As the people started toAs the people started toask questions and search for ask questions and search for significant truth in life significant truth in life Philosophy started…Philosophy started…

Philos – lovePhilos – lovesophia – wisdomsophia – wisdom

NATURALISMNATURALISM

- all objects has a scientific- all objects has a scientific explanation explanation- oldest Philosophy in Western- oldest Philosophy in Western World World (Thales, Democritus, Epicurus, (Thales, Democritus, Epicurus, and Lucritus) and Lucritus)

CONTEMPORARY NATURALISMCONTEMPORARY NATURALISMTHOMAS HOBBESTHOMAS HOBBES- gives a picture in nature as he so it man- gives a picture in nature as he so it man- war of everyone against everyone- war of everyone against everyone- mans brutish tendencies could be- mans brutish tendencies could be suppressed through education suppressed through education

JEAN JACQUEZ ROUSSEAUJEAN JACQUEZ ROUSSEAU- everything is good as it comes from the- everything is good as it comes from the hands of nature hands of nature

PRINCIPLES OF TEACHINGPRINCIPLES OF TEACHING1. Growth1. Growth 2. Student Activity2. Student Activity3. Individualism3. Individualism

HERBERT SPENCERHERBERT SPENCER- nature is influenced by an absolute- nature is influenced by an absolute living. living.- learning is derived from experience. - learning is derived from experience.

IDEALISMIDEALISM- reality exists in the idea- reality exists in the idea- reality is composed or thought- reality is composed or thought related to mind and idea and that related to mind and idea and that matter is mere by product of its matter is mere by product of its working. working.- world exists independent of the- world exists independent of the mind and that this world can be mind and that this world can be ascertained through perception of ascertained through perception of the mind which determines its the mind which determines its organization and form as well as the organization and form as well as the human knowledge. human knowledge.

- physical or material is a collection- physical or material is a collection of thoughts and ideas. of thoughts and ideas.- the existence depends upon the- the existence depends upon the perceiving of the mind. perceiving of the mind.- creative mind, creates idea to be- creative mind, creates idea to be objects and real. objects and real.

REALISMREALISM- relationship of nature to the- relationship of nature to the physical environment. physical environment.- source of knowledge is the- source of knowledge is the physical environment and learning occurs physical environment and learning occurs through contrast with it. through contrast with it.- knowledge is acquired by forming images of- knowledge is acquired by forming images of sensory experiences and associations then sensory experiences and associations then made among the images. made among the images.- materialistic- materialistic- investigating objects as to the truth of its- investigating objects as to the truth of its essence to come up with the organization of essence to come up with the organization of its idea. its idea.- it paves way to discovery as an attribute of- it paves way to discovery as an attribute of truth. truth.

  Realism according to...Realism according to...ST. THOMAS AQUINASST. THOMAS AQUINAS- matter did not co-exist with God.- matter did not co-exist with God.- God is the creator of all matters.- God is the creator of all matters.- mind is like a mirror that reflects every- mind is like a mirror that reflects every matter in the world that are provided by God. matter in the world that are provided by God.- mind is the recipient while the world is- mind is the recipient while the world is impression agent. impression agent.

RENE DESCARTESRENE DESCARTES - the world is real and senses are not deceived.- the world is real and senses are not deceived.

BARUCH SPINOZABARUCH SPINOZA- there is only one substance and is identical with- there is only one substance and is identical with God as perfect being. God as perfect being. - thoughts and extension- thoughts and extension

JOHN LOCKEJOHN LOCKE- Tabularasa- Tabularasa- experience is the source of knowledge- experience is the source of knowledge- sensation and reasons are avenues of- sensation and reasons are avenues of learning. learning.

IMMANUEL KENTIMMANUEL KENT- sensory experiences and perception are- sensory experiences and perception are representation of the external world. representation of the external world.

PRAGMATISMPRAGMATISM- Charles Sanders Pierce- Charles Sanders Pierce- Pragmaticos/Practical- Pragmaticos/Practical- responsiveness of truth to human- responsiveness of truth to human bent. bent.- truth is tested and evaluated after its- truth is tested and evaluated after its result. result.- method of solving or evaluating- method of solving or evaluating intellectual problems and theory intellectual problems and theory about the kind of knowledge we are about the kind of knowledge we are capable of acquiring. capable of acquiring.- knowledge is descriptive and- knowledge is descriptive and experimental. experimental.

