614-1e

P F A U D L E R G L A S S L I N I N G S –

P U R I T Y – S T A B I L I T Y – D U R A B I L I T Y

GLASSLINING TECHNOLOGY GIVES US ACCESS TO A MATERIAL WITH EXCEPTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS:

THE PRESENT LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT REPRESENTS A CONSIDERABLE DEGREE OF MANUFACTURING ACCOMPLISHMENT.

NEVERTHELESS, PFAUDLER CONTINUES TO INVEST A GREAT DEAL OF ENERGY AND EFFORT IN RESEARCH AND IMPROVEMENT.

NATURE SHOWS US THAT THE SEARCH FOR PERFECTION IS A PROCESS OF STEADY OPTIMISATION.

PFAUDLER GLASS LININGS SET EXTREMELY HIGH STANDARDS OF PURITY AND DURABILITY.

DIAMONDS, TOO, ARE NATURAL PRODUCTS.

DIAMONDS ARE OFTEN USED TO EXEMPLIFY PERFECTION.

THE QUALITY OF A DIAMOND IS MEASURED BY ITS DEGREE OF PURITY.

THE WORD DIAMOND IS RELATED TO THE WORD ADAMANT – THE UNTAMEABLE.

THIS GIVES US A CLUE TO ITS RESOLUTENESS – ITS EXTREME DURABILITY.

T H E H I S T O R Y O F E N A M E L A N D I T S

E V O L U T I O N T O A H I G H – T E C H M A T E R I A L

O ne day, an alchemist was try-ing out a special mixture tomake gold and discovered,

next to the metal, a beautiful piece ofvitreous slag – a piece of glass moresplendid than anything hitherto. Seiz-ing the opportunity, he set to mixingglazes, and with much effort and aftermany, many experiments he developedthe process for manufacturing enamel.

Benvenuto Cellini

The first known enamelwork, found at aburial site in Mycenae, is about 3,500years old. Enamelling was recognised asan applied art in the Byzantine Empireand it flourished there between the 5thand 10th century AD. About 300 yearslater the blue enamelwork from Limogesin France became widely known and val-ued in many parts of Europe.

The word enamel is thought to have comefrom the High German word smelzan (tosmelt) via the Old French esmail, used tomean a fused, glassy protective layer.

In view of the dangers of using plain cop-per utensils, in the mid eighteenth centuryenamelling techniques were implementedto make them safer to use. This was fol-lowed by experiments to provide ferrousmetals with similar coatings and the ad-vantages of the technology for manufac-turing cooking and kitchenware soon be-came clear, despite the still very primitivemethods employed. It was the Swedishmineralogist Sven Rinmann who discov-ered the ingredients of a mixture whichwould later be of great significance: crys-tal glass, lead crystal, red lead, potash,saltpetre, borax, tin oxide and cobalt lime.The possibilities presented by using tinand cobalt oxides had not yet been dis-covered at that time.

There followed a century during which theart of enamelling fell almost completelyinto disuse. Then it was rediscovered inthe nineteenth century as its usefulness

in combination with industrially producedironware was recognised.

What had been a marginal manufacturingprocess in previous centuries advancedto an industry in its own right, and in1890 the use of cobalt and nickel oxidein producing a firm bond with sheet metalwas discovered. Since the end of the nine-teenth century vitreous coatings havebeen used to protect surfaces in chemicaland pharmaceutical apparatus. CasparPfaudler played a pioneering role in thistechnological development, establishingfactories in Rochester, USA (1884) andSchwetzingen, Germany (1907) for glasslined tanks.

The following years have seen further in-tensive development of the technologyof industrial glass linings. It has alreadyreached a very advanced state; neverthe-less there is still a great deal of work go-ing on in the development of special lin-ings and new lining techniques to meet theexacting demands of modern applications.

Here, too, the richness of nature showsus the way: In nature a state of perfectiondoes not mean standing still, for in anever-changing environment there is a con-stant need to adapt, refine and optimise.

