ph, acids, bases, and buffers. solutions solute + solvent = solution in nature, water is a major...
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pH, Acids, Bases, and Buffers
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Solutions
• Solute + Solvent = Solution
• In nature, water is a major solvent.
• Concentration – measured in moles
• Molarity – 1 mol is dissolved in water to equal 1 liter
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pH
• A measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a solution
• Refers to the dissociation of water molecules.
• What does this show?
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pH
• Constant – Kw = 1.0 x 10-14 (mol/L)2
– i.e. water dissociates at a rate of 1 molecule for every 554 million.
• At Kw there is an even split of H+ and OH-
– 1.0 x 10-7 each
• pH is the negative log of the [H+] in mol/L
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pH
• Since pH is calculated in log, a change in pH of 1 = a 10x change in the [H+]
• pH 1 is 10x smaller than a pH of 2.
• pH 1 is 100x smaller than a pH of 3.
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Problems
1. [H+] = 1.0 x 10-9 mol/L. Determine the pH.
2. [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-9 mol/L. Determine the pH.
3. Acid precipitation has lowered the pH of a particular lake to 4.0. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake?
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Acids and Bases
• Acids are molecules that release H+ when dissolved in water.
– Ex. Citrus Fruit, HCl– Acids make a solution more acidic.
• Bases are molecules that release OH- when dissolved in water.
– Lyme, Soap, Ammonia– Make solutions more basic.
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Acids and Bases
• Neutral pH = 7
• Acidic pH <7
• Basic pH >7
• Most biological fluids are within the range of 6-8– Blood ~ pH of 7.4– Exceptions??
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Buffers
• Substances that minimize changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution.
• Buffers work by accepting H+ from solution when they are in excess and by donating H+ when they have been depleted.
• These buffers are usually composed of a weak acid and its base.
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Blood
• pH = 7.4
• Humans cannot survive for more than a few minutes if the pH drops to 7 or rises to 7.8
• Buffers in the blood work to maintain the pH at or near 7.4– Ex. Carbonic Acid
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Carbonic Acid
• Carbonic acid works with bicarbonate as a buffer.
• H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H+
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Organic Compounds
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Organic Compounds
• Compounds that contain carbon
• Since carbon has 4 valence electrons, it has great versatility. It is able to make 4 covalent bonds.
• The major elements of life are C, H, O, N, S, and P
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Organic Compounds
• Carbon chains form the skeleton of most organic molecules.
• Hydrocarbons – consist of only carbon and hydrogen
• 3 Types of Isomers1. Structural
2. Geometric
3. Enantiomers
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Structural Isomers
• Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas.
• Differ in the covalent arrangement of atoms
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Geometric Isomers
• Have the same covalent partnerships, but differ in spatial arrangements
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Enantiomers
• Molecules that are mirror images of each other.
• Enantiomers are important in the pharmaceutical industry.– 2 enantiomers of a
drug may not be equally effective.
From www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/209optical.html
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Organic Molecules
• 4 Types of Organic molecules1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Nucleic Acids
4. Proteins
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Organic Molecules
Monomer Polymer
Carbs. monosaccharide polysaccharide
Lipids Glycerol and fatty acids
Nucleic Acids
nucleotide Nucleic Acid
Proteins Amino acid polypeptide
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Carbohydrates
• Abbr. – CHO
• Composed of C, H, and O
• End in “-ose”
• Ex. Glucose, Sucrose, Fructose, Starch
• 1 CHO = Monosaccharide
• CnH2nOn
• Glucose = C6H12O6
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CHO’s
• monosaccharide + monosaccharide disaccharide + water
• This process is called Dehydration Synthesis– Water is removed from the molecules
(dehydration)– The two molecules are put together
(synthesis)
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CHO’s
• Monosaccharides
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
• Disaccharides
Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose
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Examples:Sucrose (table sugar) is composed
of glucose and fructose.
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Polysaccharides
• Multiple CHO’s that are put together by dehydration synthesis.
• Four important polysaccharides
Structural Storage
Plants Cellulose Starch
Animals Chitin Glycogen
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Lipids
• Include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids– All hydrophobic
• Consist of 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids.
• 2 types of fats: Saturated and unsaturated– Saturated fats – no C=C double bonds– Unsaturated fats – have C = C double bonds
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Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
• 1 Glycerol molecule with 3 Fatty Acids
• Fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains
• Saturated fats have no double bonds between the carbons that make up the hydrocarbon chain.
• 1 Glycerol molecule with 3 Fatty Acids
• Have hydrocarbon chains that do contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C)
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