pharma science monitor 6(2), apr-jun 2015 pharma … · prashant et al. / pharma science monitor...

Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 61

Prashant et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 6(2), Apr-Jun 2015, 61-72

Pharma Science Monitor 6(2), Apr-Jun 2015

VARIOUS EXTRACTION METHOD AND STANDARDIZATION PARAMETER OF

AMLA AND DURVA

Prashant L. Kapure*, Kalpesh P. Makade, Mahesh D. Sanap, Sanket J. Gandhi, R.A. Ahirrao,

S.P. Pawar

P.S.G.V.P.M’s College of Pharmacy Shahada Dist Nandurbar

ABSTRACT The different extraction method such as, maceration, percolation and soxhlet apparatus was

studies on Amla and Durva plants respectivelyand the extractive value or both plants Amla &

Durva was found to be 29.5%, 35.15% & 42.85& respectively & 20.45%, 31.85% & 58.05%

respectively.From the result. it was conclude that Soxhlet. apparatus shows better extractive

value of capable for other method.

KEYWORDS: Extraction, Maceration, Percolation, Soxhlet apparatus.

INTRODUCTION

1) Amla

Synonym:-

Common Name : Indian Gooseberry

Hindi Name : Amla

Sanskrit Name : Amalaki, Dhatri

Biological Source: It consist of dried as well as fresh fruit of plant known as Emblica officinalis

Gaertn. family eupharbiaceae

fig.1 Amla Fruit

PHARMA SCIENCE MONITOR

AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

Journal home page: http://www.pharmasm.com



Chemical Constituents:-

Amla is highly nutritious and is an importantdietary source of Vitamin C, minerals and

aminoacids. The edible fruit tissue contains proteinconcentration 3-fold and ascorbic acid

concentration. The fruit also contains considerably higher concentration of most minerals and

amino acids.

The pulpy portion of fruit, dried and freed fromthe nuts contains: gallic acid 1.32%, tannin,

gum13.75%; albumin 13.08%; crude cellulose17.08%; mineral matter 4.12% andmoisture3.83%.

Amla fruit ash contains chromium, 2.5ppm; zinc 4 ppm; and copper, 3 ppm.4

2)Durva

Synonyms:

Durva grass, Bermuda grass, Dog's Tooth grass, Bahama grass, Devil's grass,

English Name : Bermuda grass, Bahama grass.

Hindi : Doob

Sanskrit : Durva

Biological source: It consist of dried fibrous roots of Cynodon Dactylon linn

Family: PoaceaeCynodon N. 4,6

fig.2 of Durva Leaves

Chemical composition of Doob Grass

It contains essential oil triticin 12.4%. The other chemical constituents are glycosides, saponins,

tannins, flavonoids and carbohydrates. It also contains agropyrene, arunodin, furfural, furfural

alcohol, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy benzoic acid, phytol, β-sitosterol-D-glucoside, stigmasterol

acetate, phago -stimulant phytone (6,10-14-trimethyl pentadecane-2-one).

Part Used-Whole plant and its root stalk is used for medicinal purpose.

Traditional uses



Cynodon dactylon is used as a folk remedy for diarrhea, bronchitis, anasarca, calculus,

dropsy, hemorrhage, urogenital disorders, cough, headache, sores, cancer, carbuncles,

convulsions, cramps, cystitis, dysentery, epilepsy, hemorrhoids, leucoderma,

hypertension, hysteria, asthma, tumors, measles, rubella, snakebite, stones, tumors,

warts, wounds, eye disorders weak vision and Dandruff.

It is also useful against pains, inflammations, toothache and grippe in children.

The expressed juice of plant act as astringent and is applied to bleeding cuts and wounds

to stop bleeding .

The paste made of the plant mixed with honey is used in epitaxis.4

DEFINATION OF EXTRACTION,

Extraction, as the term is used pharmaceutically, involves the separation of medicinally

active portions of plant or animal tissues from the inactive or inert components by using selective

solvents in standard extraction procedures. The products so obtained from plants are relatively

impure liquids, semisolids or powders intended only for oral or external use.5,2

1) Maceration

In this process, the whole or coarsely powdered crude drug is placed in a stopperedcontainer with

the solvent and allowed to stand at room temperature for a period of at least 3days with frequent

agitation until the soluble matter has dissolved. The mixture then is strained,the marc (the damp

solid material) is pressed, and the combined liquids are clarified by filtrationor decantation after

standing.5,2

Fig. 3 Maceration Process

1.1)General ProcedurePlant Material



1. Crushed or cut small or Moderately coarse powder

2. Placed in a closed vesselsWhole of the selected solvent

3. (Menstruum) addedAllowed to stand for seven days shaking occasionallyLiquid strained

off Solid residue (mark) pressed (Recover as much asoccluded solution) (Strained and

expressedliquids mixed) Clarified by subsidenceor filtration Evaporation and

Concentration.

