phosphine oxide
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Phosphine oxideFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
General formula of organophosphine oxides
Phosphine oxides are phosphorus compounds with the formula OPX3. When X = alkyl or aryl,
these are organophosphine oxides. Triphenylphosphine oxide is an example. An inorganic
phosphine oxide is phosphoryl trichloride (Cl3PO). Such compounds are thermally stable,
decomposing only above 450 °C.[1] Phosphoryl refers to a functional group drawn with a
phosphorus-oxygen double bond.
Contents
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1 Bonding
2 Syntheses
3 Use
4 Parent compound
5 References
Bonding[edit source]
According to Molecular Orbital Theory, the short P-O bond is attributed to the donation of the lone
pair electrons from oxygen p-orbitals to the antibonding phosphorus-carbon bonds; This proposal,
which is supported by ab initio calculations, has gained consensus in the chemistry community.[2]
The nature of the phosphorus to oxygen bonding was once hotly debated, as the involvement of a
phosphorus d-orbitals in bonding is not supported by computational analyses. In terms of simple
Lewis structure, the bond is more accurately represented as a dative bond, as is currently used to
depict an amine oxide.
Syntheses[edit source]
Phosphine oxides are frequently generated as a by-product of the Wittig reaction:
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R3PCR'2 + R"2CO → R3PO + R'2C=CR"2
Another common route to phosphine oxides is the thermolysis of phosphonium hydroxides. In
the laboratory, phosphine oxides are usually generated by the oxidation, often accidentally, of
tertiary phosphines:
R3P + 1/2 O2 → R3PO
Use[edit source]
Phosphine oxides are ligands in various applications of homogeneous catalysis.
In coordination chemistry, they are known to have labilizing effects to CO ligands cis to it
in organometallic reactions. The cis effect describes this process.
Phosphine oxides are typically (and appropriately) viewed as useless by-products in
the Wittig reaction. They can, however, be usable in certain Wittig-like reactions.
Thus, benzaldehyde has been converted to β-methoxystyrene using methoxymethyl
diphenylphosphine oxide in a two step procedure. In step one the phosphine oxide
is deprotonated at −90 °C in THF/ether with lithium diisopropylamide, then the aldehyde
is added. After aqueous workup, adducts are isolated. With potassium-t-butoxide the
adducts are, at room temperature, converted to the styrenes. As the adducts exist as a
separatable mixture of D/L compounds and a meso-form the final styrenes are obtainable
as pure E- or Z-form .[3]
Parent compound[edit source]
The parent compound phosphine oxide (H3PO) is unstable. It has been detected
with mass spectrometry as a reaction product of oxygen and phosphine,[4] by means
of FT-IR in a phosphine-ozone reaction [5] and in matrix isolation with a reaction of
phosphine, vanadium oxytrichloride and chromyl chloride.[6] It is also been reported
relatively stable in a water-ethanol solution by electrochemical oxidation of white
phosphorus, where it slowly disproportionates into phosphine and hypophosphorous acid.
[7] Phosphine oxide is tautomeric with phosphinous acid(H2POH).
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Ball-And-Stick model of the parent compound phosphine oxide
Phosphine oxide is reported as an intermediate in the room-temperature polymerization
of phosphine and nitric oxide to solid PxHy.[8]