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Britain’s cost of the war against France was high.

The debt deteriorated relations in North America “No taxation without representation.” Declaration of Independence

Listed abuses of the king; all men are created equal.

Britain had more advantages during the war Peace of Paris formally recognized American

Independence. Reality = there was no legal and political

equality

French wanted to replace “old order” Causes of discontent were debt, tax burdens

on peasants, gap between rich and poor 3 Estates: 1st (clergy), 2nd (nobles), 3rd

(everyone else) 1st and 2nd estate mostly resisted change; 3rd

estate secede and form National Assembly Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen New constitution created a constitutional

monarchy Radicals took control of revolution; King,

Queen and other nobles were beheaded The Committee for Public Safety led by

Robespierre governed; Reign of Terror

Napoleon Bonaparte – revolutionary army

Named himself First Consul and Consul for life and Emperor.

Napoleon took control of much of the European continent

Attacking Russia was fatal Congress of Vienna – restored French

monarchy

Island of Hispaniola – center of sugar production Spain controlled the East; French controlled the

West. Saint Domingue (French) was richest; consisted of

500,000 African slaves.; brutal conditions After French Revolution, the white settlers wanted

to govern themselves, but did not want to extend equality to the gens de couleur (free people of color) = civil war

During the conflict, slaves also revolted; French British and Spanish troops invaded to gain control

Slaves were led by Toussaint L’Ouverture controlled most of Saint Domingue.

Constitution and equality to all were granted; 2nd independent republic and the 1st to emancipate slave

Economic hardships followed.

Colonies were controlled by Spain and Portugal Creoles, the wealthy class, had grievances about

the administrative control of the colonies; did not want social reform but wanted to replace the peninsulares

Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal weakened their authority in the colonies.

Father Miguel de Hidalgo led revolts in Mexico Simon Bolivar led revolts in S. America; wanted to

achieve a U.S. in S. America Brazil the Portuguese royal family escaped to Brazil

when Napoleon invaded. King’s son stayed behind and agreed to declare Brazil independent.

Creoles became dominant class; slaver remained, and wealth and power of Catholic Church remained, lower classes continued to be repressed.

• Britain had made itself the model of an imperial power

• Old Powers were creating increasing tension• People started identifying themselves as part

of a community called a nation• Forces that drew them together were

language, customs, traditions, values, history and religion.

Italy Roman Catholic Church had great power and

discouraged Italian nationalism Garibaldi led young men to fight for Italian nation Cavour in the N. (Sardinia) expels Austria from N.

Italy. Nation of Italy is proclaimed. King of Sardinia is proclaimed King of Italy.

Germany Prussia (Otto von Bismark) led Germany’s unification He initiated war to allow the other German domains to

fight as one. Prussia Wins! = birth of German nation Shifted Balance of Power; France is in decline Would become Great Britain’s rival in power

Zionism Minorities often did not fit

the nation’s identity Ex. Jews: did not have

their own territory Antisemitism rose Zionists wanted to establish

a Jewish state in Palestine

Latin America Most of LA are independent Wanted to create a representative govt., but

didn’t think population was ready Early constitutions had voting restrictions Regional rivalries and economic competition

prevented a unified LA Economic issues Armies are loyal to caudillos instead of nat’l

govt. Disagreed of type of govt. Catholic Church remained strong Instability and financial issues made it a

target for foreign intervention by U.S. and Europe

Industrialization Direct outcome of sciences and inventions in

1600’s Water power created mechanical energy Steam Engine – foundation of new mechanical

age Consequences on human labor, consumption,

family and more

Preconditions Factors that made England first

to take leap to modern economy. Read Factors of Industrialization: Had to have investment capitalTechnology Steel Warships Trains

Impact on Gender, Family, and Social Structure

Altered traditional social structures Slavery declined Family moved to economic

production outside of home Women and children entered the

workforce Middle class values became

distinct from working class. Middle class women = “cult of

domesticity” (stayed at home)

Global Effects of Industrialization

Global division of labor Industrial societies need raw

materials LA, Africa Asia became

dependent on exporting their crops to Industrial nations.

Dependency theory – development of some areas was achieved at the expense of others. Ex. Africa dependent on Europe.

Reactions to Industrialization

Socialism Appalling work conditions inspired

anti-capitalist reform Wanted utopian alternative –

economy run by workers Property was owned in common

and work was shared Karl Marx – wanted to overthrow

the wealthy classes Ranged from revolutionary to

liberal

Reactions to Industrialization

Unionism Less radical Organized workers to negotiate

for better wages and conditions Caused extreme tensions and

bloodshed. Factories sought to ban unions Was accused of being socialistic. Some workers did turn to

violence.

Reform and Reaction

Traditional empires of Ottomans, Russia, China and Japan were dealing with similar issues:How much they wanted to reform in

the new industrial worldConservative forces would resist

attempts at reforms.

