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Phonetic : The Sound of Language

What is Phonetics ?

PhoneticsAccording to some experts explain phonetics are as follows:

Phonetics (Crystal,1985) is the study of human speech sound.

Phonetics (Yule,2006:30) is the general study of characteristics of speech sound.Phonetics ( Todd,1995:13) is the study of production transmission and reception of speech sound.

Phonetics ( Fromkin,2005:230) is the study of speech sound

Then based on the above definition is phonetics is the study of the characteristic of speech sounds and the way the human make the transmit and receive sound.

Acoustic PhoneticsPerceptual (Auditory) PhoneticsArticulatoryPhoneticsPhonetics

Acoustic PhoneticsPerceptual (Auditory) PhoneticsArticulatoryPhoneticsIs how speech sounds are transmitted from producer to perceiver.Is how listeners understand which speech sounds are being produced.Is how speech sounds are produced (by the tongue, lip, vocal folds, etc.)

Sound SegmentsKey poutKeep out

Some phrases and sentences that are clearly distinct when printed may be ambiguous when spoken. Read the following pairs aloud and see why we might misinterpret what we hear:grade AI screamThe sun's rays meet

gray daylce creamThe sons raise meatlack of breaks No Pause

Phonetic Alphabet Ortography doesnt represent the sounds of language consistent Combination of letters may represent a single soundshootCharacterThomasPhysicseitherDealRoughNationcoatglacialTheaterPlain

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2.Single letter represent multiple soundsSingle letter x usually stand for 2 sound ks

Six, complex

3.Some letters have no sound in certain words (silent letters)mnemonicautumnResignGhostpterodactylwriteHoleCorpspsychologyswordDebtGnawBoughlambIslandKnot

4.no letter to represent sounds cute (sounds like kyute; compare: coot)fume (sounds like fyume; compare: fool)use (sounds like yuse; compare: Uzbekistan)

Internasional Phonetic AlphabetIPA developed a phonetic alphabet to symbolize the sounds of all languages.Use square bracket [ ] in phonetic symbols to distinguish them from ordinary letter

The symbol [] in sofa is used to represent vowels and syllable that are not emphasized and short duration

Other example :about, reader, etc.

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International Phonetic Alphabet

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Articulator PhoneticThe kind of phonetics that we will be dealing with, and this is the kinds of phonetics that most linguists refer to, involved in producing the various speech sounds that we produce. Because we are talking about how speech sound are articulated.

The two classes of sounds all language fall under two categories :1.Consonantsare produced with some form of restriction or or closure in the vocal tract that impedes the flow of air from the lungs. In phonetics, the terms consonant and vowel refer to types of sounds, not to the letters that represent them. In speaking of the alphabet, we may call "a" a vowel and "c" a consonant, but that means only that we use the letter "a" to represent vowel sounds and the letter "c" to represent consonant sounds. 2.Vowels

Place of ArticulationWhere in the vocal tract the airflow restriction occurs.There are eight major place of articulation, they are:

Place of ArticulationBilabialsby bringing both lips together.Ex : [p, b, m]

Labiodentalsby touching the bottom lip to the upper teeth.Ex : [f, v]

Interdentals by inserting the tip of the tongue between the teeth. Ex : [f, v]

Place of ArticulationAlveolars the tongue raised in various ways to the alveolar ridge.Ex :[t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [1], [r]

Palatals by raising the front part of the tongue to the palate.Ex : [] [] [t] [d] [j]

Velars by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate or velum.Ex : [k] [g] [n]

Place of ArticulationGlottalsIf the air is stopped completely at the glottis by tightly closed vocal cordsEx : [h] []

Uvularsby raising the back of the tongue to the uvulaEx : [] [] [t] [d] [j]

Manner of ArticulationThe difference between the intial sound of the English word touch and such are both voiceless, and they are both produced with the air flow being impeded at the alveolar ridge.

Manner of ArticulationObstruentSonorantLateralTrillStop/PlosiveAffricateFricativeSibilantNasalFlap/TapApproximantLiquidVowelSemi VOWEL/ Glides

ObstruentStop/PlosiveAffricateFricativeIs the non-nasal stops, the fricatives, and the affricates form major a class of the sound

Completely blockedEx : [p] [b] [m] [t] [d] [n] [k] [g] [n] [tS] [] [?]

Completely stoppedEx :[f] [v] [] [] [s] [z] [] [] [x] [] [h]

by a stop closure followed immediately by a gradual release of the closure' that produces an effect characteristic of a fricative.

FricativeSibilant

The friction created by sibilants produces a hissing sound

SonorantIs sounds that are not obstruent are sonorants. They produced with much less obstruction to the flow of air than the obstruent, which permits the air to resonate.

NasalFlap/TapApproximantLiquidVowelSemi VOWEL/ Glides Blocked completely somewhere in the mouth.Ex :[m] [n] [] and []

is a type of consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (tongue) is thrown against another.Ex :[r] In the book, the sounds [w,j,r,and l] are alternative callaed approximants.

there is some obstruction of the airstream in the mouth, but not enough to cause any real constriction or friction. pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis

Speech sound that are on the border line between vowels and consonants. Example : [W], [J]

LateralTrillis a consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the articulator and the place of articulationwhich airstream proceeds along the sides of the tongue, but is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth.

Oral sound are sound which is produced with the velum up, bloking the air from escaping through the nose. Nasal sound is the the sound which produced when the velum is not its raised position, air escapes through both the nose and the mouth.The sound [m] is nasal sound, wheareas [R] is oral sound.

The same oral/nasal difference occurs in mid [red] and Rain [ren], Rug [rg] and Rung [r].VelumRaised[d] and [g], Down[n] and []

Ways of classifying consonantsBy VoicingBy Place of ArticulationBy Nasalization

Tone and IntonationTone :Languages that use the pitch of individual vowels or syllables to contrast meanings of wordsMore than half the world's languages are tone languages. There are two kinds of tones :Register tone : the pitch is level across the syllable.Contour tone :the pitch changes across the syllable, whether from high to low or vice versa.In a tone language it is not the absolute pitch of the syllables that is important but the relations among the pitches of different syllables.

IntonationLanguage that are not tone languages, such as English, are called Intonation Language.In Intonation Language, pitch is not used to distinguish word from each other .Intonation may effect the meaning of whole sentences, so that sentences : John is here with falling picth at the end is interprented as a statement, but with rising pitch at the end is interpreted as a.