P F A U D L E R G L A S S L I N I N G S – M A X I M U M

D U R A B I L I T Y F O R T H E H I G H E S T S T A N D A R D S

Pfaudler Glass Linings – Chemical and Physical Perfection Since establishing itself as a pioneer inthe field of technical glass linings, Pfaudlerhas never relinquished its position in theforefront of technological development,continually setting new standards for glasslined apparatus. Also, our modern manu-facturing plant are designed to allow usto meet specific customer requirementswith specific solutions – for special de-mands call for creative answers. For ex-ample, Pfaudler Pharma Glass PPGplays a trailblazing role in the productionof pharmaceutical products, whereasPfaudler Anti Static Glass ASG solvesthe problems associated with electrostaticcharging. Our standard product PfaudlerWorld Wide Glass WWG is characterisedby the wide range of areas in which itcan be used.

Pfaudler Glass Linings – Reliability and InnovationWe aim to achieve this by always stayingone step ahead. What nature has pro-duced in its wild, untamed and apparent-ly arbitrary fashion serves as our start-ing point – to be investigated, refinedand brought to a state of manufacturingperfection. Today, Pfaudler is the numberone address when it comes to glass linedprocessing plants, apparatus, equipmentand accessories. Where resistance tocorrosion and abrasion is important, thename Pfaudler is a guarantee for reliabili-ty. Being able to depend on the productrepresents hard and fast economic secu-

volcanic activity brought masses ofmolten lava to the earth’s surface. Thecombination of pressure and tempera-tures of around 4,000 °C cause carbonto crystallise into diamonds. The smelt-ing process in the production of enameltakes place at 1,390 °C and produces asubstance similar to molten lava.

rity for our customers. We achieve thesestandards with a mixture of creative inno-vation, engineering skills and a profoundknowledge of steel, glass and how towork them. This in turn is based on ourunderstanding of the laws of physics andchemistry, which form the basic ingredi-ents of our focused research and devel-opment efforts.

Pfaudler Glass Linings –Highest QualityPfaudler glass linings represent purity anddurability. Focused research means opti-misation and adaptation – just as in na-ture. In many production processes themain demand is for absolute durability,for instance where very aggressive sub-stances are involved. To meet this de-mand Pfaudler has developed PharmaGlass PPG especially for use in pharma-ceutical process engineering.

The composite material steel/glass ischaracterised by an extremely high de-gree of purity. The lining quality is check-ed layer for layer so that even the small-est defects can be excluded. This isPfaudler’s guarantee for absolute purityand highest standards of quality.

From time immemorial diamonds havealso been a byword for purity and dura-bility. The word can be traced to the Greekword for ‘untameble’ – adamant. Nature’sway of creating diamonds can be com-pared with the manufacturing processfor making glass: Millions of years ago

E N A M E L – A M U L T I - T A L E N T E D M A T E R I A L

Household enamel – High-Tech Glass LiningMost people, when they hear the word‘enamel’, think of bathtubs, kitchenwareor old advertising placards. These days,the differences between traditional enameland modern high-technology productsare so great that we even use anothername: glass lined steel.

Pfaudler produces a high-grade silicateglass comparable with laboratory glass.Its resistance to aggressive chemicalsand its surface properties together withthe strength of steel combine to make acomposite material with a number ofvaluable characteristics. This is of impor-tance not just in the chemical industry –uses can be found in many other indus-trial sectors for our reliable, high-qualityproducts, e.g. in the pharmaceutical,foodstuffs and paper industries as wellas in the production of semiconductorsand in the energy supply sector. Even innuclear research plants high-technologyglass linings from Pfaudler are imple-mented in the insulators for particle accelerators.

Ever more Variety in Form and UsageFrom the earliest beginnings, when thecompany began producing fermentationvats for beer, the product range has ex-tended to many other industrial sectorsin the course of the decades. More andmore applications have been found whereglass linings prove to be the ideal sur-facing material.

FLUNG OUT FROM THE DEPTHS OF

THE EARTH WITH INCREDIBLE FORCE,

LEFT TO COOL SLOWLY AND BE

DISCOVERED BY CURIOUS, QUESTION-

ING MAN – MANY AEONS AGO NATURE

LEFT US THE CLUES TO MAKING THE

MATERIAL WE CALL ENAMEL.

WE HAVE TAKEN ON THE JOB OF

MAKING THE BEST POSSIBLE USE OF

NATURE’S HINTS TO PROVIDE

MATERIALS FOR MODERN INDUSTRY.

