[pharma] 1.sources of drug & active principles
TRANSCRIPT
Dr Bilal Ahmad MalikDr Bilal Ahmad Malik
Sources of DrugSources of Drug&&
Active principle of DrugActive principle of Drug
ObjectivesObjectives
After completing the discussion, the student will be able toAfter completing the discussion, the student will be able to
Define drug and medicineDefine drug and medicine
Describe different sources of drugDescribe different sources of drug
Identify the active principles of a drugIdentify the active principles of a drug
Select authorative sources of drug Select authorative sources of drug information.information.
Average family experiences illness on Average family experiences illness on one day in four.one day in four.
Between ages of 20-45 years a lower Between ages of 20-45 years a lower middle class man experiences approx. middle class man experiences approx.
one life endangering illness one life endangering illness 20 disabling (temporarily) illnesses20 disabling (temporarily) illnesses 200 non disabling illnesses200 non disabling illnesses 1000 symptomatic episodes1000 symptomatic episodes 12 years of bad health in an average life 12 years of bad health in an average life
span. span.
Drugs/MedicinesDrugs/Medicines WHO scientific group has defined a drug asWHO scientific group has defined a drug as
Any substance or product that is used or intended to
be used to modify or explore physiological systems
or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.
A substance that changes the biological system by interacting with it
A medicine is a substance or a A medicine is a substance or a mixture of substances used in mixture of substances used in restoring or preserving health.restoring or preserving health.
A drug is a single chemical substance A drug is a single chemical substance that forms the active ingredient of a that forms the active ingredient of a medicine.medicine.
A medicine may contain many other A medicine may contain many other substances to deliver the drug in a substances to deliver the drug in a stable form, acceptable and convenient stable form, acceptable and convenient to the patient. to the patient.
Drug vs Medicine?
Uses of drugs/MedicinesUses of drugs/Medicines
To cure the disease
To suppress the disease
To prevent disease
To diagnose the disease
Study of pharmacology involves the study ofStudy of pharmacology involves the study of
origin of drugs origin of drugs Chemical and physical properties of drugsChemical and physical properties of drugs Physiologic effects and site of action in the Physiologic effects and site of action in the
bodybody Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and
excretion.excretion. Safe/effective dosage regimen & route of Safe/effective dosage regimen & route of
administration.administration. Adverse reactions, toxic effects & drug-drug Adverse reactions, toxic effects & drug-drug
interactions interactions
Sources of DrugsSources of Drugs
Naturally occurringNaturally occurring Modified natural drugsModified natural drugs Mineral sourcesMineral sources Microbial sourcesMicrobial sources Human sources Human sources Synthetic sources Synthetic sources Genetic engineeringGenetic engineering
Active principles of drugActive principles of drug
A constituent of a A constituent of a drug, upon the, upon the
presence of which the presence of which the characteristic
therapeutic action of the of the substance
largely depends. largely depends.
Examples Examples Alkaloids Alkaloids
GlycodiesGlycodies
TanninsTannins
Oleo-resinsOleo-resins
Oils Oils
Gums Gums
Plant SourcesPlant Sources
Earliest sourceEarliest source
GalenicalsGalenicals --- ---
Galen (Greek Galen (Greek physician)physician)
1. Alkaloids1. Alkaloids
organic organic nitrogenous substances bitter
insoluble in water insoluble in water
react with acids to form saltsreact with acids to form salts
salts are soluble in body fluidssalts are soluble in body fluidsExamples are Examples are
atropine, , caffeine,, ,, morphine, , nicotine, , quinine, ,
reserpine, emetine, codeine, tubocurarine.reserpine, emetine, codeine, tubocurarine.
Caffeine (CNS Stimulant) Caffeine (CNS Stimulant) is the active is the active
principle in tea, coffee.principle in tea, coffee.
Cocaine Cocaine is the active principle of the is the active principle of the
coca leaf, which is chewed as a coca leaf, which is chewed as a
stimulant-narcoticstimulant-narcotic
Atropine (Anticholinergic) ---- from leaves of atropa belladona.
Ephedrine (bronchodilator) ---- from plant Ephedra Vulgaris
Quinine (Antimalarial) ---- from bark of Cinchona.
