Phonology: The Context

Foundation SkillsCognition Play Socialization

Pragmatics

Phonology

Semantics

Semantics

Metalinguistics

Phonology Definition: study of the

Suprasegmental and Segmental aspects of Language Suprasegmental: melody of the language

intonation, rhythm, stress, inflection, rate, pitch paralinguistic

Segments: Sounds of the language, vowels and consonants

Concepts 1. Sequence Related to

Semantics/Syntax 2. Sequence of Acquisition for Syllables,

Vowels and Consonants 3. Recording

Developmental Progression

Pre-First Word Babbling Echolalia Vocalic or Phonetically Consistent

Forms Holophrases Telegraphic Phrases Sentences

Simple Compound Complex

Phonology

#2 Concepts Receptive/Expressive

Children comprehend the melodic aspects before the individual sounds

Phonemic/Paralinguistic awareness before production

Syllables initial syllable shape: CVCV, CV

Suprasegmental Development Term refers to PROSODIC FEATURES Term includes:intonation, rhythm,

stress, Develops before the first word

In echolalia: child ‘sounds’ like the utterance is “adult-like.” That’s the suprasegmental patterns of English

Hearing Impaired Children do not exhibit this ability

Vowel Acquisition Nucleus of the syllable

Vowels develop first front-back /i,a/ triangle /i,u,a/ quadrangle /i,u,a, ae/ dipthongs

By age 3, all vowels

Phonology

Consonants Explanation: associated with feeding

and visibility Class Development by Manner:

plosives, nasals, glides /w/ first fricative: /h/

Class Development by Place usually frontal sounds /p/b/m/ as well as alveolar sounds /t,d,n,l/ other sounds: /k/, /g/. /?/

by Voicing: presence/absence of laryngeal tone

Consonant Blends Clusters’ (blends) syllable shape: ccv,cccv,

in speech:vcc (plurals), vccc (ants)

Cluster (Blend) combinations are: /l/, /r/, /s/

Phonological Process: Epenthesis (adding a vowel) Cluster reduction Cluster deletion

In reading blends are called Diagraphs

Consonant Acquisition

Developmental Mastery Age of Development or Age of

Acquisition or Age of Customary Production

An age-range for sound acquisition Sander, Prathers

Age of Mastery Templin, Wellman, Poole regardless of Linguist, by the Age 8

Age Sound Age of DevelopmentRANGE

Age of MasteryMastered

3 /p/ <2-3 3

/m/ <2-3 3

/b/ <2-3 3

/n/ <2-3 3

/w/ <2-3 3

/h/ <2-3 3

4 /k/, /g/ 2-4 4

/d/, 2-4 4

/f/, /v/ 2-4 4

Sound Frequency of Occurrence

Vowels 1. Unstressed schwa 2. /I/ 3. /i 4. /E/ 5. /ai/ 6. /ae/ asp 7. /ou/ 8. /e/ 9/ a/ 10. ought

Consonants 1. /n/ 2. /r/ 3. /t/ 4. /m/ 5. /s/ 6. /d/ 7/ /w/ 8. /l/ 9. /k/ 10. /z/

Phonology

Recording Options 1. Transcription: Phonemic (Broad //) Phonetic (Narrow )

2. Distinctive Features of Place,

Manner, Voicing 3. Phonological Processes used for

either describing normally developing or delayed sound development.

Distinctive Feature Terms Place:

Front: /p/,/b/,/m/, /f/, /v/, /0/, Mid: /t/, /d/, /l/, /n/ /s/,/z/, sh Back: /k/, /g/, ng Glottal: /h/

Manner Plosives Fricatives Affricates Nasals Approximants

Liquids Glides

Voicing

Phonological Processes Linguists: Hodson, Ingram, Weiner,

Blache, others,

Processes:

Suppression of Phonological Processes

Disappearing by Age 3 Unstressed Syllable

Deletion Final Consonant

Deletion Assimilation Reduplication Fronting Prevocalic voicing

(b/p) Diminutization

Persisting After Age 3

Cluster Reduction Epenthesis b li/blid Gliding Stopping Depalatalization Final Voicing

Emergent Literacy Skills 1. Physical

2. Cognitive-Linguistic Answering Questions Retelling stories

3. Metalinguistic: Phonemic Awareness- Related to PHONOLOGY

Phonology-Emergent Literacy Connection

The recognition of the sound-symbol relationship is critical to early success in reading

Recognition begins at the sentence level with segmentation and proceeds to the word- syllable sound levels

End of Phonology Notes

/S/

/b/

rocket

light

turning