Ottoman Empire Army had fallen behind Europe’s Vulnerability increased Central govt. less effective; losing

territoriesMuhammad Ali (Egypt) built powerful army,

industrialized, was ruler of EgyptHis son built Suez Canal – made Egypt a

crucial location in creating link between Europe and its empires in Asia and E. Africa

Ottoman’s trade decreased; trade shifted to Atlantic

Began to depend heavily on foreign loans

Europeans were given capitulations

Ottomans attempted reform Mahmud II

Tanzimat era – used French legal system

Public trials and equalityReligious conservatives did not agree with reforms

Young Turks – wanted equality and emancipation of women; overthrew sultan.

Was left weak and vulnerable

Russia Empire was autocratic, multi-ethnic Ruling czars supported by Orthodox Church and nobles Peasants were majority of population

Serfdom guaranteed social stability Russia had expanded territory Not as powerful as Europe Crimean war highlighted Russia’s weakness; need for

reform Serfs were emancipated Created Zemstvos – all classes had elected reps. Encouraged industrialization Trans-Siberian railroad

Industrialization led to peasant rebellions and strikes Anti-govt. protest led by intelligentsia; became more

radical Assassination of Alex II ended all reforms and czar used

more repression to control the people Bloody Sunday – began Russian Revolution 1905; created

Duma in response but not much changed.

China Also had issues of reform Qing grew ineffective – rapid population

increase British traders imported Opium to China

– Opium War; China lost; gave Britain and Europe commercial entry to China

Taiping Rebellion – based off an offshoot of Christianity; won in the beginning but Qing would defeat them; bloodiest civil war in human history

Govt. attempted reform Military and economic reform Self-strengthening Movement

Last major reform effort was Hundred Days of Reform. Used Confucianism to justify radical changes Wanted to be a modern industrial society Constitutional monarchy Emperor strongly resisted changes; reforms

failed Boxer rebellion – rid China of all foreigners

China lost and forced China to pay for damages Revolutionary movement was growing

Young men and women who traveled saw modernization in the West

Sun Yixian led the revolution and overthrew Qing

Modern Republic of China was proclaimed Wanted to be progressive and democraticREAD Sun Yixian’s 3 Principles of the People

Japan Made most radical changes; would emerge as a

world power Continued selective isolation from world Changed from feudal to commercial economy Did not want to trade with U.S. but were impressed

– caused tension “revere the emperor and repel the barbarians.” Civil war: rebels who were equipped with west

technology won. Overthrow of Tokugawa regime was replaced with a

new emperor (“Meiji”); renamed capital to Tokyo Historians debate whether this was a revolution or a

restoration Rapid industrialization and modernization

Built modern infrastructure and military Defeated Chinese and Russians in war Began empire building in Pacific

Imperialism and its impact

3 motives of imperialization: economic, political and culturalServed as sources of raw materials

and marketsColonies were strategic sites to

supply stations for their navyMissionaries hoped to convert the

Asians and Africans; bringing civilization to the uncivilized.

India Britain’s involvement in India started as business British E. India Company had monopoly of trade with

India British took advantage of Mughals decline; Britain

began using an army and sepoys to conquer and defend its interests Sepoys were offended at the use of greased

cartridges and turned on the British soldiers killing the officers

Britain crushed rebellion Imposed direct rule on India Indian Elites began to criticize British regime;

called for reform Indian National Congress was founded for

education Indians to express their views; sought self-rule and joined forces with All-Indian Muslim Leaue

Africa In the beginning, Europe had little

presence; however, scramble for Africa is about to begin.

1875-1900 almost all of Africa will be carved up by Europe

King Leopold II wanted established the Congo Free State.Harsh labor conditions

British gained control of Egypt and Suez Canal (controlled trade)

Potential for conflict; Berlin Conference established rules for colonization of Africa; any European state could establish an African colony after notifying the others.

Japan Japan entered imperialism

game Bought modern warships;

defeated Korea Japan won lands from China Defeated Russia in Russo-

Japanese War

Legacies of Imperialism Economic and social changes Migration of people Indentured servants – large

communities of people migrated

Scientific racism – used to justify treatment of colonial people

Social Darwinists – “survival of fittest” to explain development of human societies

Emancipation

Slavery Many liberals supported abolition

of slaver; Enlightenment Slave revolts; made it expensive Price of sugar decreased; however

price of slaves increased Plantation owners shifted to

manufacturing Slave trade ended (however some

was done secretly) Freedom did not bring equality Freed slaves were not able to vote

Serfdom (Russia) Saw serfs as an obstacle to

economic development 1861 Czar Alex II abolished

serfdom Serfs won very few rights and

had to pay heavy taxes Few prospered and were poor;

did not lead to agricultural prodcution

Did create large urban force for growing industrialization

Changing Roles of Women Enlightenment did not change

women’s roles Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A

Vindication of the Rights of Women, that said Women should have same rights as men

In Britain, Canada and U.S., women began to push for right to vote; access to professions and education

Norway was first country to grant women the right to vote.

Cultural Influences

African and Asian Influences of European Art

Impressionism: simple themes of nature (Japan)

Cultural Policies of Meiji Japan Would adopt western styles

of writing, steel, and fashionLeisure and Consumption New focus of concept of

leisure People now sensed the

“needed things” (ex. Bicycle) Professional sports.