EXISTENSIALISMEXISTENSIALISM- individual existence determines- individual existence determines existence. existence.- freedom of choice and rejects destiny- freedom of choice and rejects destiny- becoming what is his choice.- becoming what is his choice.- acknowledges human differences- acknowledges human differences- responsibility of actions- responsibility of actions

DIFFERENT PRINCIPLES OF EXISTENCIALISMDIFFERENT PRINCIPLES OF EXISTENCIALISMKIERGUARDKIERGUARD Man is a subjective thinker and Man is a subjective thinker and comprehends himself not as an abstraction comprehends himself not as an abstraction but as an ethically engaged subject.but as an ethically engaged subject.

NIETZSHENIETZSHE Nature is beyond good and evil, men are Nature is beyond good and evil, men are unequal, morality is an invention of the weak to unequal, morality is an invention of the weak to limit and defer the strong. Power is the supreme limit and defer the strong. Power is the supreme virtue, supreme desire of man. virtue, supreme desire of man. AristocracyAristocracy is the is the wisest form of government.wisest form of government.

JEAN PAUL SARTREJEAN PAUL SARTREMan is aware of his freedom, knows Man is aware of his freedom, knows

himself and is responsible for his actions and himself and is responsible for his actions and commitment. Human existence is a failure hence commitment. Human existence is a failure hence we are motivated of living by our infinite struggle we are motivated of living by our infinite struggle but we have a finite life.but we have a finite life.

GABRIEL MARCELGABRIEL MARCEL Existence precedes after essence.Existence precedes after essence.

MARTIN HEIDEGGERMARTIN HEIDEGGER- Man as a social being- Man as a social being- world he shares with others- world he shares with others

THREE FUNDAMENTAL FEATURES OF MANTHREE FUNDAMENTAL FEATURES OF MAN1. factuality1. factuality2. existentiality 2. existentiality 3. falleness/ forfeiture3. falleness/ forfeiture

EXISTENSIALISM DEFINED…EXISTENSIALISM DEFINED…Epistemology Epistemology - universe has no purpose; only man- universe has no purpose; only man has a purpose has a purpose- individual is responsible for his own- individual is responsible for his own actions actionsMetaphysics Metaphysics - worlds of existence- worlds of existence- existence precedes after essence- existence precedes after essenceAxiologyAxiology- highest morality is recognition of freedom - highest morality is recognition of freedom - lowest morality is subjection of individual- lowest morality is subjection of individual consciousness to standards or principles consciousness to standards or principles that are pre ordained. that are pre ordained.

COMMON DISCOURSECOMMON DISCOURSE1. Existence precedes essence.1. Existence precedes essence.2. An individual has no essential2. An individual has no essential nature, no self-identity, he creates nature, no self-identity, he creates himself by his own free choice. himself by his own free choice.3. Truth is subjective; passion comes3. Truth is subjective; passion comes from the innermost state of the from the innermost state of the individual. individual.4. The universe has no rational direction or4. The universe has no rational direction or design. It is meaningless and absurd. design. It is meaningless and absurd.5. The universe does not provide moral5. The universe does not provide moral values. values.6. Individual actions are virtually6. Individual actions are virtually unpredictable. unpredictable.7. Individuals possess complete freedom of7. Individuals possess complete freedom of the will. the will. 8. Individuals have to make certain choices. 8. Individuals have to make certain choices.

EpistemologyEpistemology  (Greek (Greek episteme, episteme, “knowledge”; “knowledge”; logos, logos, “theory”), branch of philosophy that addresses “theory”), branch of philosophy that addresses the philosophical problems surrounding the theory of the philosophical problems surrounding the theory of knowledge.knowledge.Metaphysics,Metaphysics,  branch of philosophy concerned with branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of ultimate reality. Metaphysics is the nature of ultimate reality. Metaphysics is customarily divided into ontology, which deals with the customarily divided into ontology, which deals with the question of how many fundamentally distinct sorts of question of how many fundamentally distinct sorts of entities compose the universe, and metaphysics entities compose the universe, and metaphysics proper, which is concerned with describing the most proper, which is concerned with describing the most general traits of reality.general traits of reality.

AxiologyAxiology study of values: the study of the nature, study of values: the study of the nature, types, and governing criteria of values and value types, and governing criteria of values and value judgments.judgments.