photo bioreactor

Photo-bioreactor

A High-efficiency Industrial Photo-bioreactor for controlled production of micro algae

AlgaeLink N.V.Rangeerstraat 21 - 4431 NL ‘s-Gravenpolder - The Netherlands

Phone: + 31 (0)113 715 400 - Fax: + 31 (0)113 715 401 - [email protected]

www.algaelink.com

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Index

Algae as Biofuel 2 * Invention description * Potential Applications * Benefi ts and Advantages * AlgaeLink and Microalgae * Cultivation Algae for Biodiesel production * Mission statement * Algae becomes Green Gold in the industry * Advantages of Micro Algae * Algae requirements

Photo-Bioreactors 5 * What is an Algae Photo-bioreactor * Closed Photo-bioreactors * The AlgaeLink system * Key benefi ts of the AlgaeLink photo-bioreactor * Process of the Algaelink photo-bioreactor * Components of the AlgaeLink photo-bioreactor * Flow description of the AlgaeLink photo-bioreactor

Why Alage 9 * Algae Advantages9

AlgaeLink Photo bioreactors 10 * AlgaeLink Demo photo-bioreactor * 1 Ton Dry biomass per day Algae production plant * 10 Ton Dry biomass per day Algae production plant * 25 Ton Dry biomass per day Algae production plant * 50 Ton Dry biomass per day Algae production plant * 75 Ton Dry biomass per day Algae production plant * 100 Ton Dry biomass per day Algae production plant

Laboratory analyses of Algae Oiland Algae Biodiesel 14 * Algae Oil Analyses * Algae Biodiesel Analysis

FAQ - Frequently Ask Questions 18

2 day introduction to Alage course 22 * Algae species * About the course * What the course covers * Components include in the course * What the cousre include

How to become an AlgaeLink distributor 24 * Who qualifi es * What AlgaeLink has to offer

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Invention DescriptionFinding renewable energy sources has been a top concern for many scientists around the world and algae-based

biodiesel has emerged as a viable resource.

At present there are two common methods for algae based biodiesel production; photo-bioreactors and raceway

ponds. The major technical challenges of these systems are how to: sustain highest photosynthesis and biomass

productivity, reduce cell damage by hydrodynamic stress, reduce costs in fabrication, installation maintenance and

increase the capability of the system to expand to an industrial scale.

Researchers at AlgaeLink have designed a new photo-bioreactor system which overcomes all the technical challenges

of biodiesel production. Compared to traditional photo-bioreactor systems this system produces little hydrodynamic

stress, allowing for more diversity of algae species, and has higher biomass sustainability. Compared to open raceway

ponds, this system considerably increases a photosynthesis and algae biomass production by reducing light path, and

improving culture mixing. Furthermore, the photo-bioreactor system will just need one fi fth to one tenth of the land area

that will otherwise be required for an open raceway system to produce a the same amount of algae biomass.

Potential Applications• Algae-based renewable biomass/energy production

• Microalgae carbon sequestration

• Secondary and tertiary treatment of wastewater

• Food for fi sh and other cultured aquatic animals

• Algae-based nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals.

• Algae-derived fi ne chemicals including polysaccharides for cosmetics

• Organic fertilizers and soil amendments

Benefi ts and Advantages• Higher biomass– Can sustain higher cell density

• Culture mixing – Provides more effective culture mixing with little hydrodynamic stress on the cells

• Diverse Algae Species – Because of reduced hydrodynamic stress more diverse algae species can thrive

• Cost effective – Fewer changeable parts and 1/ 3 material of the used in traditional photo-bioreactor

systems

Algae photo-bioreactor technology as vegetable oils or other renewable resources. Algae photo-bioreactor technology is

simply an improvement on a process

that Mother Nature invented millions

of years ago called photosynthesis.

The mature, oil-rich algae can be

processed into a number of products,

such as biodiesel, ethanol,

animal feed, food, cosmetics,

pharmaceuticals and a variety of

plastics. AlgaeLink has developed

a high-effi ciency tubular photo

bioreactor for production of micro

algae under controlled conditions.

Productivity is orders of magnitude

greater than any other photo-

bioreactor system.

Algae as biofuel

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AlgaeLink and MicroalgaeAlgaeLink is a in The Netherlands-based global manufacturer of algae growing systems. We are building a world-wide

supply chain and network that is sustainable and delivers value from “earth-to-engine”. Our operations cover agrono-

my, refi ning and trading. We are pioneering the science, we design, build, own, operate and market algae production

plants and biodiesel refi neries. Our vision is to be the world’s leading biodiesel business.

Cultivating Algae for Biodiesel ProductionWITH THE INCREASING INTEREST in biodiesel as an alternative to petro diesel, many have looked at the possibility of grow-

ing more oilseed crops as a solution to the problem of peak oil. There are two problems with this approach. Firstly,

growing more oilseed crops would displace the food crops grown to feed mankind. Secondly, traditional oilseed crops

are not the most productive or effi cient source of vegetable oil. Micro-algae is the highest potential energy yield veg-

etable oil crop.

