PHARMACY STUDENTSDECEMBER 2011

REV. PROF. A.S. AYETTEY

OBJECTIVES TO KNOW THE MAJOR ENDOCRINE

GLANDS IN THE BODYBE ABLE TO DESCRIBE THE FUNCTION OF

EACH OF THE MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDSTO BE ABLE TO APPRECIATE HOW THEIR

FUNCTION IS REGULATEDBE ABLE TO RELATE THE ENDOCRINE

GLANDS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS TO CLINICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THEM

THE MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDSPITUITARYSUPRARENAL GLANDSPANCREASTHYROIDTHYMUSGONADSGASTRO-INTESTINALKIDNEYS

WHAT ARE ENDOCRINE GLANDSDUCTLESS GLANDSSMALL IN SIZE RELATIVE TO THEIR

FUNCTIONAL ROLE INTHE BODYFEW IN NUMBERHAVE RICH BLOOD SUPPLYPRODUCE HORMONESRELEASE HORMONES INTO THE VENOUS

SYSTEMSPECIFIC IN ACTION THROUGH RECEPTORSREGULATED THROUGH THE HYPOTHALAMUS

FEEDBACK MECHANISM

THE PITUITARY GLANDMOST IMPORTANT ENDOCRINE ORGANUNDER DIRECT CONTROL OF THE

HYPOTHALAMUSRECEIVES RELEASING HORMONES FROM

HYPOTHALAMUSSECRETES TROPHIC HORMONESSECRETIONS INFLUENCE HORMONE

PRODUCTION IN ALL OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS

PARTS OF THE PITUITARY GLANDADENOHYPOPHYSIS

DERIVED FROM THE ROOF OF THE NASOPHARYNXLOCATED IN THE PITUITARY FOSSA (hollow pit)NOTE POSSIBILITY OF REMNANT OF PITUITARY

TISSUE (and tumors)INTERMEDIATE LOBE

ALSO DERIVED FROM ROOF OF THE NASOPHARYNX

NEUROHYPOPHYSISDERIVED FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUS AS PART OF

THE BRAIN

FUNCTIONS OF THE ANTERIOR – ADENOHYPOPHYSIS - 1PRODUCE STIMULATING HORMONES IN

RESPONSE TO RELEASING HORMONES(factors) FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUSGROWTH HORMONE (SOMATOTROPIC HORMONE)–

BONE GROWTH, ETC. (needed from embryo stage to adolescence to abt 21 yrs)

THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (from thyroid releasing factor)–BASIC METABOLISM (from hormones)

ADRENO-CORTICO TROPIC HORMONE – ADRENAL CORTEX FUNCTION MINERALOCORTICOIDS (influence mineral synthesis) GLUCO-CORTICOIDS (influence glucose synthesis) SEX HORMONES (influence sex hormones)

FUNCTIONS OF THE ANTERIOR – ADENOHYPOPHYSIS 2 PROLACTIN

INITIATION OF MILK SECRETION FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (important for fertilization)

PRODUCTION AND MATURATION OF OVA LEUTENIZING HORMONE

IN FEMALES STIMULATION OF OVARIAN HORMONES

OESTROGENS - PROMOTE DEVELOPMENT OF FEMALE SECONDARY SEXUAL ORGANS

(breasts and uterus) STIMULATES ENDOMETRIAL GROWTH (to prepare it for implantation)

PROGESTERONE ENHANCES SECRETORY PHASE OF ENDOMETRIUM (placenta maintenance

until term for birth) SUPPRESSES IMMUNE RECOGNITION OF THE FETUS IN IMPLANTATION SUPPRESSES UTERINE CONTRACTION DURING PREGNANCY

IN MALES: LOW LEVELS ENHANCES MATURATION OF SPERMATOZOA

FUNCTIONS OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS – THE POSTERIOR LOBEANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)(ALSO KNOWN AS VASOPRESSIN)

STIMULATES KIDNEY TUBULES TO REABSORB WATER (at the distal convulated tubule)

