Photo Credit:Photograph by Chris Newbert/Minden Pictures

Unit 19 Unit 19 Invertebrate AnimalsInvertebrate Animals

Photo Credit:Photograph by Chris Newbert/Minden Pictures

IntroductionIntroduction

In this unit we will introduce characteristics of Kingdom Animalia and focus on invertebrate animals (that lack a backbone).

Characteristics of Animals Eukaryotic;

their cells have a nucleus w/ specialized organelles

Cells DO NOT have cell walls

Multicellular Heterotrophs;

animals cannot make their own food

Animal Body Symmetry Asymmetry – lack of symmetry (EX sponge). Radial symmetry – circular arrangement around

a central point (EX sea star). Bilateral symmetry – arrangement along a

middle plane (EX human).

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Review of Taxonomy There are nine

categories of taxonomy and all living things are sorted by their genetic relationships and characteristics they possess.

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera TxBkRef pg. 693-697

AKA Sponges are the oldest and simplest and probably most unusual animals. Name means

“pore-bearer” Sponges are

sessile and do not move (as adults).

http://www.lpdatafiles.com/data/mso2003/SCUBA%20SPONGES.jpg

Sponge Cont. No symmetry

(asymmetry) Sponges lack

special tissues They have

structures that pump water through their body to respire and filter food, and excrete waste.

Sponge Video

http://www.scubaheartland.com/photos/sponges.jpg

Sponge Photos

http://www.padi.com/scuba/uploadedImages/Scuba_Diving_Trips/Scuba_Diving_Resort_Vacations/Diver%20with%20Sponge%20Coral%20Belize%20Barrier%20Reef_Image%20Copyright%202009%20-

%20Tony%20Rath%20of%20Tony%20Rath%20Photography%20www.tonyrath.com.jpg

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnidaria TxBkRef pg. 698-705

Think floating jellyfish and anemones! Found all over the

world, cnidarians (C is silent) are soft bodied, carnivorous animals with stinging tentacles.

Some are sessile, some motile (they move)

http://san-pedro-aquarium.california-california.info/Cnidarians.gif

Cnidarians Cont. Radial symmetry Cnidocytes –

unique cells on the tentacles that contain stinging, poisonous barbs to capture prey

Cnidarians make up the world’s coral reefs

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Cnidarians Photos

http://www.mbgnet.net/salt/animals/1coral.jpg

http://www.oceanicresearch.org/education/wonders/cnidarian.html

Photos Cont.

http://www.ucihs.uci.edu/biochem/steele/Physalia.htm

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Jellyfish Video

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Platyhelminthes TxBk Ref pg. 706-710

AKA Flatworms are un-segmented (no rings) and appear flat, most only a few millimeters thick. They move to

obtain food and escape predators.

Bilateral symmetry, and cephalization (a head region)http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/pseudobiceros.jpg

Flatworm Cont. They have a single digestive opening, a

mouth/anus in which food enters and undigested waste leaves.

Do not need a circulatory or respiratory system to transport materials, but use diffusion.

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/flatworm.gif

Flatworms Cont.

They can be both carnivorous or parasitic (EX tapeworms can live inside the human intestines).

Flatworm Video 1 Flatworm Video 2

http://biology.ucok.edu/AnimalBiology/Platyhelminthes/tapeworms.jpg

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Nematoda TxBkRef pg. 711-713 AKA Roundworms, are

unsegmented worms that can be microscopic or a meter! Most roundworms are

free moving and are found in the soil or water; many are parasites that live in plants and animals.

Bilateral symmetryhttp://www.robots4farms.com/scubadivingpictures_files/daphneislet_files/

99_jms_RoseRibbonWorm_90p_P2250080.jpg

Roundworms Cont. Humans can be

infected with roundworms such as Ascaris lumbricoides which causes Ascariasis [affecting 1.3 billion people worldwide].

Roundworm parasites can be spread through contaminated produce, unwashed hands, and raw fish.

Roundworm Videohttp://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMicm054199

Roundworms Photos

With over 250,000 known cases across the United States, canine heartworm disease continues to plague our pets.

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Annelida TxBkRef pg. 728-733

Think earthworms and leeches! AKA worms

with segmented bodies

The name means “little rings”.

http://www.seawater.no/fauna/annelida/images/DSC08786.jpg

Segmented Worms Cont. Most are free moving and are found in the

soil as decomposers or in water. Bilateral symmetry

Have fully formed organ systems with a simple brain, nerves, heart and blood vessels, etc.

Worm Video 1 Worm Video 2

http://www.blc.arizona.edu/courses/schaffer/182/Annelid.jpg

Annelid Photos

http://www.corbisimages.com/images/67/CC068D92-8C8A-4D6F-AC05-0092B9A74CF7/FL006311.jpg

http://img.ehowcdn.com/article-new-thumbnail/ehow/images/a08/7n/4n/annelid-

worms-800x800.jpg

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Mollusca TxBkRef pg. 721-727

Think snails, clams, and the octopus! Characterized

by soft bodies that is sometimes with a shell.