Mission statementWe will strive to be the best in our business; we will offer quality and value to our customers; we will provide products

that are safe, economical, and environmentally sound; we will strive to meet the highest standards of integrity.

We will be successful by perfecting our processes and learning to consistently exceed customer expectations.

We will:• Attain growth through Innovation and Excellence.

• Constantly seek to understand and fulfi ll our customer’s needs.

• Deliver products on time and strive to maintain a high level of after sales support.

• Provide a respectful work environment.

• Promote teamwork, accomplishment and self-respect.

• Practice candor, openness and honesty.

• Conserve natural resources, operate our facilities safely, minimize the environmental impact of our activities

and promote sustainability.

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Algae becomes ‘Green Gold’ in the oil industryAs we inch closer towards a post-carbon economy, the future mix of energy sources is slowly bubbling to the top. One

potential addition to this mix is the large-scale production of oil-containing algae. Unlike crops that are currently being

used for oil production such as soy, palm, corn and jatropha, some strains of algae contain as much as 70% oil.

Algae needs just a few simple things to kick-start a happy oil-bearing life: water, sunlight and nutrients. Algae can be

grown in open ponds or sealed in clear tubes and it can produce far more oil per acre than soybeans, a source of oil

for biodiesel. Algae is also capable of absorbing nitrogen from waste water and extracting carbon dioxide from power

plants. What’s more, it can be grown on marginal lands useless for ordinary crops, and it can use water from salt

aquifers that is not useful for drinking or agriculture. “Algae has the potential to produce a huge amount of oil.”

Advantage of Micro AlgaeThe advantages of deriving biodiesel from algae include:

1. Rapid growth rates, a high per-acre yield; and algae biofuel contains no sulfur, is non-toxic and is highly

biodegradable.

2. Some species of algae are ideally suited to biodiesel production due to their high oil content, in some

species topping out near 70%.

3. Micro-algae are single celled microscopic organisms which, like plants, use photosynthesis to convert

the sun’s energy into chemical energy.

4. Micro-algae can be grown in large bioreactors that provide the algae with all the needs to maximize growth

and oil production.

5. Micro-algae are much more effi cient converters of solar energy than any known plant, because they grow

in suspension where they have unlimited access to water and more effi cient access to CO2 and dissolved

nutrients.

6. The total oil content in algae can be up to 70% of their dry weight.

7. Micro-algae are capable of producing more than 30 times the amount of oil (per year per unit area of land)

when compared to oil seed crops.

8. Some algae can grow in saline water. It is worth exploring the possible economic production of oils from

algae using saline ground water in the growing ponds.

9. Micro-algae are the fastest growing photosynthesizing organisms. They can complete an entire growing

cycle every few days.

10. 120 tons of oil/hectare/year can be produced from algae.

11. Algae production can be increased by increasing the carbon dioxide concentration in the water.

Algae requirementsThe nutrients and carbon source necessary for micro algae growth, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), phosphorus (P) and

nitrogen (N), need to be supplied. The supply of carbon dioxide in accordance with it is actual consumption by the

micro algae is of great importance. However, as the culture medium is an effl uent from a wastewater treatment plant

there may be no need to supply nutrients and/or carbon dioxide since they are (usually) already present in the effl uent.

The light energy needed is exclusively solar, which makes the system much more economical.

However, in an alternative embodiment of the proposed system, artifi cial light could be supplied to the system or

simply means for improving luminosity, for example refl ective means.

For micro algae cultivation only simple nutrients need to be provided, such as ammonium or nitrates, phosphates,

trace amounts of certain metals and, most importantly, carbon dioxide. Since algae are autotrophic, they can grow

on this simple and cheap medium.

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What is an Algae Photo Bioreactor?Photo bioreactors are fermenters in which phototrophic micro-organisms such as micro algae are cultivated, where

their growth and propagation are promoted at the same time as various substances are produced by the photosyn-

thetic cells.

The potential for producing photosynthetic products by photosynthesis techniques using simple matter, through micro

algae, has been recognized in the last years. The ability of simple micro-organisms, such as green algae, to use sun-

light and carbon dioxide to produce complex organic matter with the release of molecular oxygen is of great interest

and has been explored in many different ways.

Micro algae (blue-green algae and green algae) are photoautotrophic micro-organisms able to use sunlight to metabo-

lize carbon dioxide (CO2) in energy-rich organic compounds (CH2O), with the consequent release of oxygen (O2).

Organic compounds, represented by CH2O, are used as building blocks for micro algae growth (when referring to

micro algae we are also including cyan bacteria). Water is also needed in the process as an additional substrate, as

can be seen in equation 1.

CO2 + H2 0 + “light energy” aCH2O + O2 This process of light-driven biomass growth is called photosynthesis.

