PHONETICS 2Created By :

Uzlifat Fatmawati, S.Pd

Riki Hidayatullah

The International Phonetic Alfabet (IPA)

IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) is a standard set of symbols used for notating pronunciation that was established by the International Phonetic Association to enable more universally and accurately understood communication regarding pronunciation. IPA is used extensively by singers, speech pathologists, linguists, and others whose areas of expertise involve in-depth study of pronunciation.

• Definition :

THE ORIGIN OF IPADhi Fonètik Tîcerz' AsóciéconThe International Phonetic Association was founded in Paris in 1886 under the name Dhi Fonètik Tîcerz' Asóciécon (The Phonetic Teachers' Association)

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2.Draft of 1887Originally the symbols had different phonetic values from language to language.

Declaration of purposeBy September 1888, a set of six policy statements had been formulated by the International Phonetic Association which would govern all future development of the alphabet.

3.1900 expansionDuring the 1890s, the alphabet was expanded to cover sounds of Arabic and other non-European languages which did not easily fit the Latin alphabet.

4.1932 – 2005 revisionThe 1932 chart.[See text for additional symbols.A second round of expansion, along with a few reassigned letter values, occurred in 1932. This was a major revision, used with little change for over half a century.

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THE IPA SYMBOLS

ɪ kit, bid, hymn, minute p pen, copy, happen

e dress, bed, head, many b back, baby, job

æ trap, bad t tea, tight, button

ɒ lot, odd, wash d day, ladder, odd

ʌ strut, mud, love, blood k key, clock, school

ʊ foot, good, put g get, giggle, ghost

iː fleece, sea, machine tʃ church, match, nature

eɪ face, day, break dʒ judge, age, soldier

aɪ price, high, try f fat, coffee, rough, photo

ɔɪ choice, boy v view, heavy, move

uː goose, two, blue, group θ thing, author, path

əʊ goat, show, no ð this, other, smooth

aʊ mouth, now s soon, cease, sister

VOWELS CONSONANT

ɪə near, here, weary z zero, music, roses, buzz

eə square. fair, various ʃ ship, sure, national

ɑː start, father ʒ pleasure, vision

ɔː thought, law, north, war h hot, whole, ahead

ʊə poor, jury, cure m more, hammer, sum

ɜː nurse, stir, learn, refer n nice, know, funny, sun

ə about, common, standard ŋ ring, anger, thanks, sung

i happy, radiate. glorious l light, valley, feel

u thank you, influence, situation r right, wrong, sorry, arrange

n, suddenly, cotton j yet, use, beauty, few

l , middle, metal w wet, one, when, queen

ˈ (stress mark) ʔ (glottal stop)department, football

VOWELS CONSONANT

SUPRASEGMENTAL / PROSODIC

Definition :A suprasegmental is a vocal effect that extends over more than one sound segment in an utterance, such as pitch, stress, or juncture pattern.In contexts, suprasegmental is often used for

• Tone

• Vowel Length

• Features like nasalization and aspiration

SyllablesDefinition :

A syllable is the sound of a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) that is created when pronouncing a word.

The letter 'y' can be counted as a vowel, only if it creates the sound of a vowel (a, e, i, o, u). For example: fry, try, cry, & dry

Some words have two (or more) vowels next to each other. Other words have vowels that are silent.

The number of times that you hear the sound of a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) is equal to the number of syllables the word has.

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5 Ways to Count Syllables The Listen Method

Say the word.How many times do you hear "A, E, I, O, U" as a separate sound?This is the number of syllables.

The Chin MethodPut your hand under your chin.Say the word.How many times does your chin touch your hand?This is the number of syllables.

The Clap MethodClapping may help you find syllables.Say the word.Clap each time you hear "A, E, I, O, U" as a separate sound.The number of claps is the number of syllables.

The Robot Speak MethodMake believe you are a robot from the year 2000.Say a word as this robot.Pay attention to the pauses you make.How many parts did you This is the number of syllables.

The Written MethodCount the number of vowels (A, E, I, O, U) in the word.Add 1 every time the letter 'y' makes the sound of a vowel (A, E, I, O, U).Subtract 1 for each silent vowel (like the silent 'e' at the end of a word).Subtract 1 for each diphthong or triphthong in the word.Diphthong: when 2 volwels make only 1 sound (aw, oy, oo)Triphthong: when 3 volwels make only 1 sound (iou)The number you are left with is the number of syllables in your word.

The Examples Of Syllables

TakeSyllable : (take)

Pronounced :  tay-k

Beesyllable : ( bee )

Pronounced :  b-ee

Redosyllables : ( re -- do )

Pronounced :  ree -- doo

Pitch

Pitch Definition :As the frequency of vibration of vocal cords, Pitch is measured in hertezs.

TONE

Tone is Pressure is high or low tone pronunciation of a word. 

Definition of tone :

The Term Of Tone :

high tone :e.g :tí= ‘that, which’ʃé= ‘isn’t it? etc.’

Mid tone :e.g :ti= ‘property of’ʃe= ‘to do’

Low tone :e.g :tì= ‘to push’ʃè= ‘to offend’

1. Adi buy novels in bookstores.(which bought the novel Adi, not others)

2. Adi buy novels in bookstores.(Adi buy the novel, instead of reading)

3. Adi buy novels in bookstores.(Adi novel not purchased stationery)

4. Adi buy novels in bookstores.(Adi buy the novel at the bookstore is not

on the market)

The example of tone :

Intonation

Intonation is the rise and fall of intonation. Intonation serves as a shaper of meaning sentences

The Example of intonation:

Example :-Go (let me know)-Go (shoo)

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