Bilateral symmetry

Have fully formed organ systems

http://www.greenfacts.org/images/glossary/mollusk.jpg

Some Classes of Mollusks Class

Gastropoda (mollusks with shells; EX snails)

Snail Video

http://images.natureworldnews.com/data/images/full/1255/giant-african-land-snail.jpg?w=600

Some Classes of Mollusks Cont. Class Bivalva

(mollusks with a hinged shell; EX clams and oysters)

Clam Video

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Some Classes of Mollusks Cont. Class

Cephalopoda (most advanced, intelligent mollusks; EX nautilus, squid, octopus Ink to confuse

predators Can manipulate

skin colors Tentacles to attack

prey Octopus Video Squid Video

http://marinebio.org/upload/_cephs/Hapalochlaena-maculosa/3.jpg

Mollusks Photos http://www.uni-giessen.de/uni/broschuere/FB08-Nautilus.jpg

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http://www.arkive.org/humboldt-squid/dosidicus-gigas/image-G131180.html

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Echinodermata TxBkRef pg. 763-769 Think sea stars, sand

dollars, and sea urchins! Means "spiny skin“ and

these organisms live only in the ocean.

Radial symmetry Have fully formed organ

systems Echinoderms have the

ability to regenerate their limbs.

Echinoderm Video 1 Echinoderm Video 2 http://www.museums.org.za/bio/images/mb/mb0556x.jpg

Echinoderms Photos

These are the elaborate filter-feeding tentacles of a Sea

Apple.

http://www.wetwebmedia.com/ca/cav1i4/echinoderms/sea_apple.jpg

http://www.arkive.org/purple-sea-urchin/strongylocentrotus-purpuratus/image-G69185.html

Echinoderms Photos Cont.

http://www.arkive.org/sea-star/odontaster-validus/

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda TxBkRef pg. 741-

754 Think butterflies, shrimp, and spiders! Means “jointed feet” Bilateral symmetry Have fully formed organ

systems Sensing antennae for

sound, odor too Well developed eyeshttp://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/

thumb/9/99/150px-Zorak-Mantis.png

Arthropods Cont. They have

segmented bodies fused into larger body regions.

Exoskeleton - made of chitin; is a hard covering outside of body for support and protection

Molting –; shedding of old exoskeleton required for an arthropod to grow

Arthropod Video

http://www.vifishandwildlife.com/Education/FactSheet/Images/Lobster.jpg

Some Classes of Arthropods Class Arachnida –have four pairs of walking legs,

chewing mouthparts, and two body segments; EX spiders, ticks, and scorpions

Spider Video

http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/bugs/black-widow-spider/?source=A-to-Z

http://www.arkive.org/arabian-fat-tailed-scorpion/androctonus-crassicauda/

Sun Spider Mouth Close Up Image

Some Classes of Arthropods Cont. Class Crustacea – chewing

mouthparts, two pair of antennae, and two body segments typically with five legs with clawsc; EX shrimp, crabs

Crab Video

http://www.mbari.org/seminars/2004/fall2004/shrimp.jpg

http://www.arkive.org/coconut-crab/birgus-latro/image-G8535.html

Some Classes of Arthropods Cont. Class Insecta– have mouthparts, most have

compound eyes, antennae and three body segments with six legs; EX grasshoppers, flies, and beetles

http://img.allw.mn/content/www/2010/07/10-coolest-insects/brentid-weevils_10-coolest-insects.jpg

http://www.arkive.org/elephant-beetle/megasoma-elephas/image-G104875.html

Ants lovingly nurture various kinds of true bugs (Hemiptera), often stroking them gently and protecting them from predators and parasites. The bugs reward the ants with sugary nectar in the form of honeydew that they secrete as a waste product from feeding on the sap of the plants. These are scale insects (the red blobs) being tended by redheaded cocktail ants in Kenya. In many ways this relationship is similar to humans keeping cattle or other livestock and milking them.

Photograph by Dino MartinsNational Geographic

The Evolution of Invertebrates Fossil evidence shows that

the first animals [sponges – shown to the right] evolved from Protists with flagella about 650 million years ago. Sponge Video

The second group to evolve were Cnidarians; but because they are soft bodied, they do not fossilize well [estimates are about 630 million years ago].

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2097609/Fossils-Namibia-worlds-oldest-animal-life--oldest-ancestor-sponge-760-million-years-ago.html

This fossil jellyfish shows similarity to the modern jellyfish, Cunina (right). It was one of four different types of jellyfish dated back to the Cambrian by researchers in 2007. These ancient jellyfish showed the same complexity as modern jellyfish, meaning they either developed rapidly 500 million years ago, or today’s varieties are much older. Image

Invertebrate Evolution Cont. Flat and roundworms are thought to have evolved

next, but their soft bodies make it hard to find fossil evidence.

Segmented worms [annelids] evolved first in the sea, about 540 million years ago.

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Invertebrate Evolution Cont. Mollusks evolved next, about 500 million years ago

– many types of shelled mollusks, like the nautilus, were found in the early oceans of Earth. A fossilized nautilus [left], the modern [right] Nautilus Video

http://qrius.si.edu/browse/object/10022862#.U2jhJYH_xyI

http://www.arkive.org/nautilus/nautilus-pompilius/image-G68046.html

Invertebrate Evolution Cont. Arthropods evolved about

500 million years ago; they began in the seas, like their early ancestor, the trilobite [see image, extinct for 248 million years].

Arthropods became the first land animals, circa 300 million years ago. Arthropod Video

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Invertebrate Evolution Cont. Echinoderms are

considered the group most closely connected to chordates; they first appeared in the fossil record about 540 million years ago.

Echinoderms and chordates both develop similarly after fertilization [they are deuterostomes].

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protovsdeuterostomes.svg