Closed Photo-BioreactorsThis type of technology implements a closed system that introduces carbon dioxide to the algae to enhance its growth

in the presence of light, water and nutrients. Closed photo-bioreactors are culture systems which restrict the exchange

of gases, water, and contaminants between the culture and the outside environment. They have several advantages

over open pond systems for the cultivation of micro algae:

1. higher biomass concentrations due to shorter light paths;

2. reduced contamination;

3. better control of physico-chemical culture parameters;

For some applications, these advantages justify the increased cost of such systems compared to open ponds. Open

ponds do not provide conditions necessary for high density algae biomass production because of diurnal and annual

variation in light intensity and temperature. Photo-bioreactors have the following advantages over open pond produc-

tion.

1. Better control of algae culture

2. Large surface-to-volume ratio

3. Better control of gas transfer

4. Reduction in evaporation of growth medium

5. More uniform temperature

6. Better protection from outside contamination

7. Higher algae cell densities are possible.

Covering ponds does alleviate some of the disadvantages, but enclosed systems will still provide better control of

temperature, light intensity, better control of gas transfer, and larger surface area-to-volume ratio. An enclosed

photo-bioreactor design will enhance commercial algae biomass production by keeping algae genetics pure and

reducing the possibility of parasite infestation.

The ability of a pond to grow algae is limited by its surface area, not by its volume. Algae only grows in the top 6mm of

water in order to receive enough solar radiation.

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The AlageLink systemThe tubular AlgaeLink bioreactor works by circulating algae cells, nutrients, water and carbon dioxide through trans-

parent tubes to maximize the amount of light reaching the algae cells. The short light path maximizes this process,

thereby maximizing the photosynthetic effi ciency.

The photo bioreactor can be operated for very prolonged periods without cultures crashing, facilitated by a patented

tube self-cleaning mechanism involving special technology. The system typically operates at densities of 10 to 15 times

that of conventional culture methods, and is therefore more productive.

The closed, controlled system ensures that environmental parameters are automatically controlled, and the fully auto-

matic operation dramatically reduces labor requirements and eliminates handling problems.

A reservoir tank provides a dark phase for the more complex protein building function of the algae

cells. A semi-continuous stream of nutrient & CO2 is supplied to the dark phase of

the process.

This function is fully automated and regulated via the process con-

trol system. Live algae are collected into a receiving tank via an

overfl ow.

The output volume is equal to the process input volume. Typi-

cally 20 to 30% of the system volume is harvested per 24 hours.

The pumping system has built in fl exibility to ensure maximum cell

viability under a diverse range of operating conditions, this fl exibility

facilitates production of a wide range of species.

Key benefi ts of the AlgaeLink Photo-bioreactor are:

• It offers maximum effi ciency in using light and therefore greatly improves productivity.

Typically the culture density of algae produced is 10 to 20 times greater than bag culture and can be even

greater.

• Space saving. Can be mounted indoors or outdoors.

• Low transport cost for the larger photo-bioreactors because we ship no pipes but fl at sheets. The sheets will

be converted with our patented technology to pipes on location.

• Dramatically reduces labor requirements and eliminates handling problems.

• Systems can be operated for long periods without culture crashes occurring.

• Patented easy self cleaning system can dramatically reduce fouling.

• Closed, controlled, continuous automated system and therefore cultures may be easily kept sterile.

• Environmental parameters are simply controlled.

• Can be build at any size.

• Short delivery time.

• Oxygen poisoning can’t occur. System automatically releases all Oxygen.

• Reactor stimulates rapid algae grow.

• Fully automated. Controlled and monitored via a high tech computer system.

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The process of the AlgaeLink photo-bioreactor

AlgaeLink’s demo photo-bioreactor

Algae photo bioreactors have had a lot of publicity in the last 12 months. We at AlgaeLink, N.V. are extremely confi dent

in “AlgaeLink™” photo-bio reactors and we would like our customers to feel this way as well. For this reason we are

offering our demo units as the initial step to larger plants. We would like you to start at this size, with minimum invest-

ment with the ability to scale up to any capacity, at any time. All our equipment is modular, which means you have the

time to gain expertise and experience before investing further.

With this low budget photo-bioreactor you have you a perfect unit to:• test your algae strains

• test the algae growing conditions in your area

• learn how to collect the algae

• Learn how to dry algae

• press oil out of the dried algae, etc.

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Components of the AlgaeLink photo-bioreactor

1 Photo bioreactor

The system consists of tubes 36m long and 30cm in diameter. The tubes lay horizontally. The Algae fl ows continuously

through the tubes for light.

2 Automated cleaning system

This is a built in cleaning mechanism within the tubes, which mean you do not have to stop production in order to clean

any algae from the internal side of the tube.

3 Pump box

The pump box holds 3 pumps. The Acidity pump, nutrient pump and harvesting pump. These pumps control the

medium’s pH level and the nutrients level. The harvest pump regulates the fl ow to the fi lter system.