OXYTOCINSTIMULATES CONTRACTION OF SMOOTH

MUSCLES ESPECIALLY IN THE UTERUS IN FINAL STAGES

OF PREGNANCY (suppresses progesterone)

THE THYROID GLAND AND ITS FUNCTIONS 1PRODUCTION OF TRI-IODOTHYRONINE (T3)

MORE RAPIDLY ACTINGPRODUCTION OF THYROXINE (T4)NOTE IMPORTANCE OF

TYRONINE IODINE

MAIN FUNCTIONREGULATION OF METABOLISM

RATE AT WHICH TISSUES UTILIZE FOOD TO PRODUCE ENERGY

INFLUENCE BODY TEMPERATURE, HEART RATE, MOOD, SEXUAL STATE ETC.

THYROID FUNCTION 2OTHER FUNCTIONSINFLUENCES FUNCTION OF ALL TISSUES

INCLUDING OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDSPRODUCTION OF CALCITONIN

BY PARAFOLLICULARPARAFOLLICULAR CELLSREDUCES LEVELS OF CALCIUM IN BLOODOPPOSITE TO FUNCTION OF PARATHYROID

HORMONES

HYPERTHYROIDISMHYPOTHYROIDISM

PARATHYROID GLANDSFOUR IN NUMBERLOCATED WITHIN THE THYROID GLANDPRODUCE PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)DETECT CALCIUM LEVELS IN BLOODREGULATE CALCIUM LEVELS IN BLOOD FOR

NORMAL FUNCTION OF CELLS [local negative feedback mechanism]WHEN LEVEL IS HIGH, LOW PTHWHEN CALCIUM LEVEL (in blood) IS LOW, HIGH

PTH (to remove from the bones)MAIN SITE OF ACTION - BONES

HYPERFUNCTION RESULTS IN OSTEOPOROSIS

THE THYMUS GLAND AND FUNCTIONSVITAL IN LIFE ESPECIALLY IN CHILDHOODENDOWS T-LYMPHOCYTES WITH CAPACITY

FOR CELLULAR IMMUNITYHELPING CELLS TO RECOGNIZE AND DESTROY

INVADING BACTERIA VIRUSES CANCER CELLS FOREIGN TISSUE

THE THYMUS AND MYASTHENIA GRAVIS NOTE THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH

EARLY REMOVAL OF THYMUSIMMUNE PROBLEMS

ADRENAL (SUPRARENAL) GLANDSSITUATED ON TOP OF KIDNEYSCORTEX

STEROID HORMONES GLUCOCORTICOIDS

GLUCONEOGENESIS IMMUNOSUPPRESSION ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

MINERALOCORTICOIDS REGULATION OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTE LEVELS

SEX HORMONES ANDROGENS

ESPECIALLY TESTOSTERONEMEDULLA

PRODUCTION OF ADRENALIN AND NORADRENALIN RELATED TO SYMPATHETIC FUNCTIONS

GONADAL HORMONESTESTICULAR

SEX HORMONES TESTOSTERONE

OVARIAN HORMONES (SECRETED BY FOLLICLE)ESTROGEN

SECONDARY FEMALE CHARACTERISTICS MENSTRUAL CYCLE (PREPARING ENDOMETRIUM FOR

IMPLANTATION)PROGESTERONE (SECRETAED BY FOLLICLE AND

LATER BY PLACENTA) PREPARES FOR IMPLANTATION AND NOURISHMENT OF

THE BLASTOCYST/FOETUS; PROMOTION OF MILK FORMATION

TOGETHER INHIBIT OVULATIONVALUE IN BIRTH CONTROL

OTHER HORMONAL GLANDSIN KIDNEYS

ERYTHROPOIETIN(development and maturation of RBCs)

IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACTGASTRIN

STIMULATES GASTRIC ACID SECRETION CHOLECYSTOKININ/*PANCREOZYMIN**PANCREOZYMIN*

STIMULATES SECRETION OF PANCREATIC ENZYMES STIMULATES CONTRACTION OF GALL BLADDER

SECRETIN SECRETION OF WATER AND ELECTROLYES

IN THE HEARTATRIAL NATRIURETIC HORMONES