2. Percolation

Process

Organized vegetable drug in a suitably powdered form.

Uniform moistening of the powdered vegetable drugs with menstruum for a period of

4hours in a separable vessel (Imbibition). Packed evenly into the percolator.

A piece of filter paper is placed on surface followed by a layer of cleansand so that top

layers of drugs are not disturbed.

Sufficient menstruum is poured over the drug slowly and evenly tosaturate it, keeping the

tap at bottom open for passing of occluded gasto pass out.

Sufficient menstruum is also added to maintain a small layer above thedrug and allowed

to stand for 24 hours.

After maceration, the outlet is opened and solvent is percolated at a controlrate with

continuous addition of fresh volume.75% of the volume of the finished product is

collected.

Marc is pressed and expressed liquid is added to the percolate giving 80%to 90% of the

final volume.

Volume is adjusted with calculated quantities of fresh menstruum. Evaporation and

concentration to get finished products by applying suitable techniques and apparatus.

3) Soxhlet Apparatus

Hot Continuous Extraction

In this method, the finely ground crude drug is placed in a porous bag or “thimble” madeof

strong filter paper, which is placed in chamber E of the Soxhlet apparatus .Theextracting solvent

in flask A is heated, and its vapors condense in condenser D. The condensedextractant drips into

the thimble containing the crude drug, and extracts it by contact. When thelevel of liquid in

chamber E rises to the top of siphon tube C, the liquid contents of chamber Esiphon into fl ask A.

This process is continuous and is carried out until a drop of solvent from thesiphon tube does not

leave residue when evaporated. The advantage of this method, compared topreviously described



methods, is that large amounts of drug can be extracted with a muchsmaller quantity of solvent.

This effects tremendous economy in terms of time, energy andconsequently financial inputs. At

small scale, it is employed as a batch process only, but itbecomes much more economical and

viable when converted into a continuous extractionprocedure on medium or large scale.3,2

Fig. 4 Soxhlet Apparatus

4) Infusion

Fresh infusions are prepared by macerating the crude drug for a short period of time with cold or

boiling water. These are dilute solutions of the readily soluble constituents of crude drugs.

5) Ultrasound Extraction (Sonication)

The procedure involves the use of ultrasound with frequencies ranging from 20 kHz to2000 kHz;

this increases the permeability of cell walls and produces cavitation. Although theprocess is

useful in some cases, like extraction of rauwolfia root, its large-scale application islimited due to

the higher costs. One disadvantage of the procedure is the occasional but knowndeleterious effect

of ultrasound energy (more than 20 kHz) on the active constituents of medicinal plants through

formation of free radicals and consequently undesirable changes in thedrug molecules.

6) Digestion

This is a form of maceration in which gentle heat is used during the process of extraction. It is

used when moderately elevated temperature is not objectionable. The solvent efficiency of the

menstruum is thereby increased.

7) Decoction



In this process, the crude drug is boiled in a specified volume of water for a defined time; it is

then cooled and strained or filtered. This procedure is suitable for extracting water-soluble,

heatstable constituents. This process is typically used in preparation of Ayurvedic extracts called

“quath” or “kawath”. The starting ratio of crude drug to water is fixed, e.g. 1:4 or 1:16; the

volume is then brought down to one-fourth its original volume by boiling during the extraction

procedure. Then, the concentrated extract is filtered and used as such or processed further.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

Emblica officinalis (amla)

Collection of plant material

The leaves of Emblica officinalis were collected from the pharmacy garden of constitute of

Pharmacy, shahada Dist.- nandurbar, India in january 2015, cleaned and dried at room

temperature in shade and away from direct sunlight. The plant authenticated by Dr. S.K. Tayde,

HOD, Dept. of Botany, P.S.G.V.P. Mandal's Arts, commerce, science, college, shahada, by

comparing morphological features.

Preparation of extract

The leaves of Emblica officinalis were collected and dried in the shade and then pulverized in a

grinder. The powdered drug was utilized for extraction. Material was passed through 120 meshes

to remove fine powders and coarse powder was used for extraction. A method was used for

extraction of powdered material . Extraction was done by using distilled water solvent.

Preliminary phytochemical screening

Phytochemical screening was carried out according to standard methods. Extracts shows the

presence of , glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, , tannins, Inorganic constituents

present in selected plant Emblica officinalis are calcium, magnesium, chloride, iron & sulphur.

Chemical test of various extracts of Emblica officinalis has confirmed the presence of Secondary

metabolites like: alkaloids, glycosides, saponins.tannins & flavonoids as the colour of spots &

their Rf value of standard21 matches to that of sample (Khandelwal 2005).