T H E R E I S M U C H T O B E S A I D F O R

U S I N G G L A S S L I N I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

Pfaudler Glass Linings – to protect your equipmentIndustrial glass linings serve mainly toprovide protection against corrosion.Our glass linings can be used to protectagainst all kinds of corrosive media, evenunder extremes of temperature. The onlyexceptions to this are to be found in thehigh temperature range in respect of hy-drofluoric acid and strong caustic solu-tions. The linings are resistant to strongoxidising or reducing agents. This highdegree of stability makes them ideal forimplementation in hydrolytic, chlorination,sulphonation, nitration and bromationprocesses. Other uses can be found inthe manufacture of pesticides and herbi-cides, acidic ore leaching processes,flue gas desulphurisation and the recy-cling of chromic and sulphuric acids.

In contrast to metallic materials, glass linings are electrical insulators and there-fore immune to all types of galvanic cor-rosion. Therefore they can be used in nuclear technology, for instance, whereorganic insulators cannot meet the exact-ing demands. Glass lining, on the otherhand, can still provide the necessaryprotection where metals are liable tovarious types of corrosion such as inter-crystalline, crevice, pitting and contactcorrosion. With appropriately designedtanks the material can even withstandtemperatures as low as -75 °C.

Pfaudler Glass Linings – to protect your productsGlass lined steel protects delicate prod-ucts from any kind of unwanted influence,especially contact with metal. This is par-ticularly important in the manufactureof very pure organic and inorganic sub-stances and where it is also necessaryto ensure uniform consistency, such asin the synthesis of vitamins. Similar stan-dards must be met in the pharmaceuti-cal, plastics, semiconductor and paintsindustries.

Glass linings are useful allies in preventingpathological infections, because they caneasily be kept germ free. This is a majoradvantage in respect of the processingand storage of sensitive products suchas medicines, foodstuffs, fruit juices andconcentrates. This has been confirmedthrough comparative studies involving dif-ferent materials. Glass linings achievedthe best results for germ inhibition in re-spect of both natural and artificially in-duced germ infestation. Furthermore,glass lined equipment and componentsare excellently suited for use in biotech-nological applications. In the semicon-ductor industry glass lined receptaclesare attracting more and more interest asonly they are able to deliver the requiredextremely high standards for contamina-tion levels, with impurities remaining be-low the prescribed parts-per-billion level.

THERE ARE MANY REASONS FOR

CHOOSING GLASS LINED STEEL.

THE MOST IMPORTANT ONES ARE:

PROTECTION, SAFETY AND NOT LEAST

INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY.

Pfaudler Glass Linings – for process reliabilityGlass lined production equipment simpli-fies processing and contributes to im-proved operating security. Recent researchunder realistic conditions has shown thatprocess reliability and security dependboth on the chemical and biological in-ertness of the apparatus material as wellas on its surface characteristics.

The interface surface produced by thefusion flow is not only glassy smooth, butstructurally coherent and therefore ex-tremely anti-adhesive. This helps to pre-vent product film and coagulation as wellas promoting the reaction process in al-lowing unhindered thermal transmission.

Our fully coated measuring sensors forprocess control and continuous monitor-ing have been contributing to operativesecurity and productivity for many years.These sensor systems make the Pfaudlerreactor literally transparent.

OUR GLASS LININGS OPTIMISE

OPERATIONAL SECURITY, SHORTEN

PRODUCTION TIMES AND REPRESENT

AN ESPECIALLY GOOD RETURN

ON INVESTMENT.

Pfaudler Glass Linings – improve productivityGlass is an extremely economical materi-al. Technological improvements have in-creased its durability over large temper-ature gradients so that rapid heating orcooling is no longer a problem. Glass lin-ings can very easily be cleaned, so pro-duction down-times can be reduced andtherefore operating costs as well.

High quality also means a long servicelife with minimal repairs, two more fac-tors which make a large difference tothe profitability of production plants. Another great advantage of glass liningtechnology makes itself felt when a pro-duction technique is altered or a plantis recommissioned for another purpose.For if, after many years of good service,it proves necessary to reglass plant equip-ment, the result is virtually equivalent tobrand new – and thus delivers unbeatablecost effectiveness.

Therefore Pfaudler glass linings representthe ideal answer when it comes to findinga universal and especially economical ma-terial for plant, equipment and apparatus.

O U R P R O D U C T R A N G E :

F R O M C L A S S I C A L T O A V A N T - G A R D E

Standard grade – tried and tested inmany years of practical application

Pfaudler World Wide Glass WWGOur standard glass lining displays highlevels of corrosion resistance, mechani-cal stability and thermal shock resistance.The surface is anti-adhesive and is equi-tensile. The physical characteristics havebeen enhanced through knowledge gainedin the development of high technologyceramics, and resistance to water, acidicand caustic chemicals have improvedsignificantly.

