phonetics report 1-10-15

8/9/2019 Phonetics Report 1-10-15

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PHONETI

CS


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naturalsounds

speechsounds

no systematic meaning

a code system.


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To know a language, one must know the sounds ofthe language. The study of phonetics concerns itself

with the physical properties and sounds of speech.Mainly, it is discusses how sounds are made and howthese sounds are formed to create a coherent thoughtor message in a chosen language, which then will bepassed onto listeners through the process of oralcommunication. Before one may speak in a language,

he must know how words are said and which words tocombine to make these words.

OVERVE!


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OVERVE!

Phones are unit of sounds which are then combinedto form syllables. These syllables are then combined

to make words. "owe#er, each syllable or phone,especially when combined, has a uni$ue soundattached to them. This is where consonants andvowels enter the picture. They are then used totranslate these syllables and phones into somethinga hearer may understand. "ow then should these

elements be combined or used%


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RO&E O' ()EE*" (O+-(

The basic knowledge a speaker should learn before

he learns a language is to recognie what the

language he aims to learn sounds like. t is only then

that he would be able to distinguish it/s di0erences

and e#en its common traits with others from #arious

groups or families of language.

This point merely pro#es that to know a language

also means to know the sounds of a language .


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)"OET*(

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that aims to study

and describe the sounds and forms of both spoken and

sign language respecti#ely.

They could also be referred to as sound diferences.

'rom this information, it could be surmised that

phonetics is mainly concerned with the production,

description and di0erentiation of speech sounds.


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)"OET*(

To the beginner, phonetics and phonology might be

confused to be the same discipline or study. "owe#er, upon

closer study, it should be noted that phonology concerns itself

with phonemes, abstract cogniti#e units of speech and signs

of language. )honetics, on the other hand, concerns itself with

speech sounds, phones, syllables, consonants and #owels. t

also places utmost importance in the mo#ement of the #ocaltract as speech sounds are produced. .


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T"E ()EE*" TR1

dea or concept is formulated within the brain of

the speaker. t will then be encoded into a common

language which he and the hearer both understand.

'rom the brain, the message is sent to the #ocal

apparatus, which can also be associated with the

organs that compose thevocal tract. The musclesand organs in#ol#ed will then begin to position

themsel#es in order to produce the appropriate

speech sounds.


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T"E ()EE*" TR1

The speech sounds tra#el through air until they

reach the ears of the hearer.

1fter hearing the speech sounds, 234 the brain of

the hearer starts to decode them until they arri#e at

a thought which would prompt their own response.


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T"REE BR1*"E( O' )"OET*(

Articulatory Phonetics pertains to the production of

speech sounds. t studies how the #ocal tract reacts and

begins the procedure of generating the sounds of a language.

Auditory linguistics pertains to interpretation of speech

sounds within conte5t.

Acoustic Phonetics concerned with the physical

properties of sounds 2how the word is pronounced through

the speech sounds made4


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Besides a brain (and the knowledgeof the language), what do you need

to use the spoken language?

These are the speech organs.


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Speech organs that belong to

the articulatory system:

Lips

- they serve for creating dierentsounds - mainly the labial, bilabial(e.g. p, b, m, hw, and w) and

labio-dental consonant sounds (e.g. f and v - and thus create animportant part of the speech

apparatus.


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Upper Lip

Loer Lip


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teeth

small whitish structures found in

jaws responsible for creating sounds

mainly the labio-dental (e.g. /f/

and /v/and lingua-dental (e.g. //and//)


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Teeth


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tongue- with its wide variety of possible

movements, it assists in forming thesounds of speech.


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!ac"

#i$$le%&orsum'

(ront%!la$e'Tip%)pe*'

TON+UE


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)l,eolar ri$ge

-hard ridge behind the upper front

teeth. It is between the roof of themouth and the upper teeth.


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!or the sound s,air from the lungspasses continuously through themouth, but the tongue is raised

su"ciently close to the alveolar ridge(the section of the upper #awcontaining the tooth sockets) to

cause friction as it partially blocksthe air that passes.


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)l,eolari$ge


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Har$ palatea thin hori$ontal bonyplate of the

skull, located in the roof of themouth.

the interaction between the tongue

and the hard palate is essential inthe formation of certain speechsounds, notably t, d, and #.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone


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Har$Palate


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.elum %so/t palate'

- it should have holes forming thatfunction during speech to separatethe oral cavity (mouth) from thenose, in order to produce the oralspeech sounds. %f this separation isincomplete, air escapes through the

nose during speech and the speechis perceived as hyper nasal.


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.elum or So/tPalate


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U,ula it functions in tandem with the back

of the throat, the palate, and aircoming up from the lungs to create a

number of guttural and other sounds. %n many languages, it closes to

prevent air escaping through the

nose when making some sounds.