Calculation

Weight of given drug powder(amla) = 20 gm

Quantity of solvent is taken(water) = 500 ml

Weight of empty beaker = 110.35 gm

Weight of beaker and extract obtaine = 116.25 gm

Weight of extract obtaine =5.9 gm

Percentage of extractive value =



20 gm of drug=gives 5.9gm of extract

100gm of drug=gives x gm of extract

100*5.9/20=

=29.5 %

Procedure for Soxhelt Apparatus2,6

A Emblica officinalis drug is usually placed in a thimble made of filter paper and

inserted into the wide central tube of the extractor.

Alternatively the drug, after imbibitions with the menstruum may be packed into the

extractor taking care to see that the bottom outlet for the extract is not blocked.

700ml water as Solvent is placed in the flask and brought to its boiling point.

Its vapour passes up the larger right hand tube into the upper part of the drug and then to

the condenser where it condenses and drops back on to the drug.

When the level of the extracts reaches the top level of syphon tube,the whole of the

percolates syphon over into the flask.

The process is continued until the drug is completely extracted and the extract in the flask

is then processed.

Calculation




Weight of beaker and extract obtaine = 83.72gm

Weight of extract obtaine = gm

Percentage of extractive value


100gm of drug=gives x gm of extract=

100*8.57 /20 = 42.85%

Cynodon dactylon (durva)

Collection of plant material

The leaves plant of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. were collected from the pharmacy garden of

constitute of Pharmacy, shahada Dist.- nandurbar, India in january 2015, cleaned and dried at

room temperature in shade and away from direct sunlight. The plant authenticated by Dr. S.K.

Tayde, HOD, Dept. of Botany. P.S,G.V.P. Mandal's Arts, commerce, and science, College

Shahada, by comparing morphological features.



Preparation of extract

The leaves plant of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. were collected and dried in the shade and then

pulverized in a grinder. The powdered drug was utilized for extraction. Material was passed

through 120 meshes to remove fine powders and coarse powder was used for extraction. A

method was used for extraction of powdered material .Extraction was done by using distilled

water solvent.

Procedure for maceration

Placed the solid material of custard of Cynodon dactylon leaves with the whole of the menstrum

(500 ml water) in a closed vessel and allow standing for 7 days, shaking occasionally ,and

strained, pressing the marc and mixing the liquid obtained. clarify by the filtration. 7 days are

considered to be an adequate period of time to bring about equilibrium between solute & solvent.

Closed vessel is preferred to avoid undue loss of solvent due to evaporation and contamination.

Calculation




Weight of beaker and extract obtaine = 58.41 gm

Weight of extract obtaine = 4.09 gm




100*4.09/20= 20.45 %

Procedure for percolation

Moisten the of Cynodon dactylon leaves with 500ml qty of menstrum (water), allow to stand for

4 hrs in a welled closed vessel, packed in a percolator, and add sufficient of water to saturate the

material. When the liquid commences to drop from the percolator ,closed the outlet, add

sufficient amt of the water to leave a layer above the drug &allowed it to stand for 24 hr. allow

percolation to proceed slowly until the percolate measure about 3 quarters of the volume required

for the finish tincture. pressed the marc, mixed the expressed liquid with the percolate, &

sufficient of water to the required volume. clarified by filtration.

Calculation

Weight of given drug powder (amla) = 20 gm





Weight of beaker and extract obtain = 62.11gm

Weight of extract obtain = 6.37gm


20 gm of drug=gives 6.37 gm of extract


100*6.37/20= 31.85 %

Procedure for soxhelt apparatus

ACynodon dactylondrug is usually placed in a thimble made of filter paper and inserted into the

wide central tube of the extractor.

Alternatively the drug, after imbibitions with the menstruum may be packed into the

extractor taking care to see that the bottom outlet for the extract is not blocked.

700ml water as Solvent is placed in the flask and brought to its boiling point.

Its vapour passes up the larger right hand tube into the upper part of the drug and then to

the condenser where it condenses and drops back on to the drug.

During its percolation, it extracts the soluble constituents.

When the level of the extracts reaches the top level of syphon tube, the whole of the

percolates syphon over into the flask.

The process is continued until the drug is completely extracted and the extract in the flask

is then processed.

This extraction is series of short maceration.

Calculation

Weight of given drug powder amla) = 20 gm



Weight of beaker and extract obtain = 121.84gm

Weight of extract obtain = 11.61gm

Percentage of extractive value



100*11.61/20= 58.05%

Sr.no. Drug Method of extraction Extractive value



1 Amla Maceration 29.5 %

2 Amla Percolation 35.15 %

3 Amla Soxhelt apparatus 42.85%

4 Durva Maceration 20.45 %

5 Durva Percolation 31.85 %

6 Durva Soxhelt apparatus 58.05%

Table: 1 Extractive values of Amla and Durva plants

RESULT

A)The extraction of amla was perform by maceration, percolation and soxhelt apparatus and

there extractive value as follows:

1. The extractive value of given sample amla was found to be 29.5 % by maceration

process.

