PhotographyPhotography

HistoryHistory

• The first successful picture was produced The first successful picture was produced in June/July 1827 by Joseph Niépcein June/July 1827 by Joseph Niépce

• Combined the “camera obscura”Combined the “camera obscura”

• With photochemistryWith photochemistry

• The term "Photography" was first used by The term "Photography" was first used by Sir John Herschel , in 1839Sir John Herschel , in 1839

Camera ObscuraCamera Obscura

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Camera_obscura_2.jpg

DeguerrotypeDeguerrotype

• Niepce partnered with DeGuerreNiepce partnered with DeGuerre

• Deguerrotype announced to the public in Deguerrotype announced to the public in 18391839

• The Deguerrotype was a positive image The Deguerrotype was a positive image on a metal plateon a metal plate

• One off – no copies One off – no copies

• Expensive and long exposure timesExpensive and long exposure times

Deguerrotype of NiepceDeguerrotype of Niepce

CalotypeCalotype

• Invented by Henry Talbot Fox in 1839Invented by Henry Talbot Fox in 1839

• Technique employed was very similar to Technique employed was very similar to that still in use today that still in use today

• Negative exposed in the camera, Negative exposed in the camera, developed in a dark room, and then developed in a dark room, and then printed on paperprinted on paper

Calotype (negative) and printCalotype (negative) and print

Glass negative processesGlass negative processes

• 1848 - Albumen - used egg whites to 1848 - Albumen - used egg whites to bind salts to glass platebind salts to glass plate

• 1851 – collodian process – glass plate but 1851 – collodian process – glass plate but much shorter exposure timemuch shorter exposure time

• Wet collodian process preserved the Wet collodian process preserved the plates but lengthened exposure time plates but lengthened exposure time

GelatinGelatin

• 1871 - Richard Maddox discovered a way 1871 - Richard Maddox discovered a way to use gelatinto use gelatin

• Used instead of glass as the medium for Used instead of glass as the medium for the photographic platethe photographic plate

• Dry plate processDry plate process

• Eliminated the need for portable dark roomEliminated the need for portable dark room

CelluloidCelluloid

• First used as photographic medium in the First used as photographic medium in the 1860s by John Carbutt1860s by John Carbutt

• Widely attributed to George EastmanWidely attributed to George Eastman– Eastman introduced flexible “roll film” in 1884Eastman introduced flexible “roll film” in 1884– Eastman introduced the box cameraEastman introduced the box camera

• Called it the “KODAK”Called it the “KODAK”• A nonsense word that has no meaningA nonsense word that has no meaning• ““You push the button, we do the rest”You push the button, we do the rest”

– Introduced the “Brownie” in 1900Introduced the “Brownie” in 1900

http://inventors.about.com/od/estartinventors/ss/George_Eastman_2.htm

$1$1

The BrownieThe Brownie

Focal planeFocal planeOptical CenterOptical Center

Focal LengthFocal Length

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Depth of FieldDepth of Field

In film cameras, 50 millimeter focal length In film cameras, 50 millimeter focal length approximates our eyes’ field of vision, or approximates our eyes’ field of vision, or

angle of acceptanceangle of acceptance

Angle of acceptanceAngle of acceptance

• Determined by focal lengthDetermined by focal length

• Long focal length (>50) = “telephoto”Long focal length (>50) = “telephoto”

• Short focal length (<50) = “wide angle”Short focal length (<50) = “wide angle”

• Focal length may introduce distortionsFocal length may introduce distortions

Depth of FieldDepth of Field

• The area where objects will appear to be The area where objects will appear to be in focusin focus

Factors Affecting DOFFactors Affecting DOF

• Focal Length of lensFocal Length of lens– Longer focal length = shallow DOFLonger focal length = shallow DOF

• Lens openingLens opening– Larger aperture = shallow DOFLarger aperture = shallow DOF

• Distance to SubjectDistance to Subject– Closer to subject = shallow DOFCloser to subject = shallow DOF

• Shutter SpeedShutter Speed– Slower shutter speed = shallow DOFSlower shutter speed = shallow DOF

Factors Affecting DOFFactors Affecting DOF

• Lens opening and shutter speed are Lens opening and shutter speed are determined by light levelsdetermined by light levels– Low light = larger apertureLow light = larger aperture– Low light = slower shutter speedLow light = slower shutter speed

Distance to subject too greatDistance to subject too great

Position of camera/subjectPosition of camera/subject

RetouchRetouch