaalkx%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 81/83
Hfaa|{lHfaa|{l Adg{bAdg{b º º Xm Xm zlh|klzlh|kl xblxbl bgz{bbgz{b dfibxdfibx ma ma gege meme//kgolzgkgolzg adg{badg{b |efx|efx vm|vm| kgekge afxafx gg hfaa|{lzhfaa|{lz mqlzmqlz xblxbl adg{badg{b%% Xbf{ Xbf{
hf{~lz{l{hf{~lz{l{ xblxbl dfibx$dfibx$ kzlgxfei kzlgxfei gg {maxlz{maxlz laalkxlaalkx%% FxFx f{f{ ~gzxfk|dgzdv ~gzxfk|dgzdv |{la|d|{la|d amzamz adg{badg{b {bmx{{bmx{ ma ma kdm{lkdm{l//|~{|~{ gehgeh mxblzmxblz {|j`lkx{{|j`lkx{ yblzl yblzl gg og{{og{{ ma ma blgqv blgqv {bghmy{{bghmy{ ym|dh ym|dh jljl |ehl{fzgjdl|ehl{fzgjdl%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 82/83
Maa Maa//KgolzgKgolzg Adg{bAdg{b º º Xbl Xbl jl{xjl{x ygv ygv xmxm afxafx gg adg{bi|eadg{bi|e xmxm gege [DZ [DZ f{f{
yfxb yfxb gg jzgkclxjzgkclx%% Xbf{ Xbf{ jzfei{jzfei{ xblxbl |efx|efx yldd yldd gygv gygv azmoazmo xblxbl dle{$dle{$
zlh|kfei zlh|kfei zlhzlh//lvllvl gehgeh ~zmh|kfei ~zmh|kfei gg omzlomzl omhldlhomhldlh dfibxfei dfibxfei%% Xbl Xbl
adg{badg{b blghblgh kgekge xblexble jljl jm|eklhjm|eklh mzmz hfaa|{lhhfaa|{lh g{g{ hl{fzlhhl{fzlh%% Xbl Xbl
zlomxlzlomxl adg{badg{b |efx|efx f{f{ xblexble kmeelkxlhkmeelkxlh xmxm xblxbl bmx{bmlbmx{bml mzmz xblxbl [DZ¹{[DZ¹{
adg{badg{b {mkclx{mkclx |{fei |{fei gg dlghdlgh%% Blzl$Blzl$ maa maa//kgolzgkgolzg adg{badg{b bg{bg{ jllejlle |{lh|{lh xmxm
~zmqfhl~zmqfhl afddafdd//fefe meme gg {|eev {|eev hgv$hgv$ ~zmh|kfei ~zmh|kfei gg {fhl{fhl//dfxdfx g~~lgzgeklg~~lgzgekl%%
oldkme {% dg~feg
8/7/2019 PHOTOGRAPHY In a Nutshell
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/photography-in-a-nutshell 83/83
Z lalzleklZ lalzlekl
@mbe Blhilkml¹{ ;<oo ^bmxmizg~bv @mbe Blhilkml¹{ ;<oo ^bmxmizg~bv