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U,ula


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+lottis

combination of vocal folds and spacein between the folds

as the vocal folds vibrate, the

resulting vibration produces a&bu$$ing' uality to the speechcalled voice or voicing orpronunciation.

sound production involving only theglottis is called glottal. *ample isthe sound h.


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+lottis


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lveolar ridge

!pper lip

"ower lip

Teeth

#ard $alate

%oft $alate

!vula

&ac'

iddle(orsum)

*ront(&lade)Tip (pe+)

,lottis

%$# 0,1%

ass ca on o


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ass ca on o+onsonants by lace of

rticulation !ilabial/ both lipscometogether (p, b, m, w)

Labio$ental/ loer lipandupper teethmake contact (f,v)

&ental/ the tonguemakescontact with the upper teeth(-th)

)l,eolar/ the tip of thetongue makes contact with thealveolar ridge (t, d, s, $, n, l)

Palatal/ the tongueapproaches the palate (#, r,-sh)

.elar: back of the tonguecontacts the velum (k, g, -ng)

+lottal:this is really an

unvoiced vowel (h) %mage from/


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Various Manners of Articulation

In Phonetics, articulation may be dividedinto two large classes, obstruents andsonorants. The following slides will

describe these and other various mannersof articulation. Again, manner ofarticulation refers to howthe sound isproduced. There are many manners of

articulation.


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bstruents

bstruentsconsonants are characteri!ed

by an obstructed vocal tract, either

complete or partial. All of the consonants

e"cept the sonorants are obstruents. Tounderstand obstruent sounds better,

compare the labial/b/ and /w/. The #b#

sound is a sound that completely bloc$sthe vocal tract while the #w# sound does

not. %&dwards, '(()*


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+onorants

hen a sonorant sound is produced, thechannels through which air passes arerelatively open.

The sonorant sounds are-#m#, #n#, #l#, #r#, #w#, and ##

Sonorant sounds are produced without

much extra effort on the part of thespeaker.%&dwards, '(()*


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/asals, +tridents, and +tops

1asal soundsare produced when sonorantsounds are made as the passageway into thenasal cavity is opened by the lowering of the softpalate. &"amples would be #m# and #n#.

%trident soundsare made by directing theairflow against a surface such as the teeth,producing considerable friction. &"amples wouldbe #f#, #v#, and #s#.

%topsare obstruent sounds made by thecomplete stoppage of airflow through the vocaltract. &"amples would be #b#, #t#, and #g#.%&dwards, '(()*


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Appro"imants

Appro"imants are termed much the same waysonorants are.

ith appro"imants, the articulators approacheach other, but not to the e"tent that turbulence

is produced. If the articulators are re0uired to be completely

closed, then the sound %such as the nasalsounds*, are not appro"imants. &ven though

they are resonated through the nose. The appro"imant sounds are- #l#, #r#, #w#, and ##.%&dwards, '(()*


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1ricatives and Affricatives

*ricatives are obstruent sounds produced from

a partial bloc$age of the breath stream. This

partial bloc$age results in friction or turbulence

during the sound production. &"amples offricative sounds are- #h#, #s#, and #!#.

ffricativesare sounds that begin as a stop,

then are released as a fricative. hen this

happens, the sound released is termed anaffricative. %&dwards, '(()*


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+ibilants

+ibilants are often referred to as the

2hushing or hissing3 sounds. The are

characteri!ed by relatively high fre0uency

noise. &"amples of sibilant sounds are- #s#,

and #!#.


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4aterals and 4i0uids

4AT&5A4+- In American

&nglish, there e"ists a

sole lateral consonant

produced with lateral

airflow around one orboth sides of the tongue.

The #l# is also

characteri!ed as a lateral

appro"imant.%&dwards, '(()*

4I67I8+- These sounds

are produced with little to

no friction. 4aterals and

li0uids share many

commonalities. ftenthey are treated as the

same class of sound

production. In American

&nglish, the sounds #r#,and #l# are considered

li0uid sounds.


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9lides

hen a consonant is rapidly transitioned

to a following vowel, the sound is a glide.

hen the sound is produced from a

transition between a consonant and apreceding vowel, it is termed an :off glide.;

The common glides for American &nglish

are- #l# and #r#.%&dwards, '(()*


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coustic honetics

-%s a subeldof phonetics which dealswith acoustic aspects

of speech sounds.


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uditory honetics

%s a subeld of

phonetics concernedwith the hearing ofspeech sounds.


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honetic 1ranscription

-%t is the visual representationof speech sounds. 1he most

common type of phonetictranscription uses a phoneticalphabet is the %nternational

honetic lphabet


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% 2owels


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% 3iphtongs


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% +onsonants


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&456k #u/ 777'


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phonetics report 1-10-15

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