4 Filter system

This bag fi lter collects the algae ready for processing.

5 Computerized Control system.

The control system allows you to monitor the process from any location in the world. It monitors the temperature, CO2,

pH and nutrient levels and allows you to maintain records of this for comparison and monitoring purposes.

It also measures O2, dissolved O2 and conductivity.

6 Feeding vessel

This is the heart of the system that contains a number of sensors such as temperature, conductivity, pH and level

sensors. These sensors then activate the pumps so the system automatic feeds the algae the required level of nutrients

for optimal growth.

7 Water pump

This system gently regulates the fl ow of the algae through the photo bioreactor.

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Flow description.1. From the Feeding vessel the fl ow progresses to the Diaphragm pump which moderates the fl ow of the algae

into the actual tubes. Built into the pump is the CO2 inlet valve.

2. The Photo bioreactor itself is used to promote biological growth by controlling environmental parameters

including light. The tubes are acrylic and are designed to have light and dark intervals to enhance the

growth rate.

3. The Photo bioreactor has a built in cleaning system that will internally clean the tubes without stopping

production.

4. After the Algae has completed the fl ow through the Photo bioreactor, it passes back to the feeding vessel.

As it progresses through the hoses the oxygen sensors determine how much oxygen has built up in the plant

and it is released in the feeding vessel itself. It is also at this stage that the optical cell density sensor deter-

mines the harvesting rate.

5. When the algae are ready for harvesting, the algae passes through the connected fi ltering system. This fi lter

collects the algae that are ready for processing, where the remaining algae passes back to the feeding

vessel.

6. And the fl ow continues.

Why AlgaeBiodiesel relies on naturally derived oils or fats as a feedstock for the fuel. So any oil whose sources are relatively cheap

to produce is most attractive. One of the major expenses in producing oil is land for the oil-yielding crop. In terms of

oil produced per acre/hectare of land, algae has a 5- to 31-fold advantage over the next best oil producing crop. This

of course depends on the species of algae and growth conditions and displays a signifi cant cost advantage and the

potential for much greater yields at much greater effi ciencies.

But Algae is not just for Biodiesel it is high in antioxidants which is valuable in the food industry, its pigments are used

in paint and many other products worldwide. It is also a natural source of Omega 3 and 6, Vitamin B12 and a variety of

minerals needed for both human and animal consumption.

Algae Advantages• Micro algae is growing all year round and has a short life cycle

• Micro algae is the fastest growing plant on earth – 100 times faster than trees Micro algae typically double

their weight once a day

• Require raw materials that are abundant: sunlight, water, carbon dioxide and nutrients (P and N)

• Produce a vast array of natural products: pigments, proteins, enzymes, sugars, fats, amino acids, vitamins

• Metals bioaccumulation: micro algae can accumulate metals up to 20% of their weight – adsorption in cellu-

lar wall and transfer of metallic ions to its interior

• They can grow in adverse conditions like deserts and saline waters.

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AlgaeLink demo photo-bioreactorComplete automated turnkey demo photo-bioreactor with production capacity of 2 to 4 kg dry biomass per day.

AlgaeLink demo photo-bioreactor includes:

• 36 meters of transparent synthetic tubes with a diameter of 300 mm Ø and a volume of 3.5 m³

• Pumps and valves

• Selected algae

• Electricity for pumps involved in the process is 12 kW

• Stainless steel vessel

Requirements:

• Installation in a 48 m2.

• CO2 requirements (mass) 10 kg Kg.Day-1)

• Carbon requirements (mass) 3 (Kg. Day-1)

Micro nutrients required:

• Ca 0.0424375 (Kg. Day-1)

• Cu 0.000245 (Kg. Day-1)

• Fe 0.0025375 (Kg. Day-1)

• Mg 0.100625 (Kg. Day-1)

• Mn 0.00105 (Kg. Day-1)

• Mo 0.0000131255 (Kg. Day-1)

• K 0643125 (Kg. Day-1)

• Zn 0.001268755 (Kg . Day-1)

1 Ton Dry Biomass per day Algae production plantComplete automated turnkey photo-bioreactor with production capacity of 1 ton dry biomass per day:

• 1,068 meters of transparent synthetic tubes with a diameter of 640 mm Ø and a volume of 667 m³


• Selected algae


Requirements:

• Installation in a 1,752 m2. ( 0.9 Acres)

• Tanks 333 (m1) (tanks are not included)

• CO2 requirements (mass) 2881 Kg (Kg.Day-1)

• Carbon requirements (mass) 786 (Kg. Day-1)

• Nitrogen requirements 81 (Kg. Day-1)

• Phosphorus requirements 11 (Kg. Day-1)


• Ca 12.125 (Kg . Day-1)

• Cu 0.07 (Kg. Day-1)

• Fe 0.725 (Kg. Day-1)

• Mg 2.875 (Kg. Day-1)

• Mn 0.3 (Kg. Day-1)

• Mo 0.00375 (Kg. Day-1)

• K 18.375 (Kg. Day-1)

• Zn 0.3625 (Kg. Day-1)

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• 10,692 meters of transparent synthetic tubes with a diameter of 640 mm Ø and a volume of 6,667 m³


• Selected algae


Requirements:

• Installation area 17,522 m2.

