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Facts and Phantoms at the High Energy Frontier Frank E. Taylor MIT LNS 20 March 2014 Present Energy Frontier Large Hadron Collider @ CERN

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Page 1: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

Facts and Phantoms at the High Energy Frontier

Frank E. TaylorMIT LNS

20 March 2014

Present Energy Frontier 

Large Hadron Collider @ CERN

Page 2: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

Situation• The structure of the Standard Model (SM) was sufficient to 

define experimental stepping stones leading to the recent discovery of the Higgs scalar boson (July 2012), considered to be the ‘last’ SM particle – This is a stunning success!

• A number of questions are left unanswered:– Is the particle discovered really the SM Higgs or does it have other 

scalar partners ? – Can the SM really describe all high energy phenomena up to the 

Planck scale ? – What about SUSY ? Hidden Sectors ? U(1) A’ ? – Where do the fermion mixing (CKM) and CP parameters come from? – What constitutes Dark Matter and Dark Energy ? 

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 2

Page 3: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

The Standard Model of EW Interactions

• SU(2)L x U(1)Y Gauge Group + Higgs Mechanism

‐ EM  e (4)1/2

‐ CC   g = 2(√2Gf)1/2 Mw‐ NC  g' = g tanw

tanw = g'g and e = g' g

g'2 + g23/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 3

Page 4: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

Higgs Particle & Couplings

-imf GF 2 1/2

-igMwg

-igMzcosw

g

-6i v = -3i MH2 GF 2 1/2

Couplings depends on Mass by design

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 4

<v> = G 2 -1/2 246 GeV

Page 5: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

SM with Radiative Corrections• Running by QED &

- Contributions to self energy term

• Vector gauge boson mass relations

• Vector gauge boson partial widths

(0) --> (Mz2)

1(0) - 1

(Mz2)

= Qf2 ln(mf

2

Mz2)

f

Mz2 = em2 G sin2w cos2w Z

Mw2 = Mz2

2 1 + 1 - 4 em

2 GF w Mz2

ff = 2 Gm Mz3

12 Nc gVf

2 + gAf2 ff

Correction Terms

~ Mtop2

~ ln(Mhiggs)

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 5

<v> = G 2 -1/2 246 GeV

Page 6: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

Standard Model Stepping Stones

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 6

EW‐SM (NC/CC),

em, Gf: wEW‐SM (NC/CC),

em, Gf, w: Mw, Mz

EW‐SM (NC/CC), em, Gf, w, Mw, Mz, radiative corrections, 

Mt:Mh

EW‐SM (NC/CC),

em, Gf, w, Mw, Mz, radiative 

corrections:Mt

EW‐SM (NC/CC), em, Gf, w, Mw, Mz, radiative corrections, Mt, Mh:(? SUSY ?)

KnownPredicted

Page 7: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

Radiative Terms

“The Screening Theorem and Higgs System”: Veltman XXXIV Cracow School of Theoretical Physics, Zakopane, Poland, June 1‐10, 1994

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 7

H ≈ g2[ln(MH/Mw) + g2 (MH/MW)2] ≈ g2ln(MH/Mw) 

The large value of MT makes it play a big role.  MH plays a smaller role.

Page 8: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

The next to the last stepping Stone

• Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 8

CERN‐PH‐EP‐2010‐095

Mh = 89 +35/−26 GeV EW precisionMh > 114 GeV LEPIIMh < 158 GeV TevatronMh > 175 GeV Tevatron

We had a pretty good idea on where to look for the Higgs!

Page 9: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

SM Higgs Cross Sections & Branching Ratios

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 9

Page 10: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

ATLASM4 = 123 GeV

Page 11: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 11

CMS M4e Candidate

Page 12: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

MHiggs Detection @ LHC ‐ ATLAS

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 12

Page 13: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

SM‐Like Higgs Properties

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 13

Width ~ 4.2 MeV (Theory)

CMS measurement/SM < 4.2 @ 95% CL 

Updated Today at La Thuille

Page 14: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

Higgs Couplings ≈ F(mass)

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 14

-imf GF 2 1/2

Page 15: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

Higgs Signal Strength vs. Theory

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 15

Page 16: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

Higgs Spin Determination

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 16

Data are compatible with JP = 0+JP = 0‐ , 1+ , 1‐ , 2+m excluded at CL = 98%Phys. Lett. B 726 (2013) 120‐144

H → Z Z* →  ee

Mass, Spin, CP, Branching Ratios,Production Cross Section are allconsistent with the SM Higgs

Page 17: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

Tests of the SM @ LHC

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 17

Page 18: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

Theoretical Problem – Experimental Opportunity

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 18

Radiative corrections to the Higgs mass as a function of energy scale : 

Note that Bosons enter the series with opposite sign of the Fermions. It would seem that a fine tuning  (cancelation of terms) is needed to keep the Higgs mass finite up to the Planck scale.  