Normally, Pfaudler WWG has the colourcobalt blue. Alternatively, the colour whiteis available. In addition to the character-istics already mentioned, the high reflec-tivity of the glass lining makes reactionvessels very bright, so that colour chan-ges in reactive processes can be recog-nised more easily. Pfaudler WWG whiteis the ideal material for photo reactions.

GLASS: THE IDEAL MATERIAL FOR THE

LABORATORY, FOR EDUCATIONAL

EQUIPMENT AND FOR PRODUCTION

PLANTS FROM PILOT SYSTEMS TO

MASS-PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT.

Special grade – for special purposes

Pfaudler Pharma Glass PPGFor a long time there were few differ-ences between the way plants for thechemical and pharmaceutical industrieswere equipped – especially in respect ofglass lined reactors. Today, however, therequirements of each industrial sectorhave diverged considerably. For pharma-ceutical purposes the main concern isabout extremely high degrees of purityas demanded by the US Food and DrugsAuthority. An example of such a specialrequirement relates to processes invol-ving changing acidic and alkaline milieus.

Responding to calls for increasingly spe-cialised materials for specific processesand uses, such as the manufacture of vitamins and fine chemicals, Pfaudler developed the ground-breaking productPfaudler Pharma Glass PPG.

Pfaudler Anti Static Glass ASGThe process of stirring solids in non-aqueous solvents such as tolueneor acetone causes the mixture todevelop a strong static charge.Electrostatic discharge can damagereactors and other equipment, causingdown-times and increased costs. Ourcarefully targeted research produceda solution to the problem:Pfaudler Anti Static Glass ASG.

Pfaudler has been gaining experience inglass linings with anti-static glass since1972. Pfaudler Anti Static Glass ASGdisplays the following characteristics:

• The resistance to chemicals is in noway influenced by the electrical con-ductivity of the material. In this respectit has the same properties as ourproven product WWG.

• The glass lining remains fully inertwithout any catalytic tendencies (ascan be the case with platinum fibres).

• All components can be coated with an anti-static glass layer.

• Electrical discharges are in no wayharmful to the surface layer.

O V E R V I E W O F T H E P R O D U C T

C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F O U R R A N G E

WWG blue• High corrosion resistance• High resistance to mechanical impacts• Good resistance to thermal shock• Anti-adhesive surface• Equitensile lining

WWG white• High corrosion resistance• High resistance to mechanical impacts• Product residues can easily be

detected• High optical contrast to product• Highly reflective

PPG• Extremely smooth surface• Free of heavy metals• Improved resistance to alkalis• Better chromatic transparency• Product residues can easily be

detected when vessel is cleaned• Long service life even with alternating

usage (acid/alkali)• Highly reflective

ASG• Avoids or reduces static charging• Avoids damage such as flaking• Chemical durability as with WWG

SPECIAL GLASS LININGS ARE ALSO

AVAILABLE FOR USE IN OTHER

AREAS THAN THE CHEMICAL AND

PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES.

EXCEPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND

PROBLEMS CALL FOR

EXCEPTIONAL SOLUTIONS.

The following passage contains a briefoverview of the advantages of the mostcommon Pfaudler glass linings. You canfind detailed information on the variousproducts, including ones not mentionedhere, in the individual product leaflets.

WWG Pfaudler World Wide GlassPPG Pfaudler Pharma GlassASG Pfaudler Anti Static Glass

T H E C H E M I C A L B E H A V I O U R O F G L A S S L I N I N G S

– P R O G R E S S I N R E S E A R C H

Innovation and a pioneering spirithave always been characteristic ofPfaudler’s approachOver many decades Pfaudler has main-tained its position as an industry leaderin innovation. An impressive testimonialto this can be found in the fact that allthe relevant testing norms DIN/ISO/ENare based on Pfaudler’s efforts and initia-tives. Many years of research effort inlaboratories and plants have provideda worldwide basis for examination meth-ods relating to comparison of materialproperties.

With the support of the German FederalMinistry for Research and TechnologyPfaudler has conducted practical experi-ments to study the relationship betweenproduct volumes and lining surfaces aswell as the significance of favourable in-hibitory effects on the corrosion resis-tance characteristics of glass linings.The results of these studies have beenincorporated into the corrosion resistancespecifications.