• Tanks 3,333 (m3) (tanks are not included)

• CO2 requirements (mass) 28,805 kg (Kg. Day-1)

• Carbon requirements (mass) 7,856 (Kg . Day-1)

• Nitrogen requirements 813 (Kg . Day-1)

• Phosphorus requirements 105 (Kg . Day-1)


• Ca 121.25 (Kg . Day-1)

• Cu 0.7 (Kg . Day-1)

• Fe 7.25 (Kg . Day-1)

• Mg 28.75 (Kg . Day-1)

• Mn 3 (Kg . Day-1)

• Mo 0.0375 (Kg . Day-1)

• K 183.75 (Kg. Day-1)

• Zn 3.625 (Kg . Day-1)

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• Selected algae

• Electricity for pumps involved in the process is 1,364 kW

Requirements:



• CO2 requirements (mass) 72,013 kg (Kg.Day-1)


• Nitrogen requirements 2,031 (Kg . Day-1)



• Ca 303.125 (Kg . Day-1)

• Cu 1.75 (Kg . Day-1)

• Fe 18.125 (Kg . Day-1)

• Mg 71.875 (Kg . Day-1)

• Mn 7.5 (Kg . Day-1)

• Mo 0.09375 (Kg . Day-1)

• K 459.375 (Kg . Day-1)

• Zn 9.0625 (Kg . Day-1)




• Selected algae

• Electricity for pumps involved in the process is 2,727 (kW)

Requirements:

• Installation area 89.110 m2.


• CO2 requirements (mass) 144,027 kg (Kg.Day-1)





• Ca 606.25 (Kg . Day-1)

• Cu 3.5 (Kg . Day-1)

• Fe 36.25 (Kg . Day-1)

• Mg 143.75 (Kg . Day-1)

• Mn 15 (Kg . Day-1)

• Mo 0.1875 (Kg . Day-1)

• K 918.75 (Kg . Day-1)

• Zn 18.125 (Kg . Day-1)

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• Selected algae


Requirements:








• Ca 909.375 (Kg . Day-1)

• Cu 5.25 (Kg . Day-1)

• Fe 54.375 (Kg . Day-1)

• Mg 215.625 (Kg . Day-1)

• Mn 22.5 (Kg . Day-1 )

• Mo 0.28125 (Kg . Day-1)

• K 1,378.125 (Kg . Day-1)

• Zn 27.1875 (Kg . Day-1)




• Selected algae


Requirements:






• Phosphorus requirements 1,0508 (Kg . Day-1)


• Ca 1212.5 (Kg . Day-1)

• Cu 7 (Kg . Day-1)

• Fe 72.5 (Kg . Day-1)

• Mg 287.5 (Kg . Day-1)

• Mn 30 (Kg . Day-1)

• Mo 0.375 (Kg . Day-1)

• K 1,837.5 (Kg . Day-1)

• Zn 36.25 (Kg . Day-1)

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Algae Oil AnalysisExplanation of Algae oil analysis:

1. The algae oil used was crude

and unfi ltered.

2. The phosphorus content was

low, so this oil needs no degum-

ming.

3. The FFA content was 1.21 so

it is possible to go directly to

alkaline transesterifi cation.

4. The iodine value was 123

while the EN14215 requires 120,

so minor blending with a low

iodine feedstock is required to

get this parameter within the EN

standard.

5. The oxidation stability is what

we can expect from a oil that is

very rich in delicate unsaturated

fatty acids such as Omega 3 and

Omega 6.

6. The content of Omega 3 and

Omega 6 are quite high, which

makes this oil suited to be used

in the food/supplements.

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1. The ester content achieved

was quite high and well within

specs.

2. The Linolenic acid methyl es-

ter perfectly meets EN standard.

3. The copper corrosion meets

standards

4. The iodine value is the same

as for the algae oil that was used

as feedstock, as expected

5. Free and total glycerol are

within specs.

6. Monoglycerides, diglyceides

and triglycerides are within

specs.

7. Oxidation stability is low as

expected for an oil that is rich in

Omega 3 and Omega 6 oils. How-

ever, there are on the market ad-

ditives that can improve this pa-

rameter to meet standards. TBHQ

(tertiary butyl hydroquinone) can

be added at the ratio of 0.02% to

raise the stability to meet the EN

standard, citric acid can also be

used to increase oxidation stabil-

ity. It is also possible to blend an-

tioxidants with quelating agents

to improve the oxidation stability

(ex.: 0.0075% of BHA + 0.0075%

of PG + 0.0045% citric acid).