Supersymmetry provides a natural solution – for every fermion there is a corresponding supersymmetric boson partner & vice versa. 

B F

Page 19: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

To paraphrase George Santayana:“Those who fail to confirm orreject the theories of the past arecondemned to repeat the search”

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 19

Supersymmetry is a candidate theory to solve this dilemma 

Page 20: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 20

Page 21: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 21

Page 22: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

The SM Higgs Potential• MH is light ‐ therefore there is 

the possibility that its potential could be finite up to the Planck scale– Examine the Higgs potential 

quartic coupling, ,  as a function of energy scale

– Find that  goes negative (meta‐stable) but with some spread in parameters within errors goes to 0 at Planck scale (extrapolation only 16 orders of magnitude !)

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 22

Degrassi, et al. , arXiv:1205.6497v2

“Turtles all the way down!”

Page 23: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

Stability of SM Vacuum

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 23

The minimum MH value that ensures vacuum stability is where the Higgs potential quartic coupling  goes to 0. Note that this point is only a few orders of magnitude away from the Planck scale given experimental errors.  

for stability

Degrassi, et al.

Page 24: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

Near Term Physics Program

• More precise measurements of the Higgs properties– Better mass and BR determinations– Width (?) by interference with  background– Search for multi‐Higgs production

• Search for violations of the SM– A cross section that does not agree, for example  

• Search for physics beyond the standard model– Z’, SUSY, Extra dimensions, Black holes, Dark Matter

• Detector upgrades are underway to better trigger and withstand the expected pileup at high L

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 24

Page 25: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

LHC Luminosity Projections to 2027

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 25

Page 26: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 26

Page 27: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

Longer Term Upgrade: High Energy‐LHC

2‐GeV Booster

Linac4

SPS+

HE‐LHC20‐T dipole magnets

higher energytransfer lines

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 27

√s ≈ 33 TeV

Page 28: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

LHC Results• So far the LHC physics program has beautifully confirmed the 

predictions of the SM!– The Higgs is consistent with a single scalar particle of mass 126 GeV– Branching ratios agree with the predictions of the SM – Data in the future will refine these results

• What about the phantoms? – SUSY and Extra Dimensions and Black Holes and Dark Matter not yet 

observed– Given the (near) meta‐stability of the vacuum SUSY really needed (?) 

(Bardeen, Lykken, Iso, … )

• LHC running in 2015 will have √s ≈ 13 TeV and that factor of 1.6 increase in energy may (?) uncover another energy threshold. – At √s = 8 TeV no new energy thresholds have been observed

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 28

Page 29: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

Summary• We high energy physicists have been very privileged to work in the era of 

the SM of the EW sector during the last 40 years. We had guidance of the energy required for the next machine– In a sense all the energy scales were derived from theory, prior 

discovery and the values of Gf, w & em ‐ the stepping stones– This is a remarkable achievement! 

• The future is not so certain but if history is any guide probing the highest energies will uncover new phenomena– There are many possibilities but no clear theoretical guidance– There are examples of physics proposed where the energy scale was 

not known but eventually discovered ‐ example • Neutrino oscillations discovered long after paper by B. Pontecorvo

– What about SUSY – forever a phantom or to become a fact? 

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 29

Page 30: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

Backup Slides

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 30

Page 31: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

31

24 m

7000 T

45 m

ATLAS Detector

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch

Page 32: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

«Pre‐Feasibility Study for an 80‐km tunnel at CERN»John Osborne and Caroline Waaijer, CERN, ARUP & GADZ,  submitted to ESPG

100 TeV FCC 80‐100 km tunnel: Geneva option

even better100 km?

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 32

~15 T  100 TeV in 100 km~20 T  100 TeV in 80 km

Page 33: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

Superconductors

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 33

10 T

16T

20+ T

Page 34: Phantoms Energy Frontier - Massachusetts Institute of ...fet/Facts and Phantoms at the... · • Summer 2010 EW Working Group before LHC data 3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐Physics Faculty

Physics Prospectus @ 100 TeV

3/20/2014 F. E. Taylor ‐ Physics Faculty Lunch 34

Sally Dawson, BNL Dec‐2013