INTRODUCTION:

LANGUAGE

as a type of KNOWLEDGE

BEHAVIOURLEARNT

USED

UNDERSTOO

D

MIND OR MENTAL

PROCESSESIntimately bound up:

+Understand

+Describe

+Affect the world around

us.

Issues:

+The descriptions of language

+The acquisition of language

ONE

SIGN AND STRUCTURE:

LANGUAGE: Series of Sign two different entities

Thing and

NameConcept and

Sound-Image

ConceptIdeational account of

meaning. (MIND)

Sound- ImageNot the actual sounds but

Psychological imprint of the

sound.

(behavior)

Ferdinand Saussure

Signified and Signifier

Signified Concept

SignifierSound-

Image

Sign

Arbitrary

Natural link

Convention of individual

languages.

Can create

Language

Language Mental structure

part of definition

Not complete Reference to its function

Communication

Sound-image Actual Sound

Sound Same languagereceived Recognized as

SOUND-IMAGE

When?

Mental Concept

EX:

Language

Sort of signs shared by

complexity

Saussure

Study of human use of sign in general Semiolog

ystructural relationship

Signconsequence

Not sharing any particular characteristics

“LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM”

PERCEIVE

D

Learned the World

Learned

Languag

e

Hand to Hand

Workout

RELATION

CULTU

RE

LANGUA

GE

ONE LANGUAGE

A. EDWARD SAPIR

Complexit

y and

Powers of

Expressio

n

SIMILAR

B. BENJAMIN LEE WHORF

Different Languages

Different Language

Shared by

Vocabulary

C. STRUCTURALIST

Language is

Limited

Learning

is Limited

EMPIRICISM

John Locke

George Berkeley

*Importance of experience

*The evidence of senses

Twentieth Century

*The evidence offered by

DATA

Rejected :

MENTAL STATES

ABSTRACT MEANING

Observable phenomena of language use:

Spoken

Written Utterances

New Style:

Leonard Bloomfield

LEONARD BLOOMFIELD

Study of

Languag

e

Observatio

nAnalysis

Inductive

Generalization

s

Mentalist Account

Facts of the Mind

Non-Physical Factor

Spirit or Will

Materialistic

Account

Of Human Behavior

By Phonetic Form

Not Semantic

Situatio

n

Language as Behaviorist

Uttered

Behavior / Reaction

STIMU

LIIgnites Us

Language is the expression of

the Behavior

Quine

Knowledge of the word /sentences

-Observe many

instances-how it is used

means

Linguistic

-meaningful

Need to refer to object

Rejects

Idea of meaning

Holis

m One which explains any complex entity as a whole

Expression Language

system

Can only be full

explained

Radical

translation

Observe

(language)Know

Another

systemKnow

Superiority

satisfie

dRight and wrong

Other is better than other

Don’t’ have

Determinate

meaning

Principle of indeterminacy of

translation Word

Different system

of translation

argues

Word

Explaine

d Observed

Translation

Matching up expression

Observing similarities in verbal

responses to various stimuli

Behaviorist account Observable responses to

stimuli

If we use this By:

Deducing

satisfactor

y

Behavior is there to

explain

Language

Exist

-Use

-AcquiringInvolves

Observing

Practices

Child

No Preconceived

idea

SOUND

S Object

From

observation

Learned through

responses

“INNATE HYPOTHESIS”QUINE

Learned through

RESPONSESFINITE CONDITIONED

CHOMSKYLanguage is INFINITE

Innate Hypothesis

Faculty

intended

for

LANGUAG

E

SPECIALISED

INDEPENDENTQUINE

Acquired LanguageThey learned it the

same time

CHOMSKY

Acquired Language

as they DevelopThey don’t learned it

the same time

POVERTY OF INPUT ATTACK TO

QUINE

Anti-

nativismInnatist and non-

innatist

Innatist

nature

non-

innatistexperien

ce

Chomsk

y

experien

cenecessary

butLanguage

development

Putnam

Quine

Experience is primary importance

Putnam

Gramma

r

Built--up

Nelson Goodman

necessity of language

faculty

Language Universal

dubious

Collection of

Languagesyste

mIt has

commonNatural language

“Language Faculty”

How to acquire

Language

CHOMSKY

Mind has a Innate Language

Faculty

Undergoes Mental

Process

Has rules Universal Grammar ( Principles and

Parameters)

Mind is complex and specific

QUINE

Stimulus and

Response

NO objective truth or

rules

Language has no single description

that it is right or wrong

PUTNAM

General Learning

Not Innate

Acquired language through

observation and studying.

Knowledge and use of language

Empiricist

sWe can understand

LANGUAGE Actual experience

Refers from your actual observation

Chomsky

behavior

LANGUAG

E

Competence and

PerformanceCompetence

Knowledge which forms a steady

state

Performance

More diverse phenomena

Dependent on competence

BUT

Personal and contextual factors

“Empiricist and Mentalist Linguistics”

Intersection

Linguistics Psycholog

y

Psycholinguisti

cs

STUDY

Produce and Interpret

Spoken and Written

Example: Slips of the Tongue

Mental

Lexicon

MIND

EMPIRICAL

LINGUISTICS

OBSERVATIO

N ANALYSIS

Actual Data of Language use

Corpus

Linguistics

COMPUTERS

They Deals on the

Authenticity of

real life data Examples

Mind of the Speaker

Languag

e

Can be accessed by

questioning informants

or intuition.

MENTAL

LINGUISTICS

SYNTA

X

CAME

FROM

EARLIER

EMPHASIS

UNIVERSAL

GRAMMAR

RELATIONSHIP

PHONOLOGY

SEMANTICS

MORPHOLOGY

Catherine Snow

Challenge

ChomskyPoverty of Input

CHILD DIRECTED

SPEECHAdult speak to Children in

their level

CHILD DIRECTED

SPEECH

EMPIRICA

L STUDY

Language Acquisition Mystery

THEREFORE

MENTAL

LINGUISTICS

EMPIRICAL

LINGUISTICS

BOTH STUDY

LANGUAGE

The Question about the

Problem

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