2. The extractive value of given sample amla was found to be 35.15% by percolation

process.

3. The extractive value of given sample amla was found to be 42.85% by soxhelt apparatus.

B) The extraction of durva was perform by maceration, percolation and soxhelt apparatus and

there extractive value as follows:

1. The extractive value of given sample durva was found to be20.45% by maceration

process.

2. The extractive value of given sample durva was found to be31.85 % by percolation

process.

3. The extractive value of given sample durva was found to be58.05 % by soxhelt apparatus.

DISCUSSION

The different extracts of the plant were subjected to the preliminary tests showed the presence of

various constituents like Carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, phenols and alkaloids .The present

finding reveals that Emblica officinalis fruits efficiently inhibits alphaglycosidase enzyme in

vitro. The water macerated extract showed high inhibition and the range of inhibition ranges

from 61.66-23.26%. Emblica officinalis can also be attributed due to the presence of vitamin c on

alpha-glycosidase inhibitory activity.

The different extracts of the plant were subjected to the preliminary tests showed the presence of

various constituents like Carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, phenols and alkaloids .. The water



macerated extract showed high inhibition and the range of inhibition ranges from 52.16 - 56.29

%.

CONCLUSION

On the basis of result we conclude that, The different methods of extraction was perform

on herbal plants (Amla and Durva) and from which, soxhelt apparatus is a better method of

extraction than other methods like maceration and percolation.

The aqueous extract of Amla can be investigated by chemical test, the extract contain

phyto constituents such as alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids.

The aqueous extract of Durva contain Alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins.

In future, there are some. pharmacological & Isolation can also be done on both plants.

REFERENCES

1. Khandelwal KR. Practical pharmacognosy, Nirali prakshan, 2008, 13-25.

2. Rangari VD. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Career publications, Edn 2,

introduction to pharmacognosy, 2008, 145-158.

3. Mehta RM. Pharmaceutics 1, Extraction processes, C.B.S. publishers, 2003, 145-159.

4. Kokate C, Purohit AP, Gokhale SB. Pharmacognosy, General introduction, Nirali

prakashan, 2008, A1-A6.

5. Handa SS, Khanuja SPS, Longo G, Dutt RD. Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and

Aromatic Plants, International centre for science and high technology Trieste, 2008, 22.

6. Indian Pharmacopeia, Government of India Minsitry of India Health and Family welfare,

2007, 2, 742.

7. Kumar KPS. Recent Trends in Potential Traditional Indian Herbs Emblica officinalis and

Its Medicinal importance. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2012, 1, 1.

8. .Khosla S. A short description on Pharmacogenetic properties of Emblica officinalis,

Spatula DD 2012; 2(3):187-193.

9. Manali. Roles of Emblica officinalis (amla) in medicine. World Journal of pharmacy and

pharmaceutical sciences 2014; 3(6):604-615.

10. Elamathi M, Muhammadilyas MH. Qualitative analysis of Phytochemicals of

cephalandra indica naudin leaves. Pharmacie Globale International Journal of

comprehensive pharmacy 2012; 8(03):125-128.

11. Kansarga NS, Vaghela JP, Makwana KK, Kalola VN. Standardisation of poly herbal

formulations. Inventi impact pharma analysis & quality assurance 2012;

(4):231.



12. Subramanayam CVS. Text book of physical pharmaceutics, Edn 2, Micromertics 2,

Vallabh prakashan, 2000, 211-213.

13. Subramanayam CVS. Essentials of physical pharmacy. The pH and Sorensens scale,

Vallabh prakashan, 2003, 1, 308.

14. Chatwal GR. Pharmaceutical chemistry inorganic, limit tests, Himalaya publishing

House, 1996, l, 51.

15. Gupta AK. Introduction to Pharmaceutics 1, Extraction and galenicals, C.B.S. publishers,

Edn 3, 148-159. 15. U.S.P monograph. The united pharmacopieal convention, vitamins,

1003.

16. Harbone JB. Phytochemical Methods A Guide to Modern Techniques’ of Plant Analysis,

Springer, Edn 3, Phenols, Tannins, Monosaccharide, 40, 90, 236. 18. Wagner H, Bladt S.

Plant drug analysis, Springer, Edn 2, alkaloids, saponins, 3, 305.

17. Middha SK, Talambedu U. An in vitro new vista to identify hypoglycaemic activity.

International Journal of Fundamental Applied Sciences 2012; 1

For Correspondence Prashant L. Kapure Email: [email protected]

pharma science monitor 6(2), apr-jun 2015 pharma … · prashant et al. / pharma science monitor...

Documents