Biodiesel Algae AnalysisExplanation of Biodiesel from crude algae oil results:

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FAQ

1. Are there commercial algae farms?ALGAE FARMING IS AN INDUSTRY. Commercial algae farming is an established industry. It has been going on for

over 50 years, and has become a small industry. There are only a handful of companies doing it on a large scale. Total

world-wide production is a few thousand tons of algae biomass per year. So far, algae has been grown mostly for its

protein, which is worth more in the marketplace than either its oil or starch content.

2. What are the optimal conditions for producing algae with these ReactorsGenerally speaking low rainfall, high temperatures and sunshine hours are positive for algae growth. The plant should

be located very close to a CO2 source, such as a Brewery, waste water treatment centre or a power plant, etc.

3. What if I am from a colder climate?It is possible to still use the photo bioreactor, but is it cost effective?

You would have to shelter and heat the unit and you would need to apply lighting to simulate sunlight. If located away

from CO2 source, you would also need to use CO2 gas supplements.

4. What is required to produce 1ton Dry algae mass?

Maximum values Carbon requirements (mass) 786 Kg . Day-1

CO2 requirements (mass) 2881 Kg . Day-1

Maximum values CO2 requirements (volume - PTN) 1467 m3 . Day-1

(0.8% dw) Nitrogen requirements 81 Kg . Day-1

(0.6% dw) Phosphorus requirements 11 Kg . Day-1

5. What are the CO2 emissions fees?The emissions fees are like the stock market, where Companies are charged between $1.50 to $12 per ton for their CO2

emissions. In this case as you are extracting CO2 from the atmosphere, you can apply to be paid for this. The amount

of Biomass you produce will determine the emission fees.

6. Why a demo reactor?This unit is really only used to demonstrate algae growth. Algae can double its volume in 24 hours, if you start with 100

kg of algae, you will have 200 kg within 24 hours.

You simply remove it the water and algae from the base fi lter and dry the algae in a vacuum dryer or hot air oven.

7. How are the Algae Photo bioreactors installed?The unit arrives disassembled with a detailed manual on how to install it. For larger units it would be recommended for

the installation to be done by our contractors. Price will vary based on capacity.

8. Can I produce pharmaceutical algae with the AlgaeLink photo-bioreactor?Yes, products from the photo-bioreactor can then be processed into pharmaceutical grade products, providing a

proper installation and process is available.

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9. What is the cost of Producing Biomass per kg?The cost will vary based on your location. For example, do you have enough natural resources or must you pay to

supplement light, temperature, nutrients or CO2. Your method of oil extraction and manual labor required will vary sig-

nifi cantly worldwide. Therefore, it is very important to start with the demo reactor so you can experience the total cost

in real time.

10. How do I dry Algae?This is very simple to do, you can dry in the sun or if in colder country dry within a greenhouse or Drum fi lter (with

vacuum) system or hot air oven.

11. How do I harvest?After discharge, it is necessary to separate the culture medium into a liquid phase and into a solid phase which con-

tains the micro-organisms (biomass). The system should preferably comprise means for performing this separation,

which can be achieved by various processes. The biomass can be separated from the liquid phase by centrifugation

or with a fi lter unit.

12. What is centrifugation?This involves spinning the growth medium extremely rapidly, exaggerating the effects of gravity. It can be used to ac-

complish two things. The fi rst is to simply rapidly separate the algae cells from the growth medium. The growth medium

can be drained, leaving much denser (about 20% concentration) algae. A second approach combines centrifugation

with microfi ltration, spinning the growth medium and algae against microfi lters or micro screens which allow the growth

medium to pass through by retain the algae. While both approaches are effective, the use of centrifuges requires large

quantities of electrical power, which can increase costs substantially.

13. How do I extract oil from Algae?a. Expeller/Press

When algae is dried it retains its oil content, which then can be “pressed” out with an oil press. Many commercial

manufacturers of vegetable oil use a combination of mechanical pressing and chemical solvents in extracting oil. While

more effi cient processes are emerging, a simple process is to use a press to extract a large percentage (70-75%) of

the oils out of algae.

b. Hexane Solvent Method

Algae oil can be extracted using chemicals. Benzene and ether have been used, but a popular chemical for solvent

extraction is hexane, which is relatively inexpensive. The downside to using solvents for oil extraction is the inherent

dangers involved in working with the chemicals. Benzene is classifi ed as a carcinogen. Chemical solvents also present

the problem of being an explosion hazard.

Hexane solvent extraction can be used in isolation or it can be used along with the oil press/expeller method. After the

oil has been extracted using an expeller, the remaining pulp can be mixed with cyclo-hexane to extract the remaining

oil content. The oil dissolves in the cyclohexane, and the pulp is fi ltered out from the solution. The oil and cyclohexane

are separated by means of distillation. These two stages (cold press & hexane solvent) together will be able to derive

more than 95% of the total oil present in the algae.

c. Supercritical Fluid Extraction

This can extract almost 100% of the oils all by itself. This method however needs special equipment for containment

and pressure in the supercritical fl uid/CO2 extraction, CO2 is liquefi ed under pressure and heated to the point that it has

the properties of both a liquid and gas. This liquefi ed fl uid then acts as the solvent in extracting the oil.