Reserpine (Antihypertensive) ---- from roots of Rauwalfia serpentia
2.2. GlycosidesGlycosides
Any Any compound that contains a that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar) molecule (sugar)
by hydrolytic cleavage, convertible into by hydrolytic cleavage, convertible into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone) sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone)
glucoside (glucose), glucoside (glucose), pentosidepentoside (pentose), (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc fructoside (fructose) etc
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:
Digoxin Digoxin (cardiac stimulant)(cardiac stimulant)------ leaves leaves
of digitalis purpurea or digitalis of digitalis purpurea or digitalis
lanatalanata
Anthraqinone glycosides Anthraqinone glycosides ((laxative laxative
action)action) ---------- senna,cascara,aloe senna,cascara,aloe
Fixed oils Fixed oils
Esters of fatty acid and glycerol Edible
Examples Coconut oil Mustard oil Olive oil Castor oil (Purgative) Cod liver oil (Vitamin A & D) Used in the preparation of ointments, suppositories, Soaps
Volatile OilsVolatile OilsEssential or flavoring oils.
EXAMPLES:
LIQUIDClove oil (toothache)Eucalyptus oilCoriander oilDill oilGinger oil ( Carminative)Terpentine oil ( counter irrritant )
SOLIDSCamphor Menthol (peppermint oil)
Mineral OilMineral Oil
Hydrocarbon
Obtained from petroleum
EXAMPLE: Liquid paraffin (Lubricant & Laxative)
4. 4. RESINSRESINS
Formed by :
Oxidation or polymerization of volatile oilsAmorphous, brittle, translucent, hard solids
Example:
Podophyllum (Purgative action),Jalap ( hydragogue)
Toxicological importance
6. GUMS6. GUMS
Inert ----- emulsifying agents -Gum acacia, Gum tragacanth
Active --------------------------------------- Agar (Purgative)
Animal SourcesAnimal Sources
HormonesHormones Insulin Insulin (hypoglycemic)(hypoglycemic)
Oils and fatsOils and fats cod-liver oilcod-liver oil
EnzymesEnzymes Pancreatin, Pepsin Pancreatin, Pepsin
VaccinesVaccines killed, modified or killed, modified or
attenuated virusesattenuated viruses
Mineral Sources of DrugsMineral Sources of Drugs Eg:Eg:
• Iron (Anemia)Iron (Anemia)• Aluminum hydroxide (Antacid) Aluminum hydroxide (Antacid) • Iodine Iodine ( Lugol’s iodine for thyrotoxicosis, ( Lugol’s iodine for thyrotoxicosis,
tincture iodine as antiseptic )tincture iodine as antiseptic )
• Magnesium sulphate (Purgative)Magnesium sulphate (Purgative)• Sulphur (Scabies)Sulphur (Scabies)• Antimony salts (Kala Azar)Antimony salts (Kala Azar)• Bismuth Salts (peptic Ulcer )Bismuth Salts (peptic Ulcer )
Examples Examples
AntibioticAntibioticss
Penicillin -----Penicillin ----- Penicillium chrysogenumPenicillium chrysogenum
Streptomycin, neomycin ----Streptomycin, neomycin ----Actinomycetaceae.Actinomycetaceae.
EnzymesEnzymesStreptokinase Streptokinase (Fibrinolytic) ---- (Fibrinolytic) ---- streptococcusstreptococcus
Immunoglobulins ------------ from blood
Growth hormones ---------- anterior pituitary
Chorionic gonadotropin-- urine of pregnant women
Recombinant DrugsRecombinant Drugs
These are drugs These are drugs produced by produced by means of means of recombinant recombinant DNA technologyDNA technology
It all starts with a It all starts with a gene that codes gene that codes for a specific for a specific protein ...protein ...
DNA
RNA
Protein(A drug)
How a recombinant drug is madeHow a recombinant drug is made ... ...
Plasmid(a circular bit o’ DNA)
cDNA(codes for a protein)
E.COLI
HUMAN INSULIN
Example of a Recombinant DrugExample of a Recombinant Drug::InsulinInsulin
Most insulin is Most insulin is now recombinantnow recombinant
Consists of two Consists of two chains (A and B)chains (A and B)
A and B chains A and B chains joined chemicallyjoined chemically
S
S
A
B
Sources of Drug InformationSources of Drug Information
The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) and The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) and National Formulary (NF) National Formulary (NF)
Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)Physician's Desk Reference (PDR) Drug Facts and Comparisons Drug Facts and Comparisons Textbook Textbook Journals Journals Continuing medical education programsContinuing medical education programs Drug company representativesDrug company representatives Advertisements ( medical/nonmedical journals) Advertisements ( medical/nonmedical journals) InternetInternet
Helpful Internet SitesHelpful Internet Sites
MedscapeMedscape (http:/www.medscape.com)(http:/www.medscape.com) Food and Drug Administration Food and Drug Administration
(http:/www.fda.gov)(http:/www.fda.gov) PharmInfo PharmInfo (http:/www.pharminfo.com)(http:/www.pharminfo.com) RxMed RxMed (http:/www.rxmed.com)(http:/www.rxmed.com)