phonation

Larynx: Structure

Larynx: 5 cartilages, can move w.r.t. each other in various ways:

cricoid (Ringknorpel): lowest part of the larynx last cartilage structure of the windpipe

thyroid (Schildknorpel) (Adams apple), 2 cartilages: protect vocal folds from exterior frontal impacts

arytenoid (Stellknorpel), 2 cartilages: can move w.r.t. cricoid, affect position of vocal folds

GK: Phonetics and Phonology c

Bernd MobiusPhonation 1 IMS, U Stuttgart

Larynx [Fig. 54 in Reetz (1999), p. 111]



Larynx [Fig. 6.5.1 in Clark/Yallop (1995), p. 179]



Vocal folds

vocal folds (cords): tissue attached to inferior edge of thyroid angle to anterior part of

arytenoid (pairwise)

glottis (Stimmritze): opening between vocal folds male 1722 mm, female 1116 mm

intrinsic larynx muscles (between laryngeal cartilages) control: opening (abduction), closing (adduction), tension of vocal folds

extrinsic larynx muscles control:

overall movements of larynx (up/down, forard/backward)



Control of glottal opening



Aerodynamic-myoelastic theory

Aerodynamic-myoelastic theory of phonation:

closed glottis expiratory air stream builds up subglottal pressure

vocal folds are forced apart, air escapes with acceleration, pressuredrop (Bernoulli effect).

pressure reduction sucks vocal folds together

process supported by elasticity of vocal folds

(voiced) phonation by periodic train of impulses (puffs) of air



Glottal vibration cycle



Phonation Perception

Correlation between phonation and perception:

perceived loudness subglottal pressure

perceived pitch vibration rate of vocal folds

perceived voice quality phonation type



Phonation types

voicelessness (Stimmlosigkeit): no glootal voice source, wide openglottis along its entire length

whisper (Flusterstimme): strong frication without phonation, moderatetension, open whisper triangle between arytenoids

modal voice (Modale Stimme): normal voice without frication noise,normal vocal fold vibration along their entire length

breathy voice, murmur (Behauchte Stimme): voice with slight frication,moderate tension, glottis never completely closed

falsetto voice (Falsett): strong adductive tension and narrowing of vocalfolds, reduced vibrating mass, high frequency

creaky voice (Knarrstimme): mostly deep voice without frication, vocalfolds slightly open at anterior ends, often irregular vibration

rough voice (Rauhe Stimme): very strong vocal fold tension



Phonation types



Air stream mechanisms

Air stream origin and direction:

pulmonal air stream (by lung activity): egressive: most speech sounds ingressive: only paralinguistic

glottal air stream (by glottal activity): egressive: ejectives; closed glottis, raised larynx ingressive: implosive; closed glottis, lowered larynx

velar air stream (involves velar occlusion): egressive: pops; only known as paralinguistisch ingressive: clicks; linguistic and paralinguistic

egressive-esophageal?



phonation

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