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More FAQs

14. What is the cost of oil extraction?The method you choose depends on you. If you wish to preserve the cake then use oil press, Hexane solvent tends to

have a higher yield. It is best to look locally and determine which is most cost effective for you.

15. Do I need to treat the water after harvesting?You do not have to treat the water after use, you simple recycle it as it is a continuous fl owing system, and it will have

some algae growth with it. Simple added the required CO2 and nutrients for re-use. This is fully automated in these

systems.

16. What is the cycle time to produce algae?Algae doubling time can vary from strain to strain, in general they can double from 0.3 times per day to 3 times per

day. It depends on the strain, temperature, solar insulation, nutrients and salinity. In optimal conditions you can harvest

every 3.5 hours with the Photo bioreactors.

17. What is the quality of algae oil?The oil quality depends on what algae you use, as does the yield. In general it can be compared to Soya.

18. Selling Algae CakeMicro algae are rich in many specifi c and attractive compounds, some of which are very interesting as nutritional

supplements, such as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Other nutriceuticals derived from algae are vitamins and

antioxidants, such as -carotene and astaxanthin. As well as important applications in the food industry, micro algae

are also used in the pharmaceutical market as they contain sterols, which can be used as building blocks for

pharmaceuticals (hormones). Furthermore, cyan bacteria are a potential source of compounds with biomedical

applications, such as antimicrobial, antiviral and anticancer compounds.

The price of Algae cake is very high. Algae press cake is sold (today March, 2007) for minimum $ 1.53 and as high as

$ 4.06 p/kg. Algae Cake price is expected to rise until the marketplace determines its value.

19. Lifecycle of algaeUnless you suffer from contamination, the lifecycle of Algae is indefi nite. You must care for it and it will double its

volume every 24hrs. However for large capacities it is recommended that you have available source of algae.

20. What water can I use?It is recommended to use sweet water, however it is equally viable to use salt water, and you simply must change to a

suitable algae species.

21. Are the Algea specs shown in this brochure, valid for all species of Algae?No, the specs shown were for one particular strain only. Each strain will vary slightly, so it depends on your choice of

strain and it’s application. For example you can grow different algea strains for the:

• Food industry

• Animal food industry

• Pharmaceutical market as they contain sterols

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• Biomedical applications

• Only for the biomass

22. If I buy an photo-bioreactor, do you have any kind of assitance?Yes, we will monitor your plant from our offi ce here in The Netherlands via our computer. We are able to monitor your

progress based on the variables applied in the software package we supply and then advise what course of action

needs to be taken to improve your yield. This system also allows us to scale up your system effectively when you

require a lager capicity.

23. Nutrients added to process: Algae strainsWe supply a blend of 10 strains that comes with the photo-bioreactor, however you can choose to use your own,

depending on climate and water type i.e. fresh or salt.

24. What is the delivery time on installations?Delivery times for the demo photo-bioreactor is 8 weeks. Delivery times for large scale photo-bioreactors are approxi-

mately 4 to 6 months. The delivery times will vary per project.

25. What are your payment terms?Payment terms are:

a. Delivery is ex works The Netherlands

b. 60% by ordering

c. 40% before shipping

26. Do you have warranty?Yes, our standard warranty is:

a. 10 years on the tubes

b. 1 year on moving parts such as pumps, centrifuge, etc.

c. 5 years on the installation

27. Are you looking for distributors?Yes, we are looking for distributors of our products.

AlgaeLink, N.V. is setting up a world-wide distributors network and is looking for qualifi ed distributors. If you are inter-

ested, please send us a short description of your company, URL of your home page and company details.

28. Where can I buy equipment to convert Algae oil into biodiesel?A very good biodiesel equipment manufacturer is BioKing in The Netherlands. Their website is www.bioking.nl

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2 day Introduction to Algae course

Micro Algae is set to become the solution to the rising oil prices associated with the Biodiesel

Industry. Algae, the natural phenomenon, has an incredibly short life cycle and grows all year

round. This course covers the following areas:

• What is Algae

• Advantages of Algae

• The multiple functions of Algae both

in Bio-fuels and alternative

Industries

Algae species

There are up to 30,000 species of Micro algae.

This course looks at a number of species and

their benefi ts. What species suit your requirements

and what species thrive in your climatic conditions. This

course covers the following areas

• Climatic Conditions

• Fresh and Salt water Species

• Sensitivity

• Functions of Algae

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How to grow Algae

In this subject we look at what is required to grow algae in a protected environment. We look at the advantages

of Photo bioreactor and what exactly is required to grow algae within this system. What are the optimal

conditions? How to control your nutrients and CO2 and how to reduce the cost of production. We also cover

areas such as:

• Introducing photosynthesis

• Reducing contamination risks

• Environmental Control

• Controlling your yield

Other Components of the course include:

• Visit a test facility

• See Algae being harvested

• See Algae being dried

• See Algae oil extraction

• Learn to make Biodiesel from Algae

What does this include:• Course Material for 2 days

• Lunch for 2 days

• Transport to test facilities

Excludes cost of accommodation and travel.

We will also discuss the alternative methods in each area.

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You should fi rst inquire as to whether or not a distributorship is available in your area. To fi nd out, please send

an email to [email protected] with your company details, country and geographic area.

How to become an AlgaeLink distributor

Without sounding pessimistic, we are fully aware that everyone who makes an inquiry to become a distributor has

a desire to succeed, but few have the work ethic to produce success. We are not a franchise organization and

certainly do not want to mislead anyone into believing we are. We are very simply a manufacturer of High-Tec algae

growing systems with as specialty photo-bioreactors for algae. We do not offer distributorships to individuals or

companies who are simply looking for a better price to buy a photo-bioreactor. Being a distributor is a full time job.

Listed below is a brief description of what may be expected from our distributors:

• Maintain an offi ce/warehouse/training facility suitable for your needs. A higher profi le retail facility is over

kill but you will need enough space to install your photo-bioreactor as well as enough space to

properly receive 10 to 20 serious prospects each month.

• As the production of algae with our photo-bioreactors is a total new production process it is required that

distributors attend our advanced training facility in The Netherlands.

• Tag team advertising and marketing. Send out emails, make internet contact, advertise locally etc.,

whatever it takes to get people interested in making money in the algae/oil industry.

• Provide unsurpassed customer and technical assistance. First and foremost this is a service industry.

Yes, as a distributor you will sell the photo-bioreactors, centrifuges, algae dryers, wet scrubbers, supply

materials, but service and after sales is the key to business.

Who Qualifi es

AlgaeLink N.V. requires that all Distributors have ample experience and application time working the products of

a similar type.

Although Distributors are not franchises, AlgaeLink N.V. requires that Distributors are exclusive to our product line

and do not supply, represent, use or recommend other competitive or alternative products.

If you have questions concerning whether a product will be detrimental to a distributorship, please feel free to call

and speak with a Technical Engineer.

It is not our intent to police this issue but Distributors are given much assistance and lead generation designed to

promote and sell our product line as well as technical assistance and more.

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Who Qualifi es

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What AlgaeLink N.V. Offers:

1 There is no franchise fee whatsoever. Also, we don’t charge for administration costs.

2 Technical Assistance: This is the key since customers will continue to have questions and will obviously

need the right answers. As the industry leader and supplier, we have a combined experience and

knowledge that is unsurpassed.

3 Leads, leads, leads. We have an extremely extensive internal advertising program, spending on average

$1,500 every 9 to 12 hours on on-line advertise alone. That of course does not include an additional $500K

on various publication advertising. Another $350K on trade shows as well as other effective forms of

advertising. The average Authorized Distributor received between 2 to 3 qualifi ed leads per day in 2006

because we pass 100% of all inquires on to our Authorized Distributors.

5 Marketing Assistance: As a Distributor you will receive any leads from inquiring persons within your

geographical area. These leads may be the result of; our web sites, various magazine advertisement

such as Biodiesel magazine and internet advertising, exhibition shows and more.

6 Marketing & Advertising Tools. In addition to simply marketing, we can provide several different brochures,

exhibit booths, banners, photos, interactive information CD’s to be played in any PC, blank form head

containing the AlgaeLink logo for duplicating professional marketing & technical documents and more. We

also have an agreement arranged with a national business forms company so Authorized Distributors can

order invoices, envelopes, estimate forms, door hangers, business cards and more, all containing the Al

gaeLink logo but with your personalized company information. Inquire for details.

7 Training Assistance: Under most circumstances we can send one of our Technical Engineers to assist with

your pre-scheduled training seminars. This service is available provided that suffi cient notifi cation has been

made, our schedule allows for the dates, a worthwhile amount of persons are scheduled to attend and

other distributor expectations are met.

8 Drop Shipping: This service is provided so distributors are not initially required to carry more than one demo

photo-bioreactor as inventory. Drop shipping also decreases expenses since shipping to the customer is

not charged twice.

Fact is, authorized distributorships are not only profi table but they are very rewarding as well. We won’t lead

you to believe it is a simple daily task; we have many authorized distributors who are very successful. How

ever, they are also very dedicated to their job and to their customers. Give us a call to possibly schedule a

meeting in our offi ces in The Netherlands and we can discuss the specifi c profi t margins and other pertinent

details and further specifi c information.

photo bioreactor

Documents

algae biomass production

cultivation algae

algae requirements

algae advantages9

index algae

algaebased biodiesel

algae biodiesel analysis

algaelink photobioreactor