Organic MediaOrganic solids, solutions, liquids and gas-ses present special challenges in respectof resistance to aggressive chemicals.

Inorganic MediaPfaudler glass linings display a very highdegree of resistance to all inorganic me-dia from concentrated acids to stronglyalkaline substances. Depending on themedium, chemical influences only begin

to make themselves felt in the tempera-ture range between 120 °C and 160 °C.Pfaudler glass linings are almost entirelyresistant to attack from anhydrous acids.

WaterWater generally does not affect glass lin-ings. Only in the case of extremely purewater at temperatures above 160 °C aninfluence can be detected.

HalogensDespite their reputation in general asproblem substances, the halogens chlo-rine, bromine and iodine have no influ-ence on the chemical stability of ourglass linings, which remain fully inert.

AcidsIn practice acids are always encounteredin association with other liquids, dissolvedsubstances or gases. Depending on theexact nature of the mixture, the influencewhich it has on glass linings may befavourable or not.

Caustic SolutionsThe aggressiveness of caustic solutionsincreases with their concentrations andthe degree of glass corrosion also in-creases more quickly with rising temper-atures than is the case with other sub-stances. Therefore with concentratedcaustic solutions it is necessary to paycareful attention to temperature limits.The aggressiveness of strong causticsolutions is not just dependent on thepH value alone. With aqueous solutions

of alkali hydroxides with pH values of 14the actual concentration in percentageby weight must be taken into account.This may mean that the operating tem-perature must be adjusted.

Additionally, the specific reaction or sol-vent characteristics of a caustic solutionare relevant factors which can influencethe stability of glass linings.

In practical applications it is important tobear in mind that even slight impuritiessuch as tap water in sodium hydroxidecan have a significant influence on therate of corrosion.

In case of doubt product solutions mustbe subjected to direct tests in order tofind out exactly what they contain.

During our tests, we conducted experi-ments using polypropylene bottles to eliminate the effects of the testing appa-ratus on the corrosion rates. For testsabove boiling point we used stainlesssteel autoclaves with tantalum linings orPTFE inserts. On further investigation we were able to show that the testingapparatus did not exercise an inhibitinginfluence.

Organic Bases andMetal-Organic CompoundsAs anhydrous or practically water-freecompounds these substances are not regarded as caustic in respect of glasscorrosion.

Inorganic BasesInorganic bases are known for their pro-pensity to dissolve glass in their anhy-drous state. However, Pfaudler glasslinings are fully resistant to anhydrousgaseous ammonia.

FluorineHydrofluoric acid and fluoridated acid so-lutions are exceptional substances, foreven in extremely low concentrations andat low temperatures they react with sili-cate based materials. A concentration aslow as 0.001 % can render a glass liningmatt and rough after long exposure. Suchconcentrations can arise simply throughsulphuric acid being piped through PTFEtubing at 160 °C, for instance.

One way in which the fluorine problemcan be tackled is to introduce finely gran-ulated or dissolved silicic acid into theprocess. The effects of the fluoride con-centrations on the linings can be reducedconsiderably by using this technique. Ourown investigations into these effects haveshown that hydrofluoric acid corrosion issubject to many different factors. Apartfrom the obvious factor of the concen-tration level of the acid, these include thepH value and the temperature of the so-lution and not least the quality of the glasslining. Processing in acid media is per-missible with stable fluorine compounds.However, it is wise to find out by meansof a simple corrosion test on an enam-elled dish, for instance, whether hydro-

fluoric acid is present or likely to beproduced.

In this respect silica plays a particularrole. Even tiny traces of SiO2 have avery favourable effect on the durabilityof glass linings:

50 100

Influence of SiO2 on glass lining corrosionExample: 20 % HCI at 160 °C

ppm SiO2

0.6

0.4

0.2

V L[m

m/a

]

LIKE GLASS, OPAL CONSISTS OF AN

AMORPHIC MATERIAL. OPAL HAS GIVEN

ITS NAME TO A KIND OF SPARKLING

COLOUR EFFECT: OPALESCENT.

PFAUDLER ALSO USES VARIABLE

COLOUR EFFECTS WITH ITS SPECIAL

GLASS LININGS WITH THE AIM OF

ACHIEVING HIGH REFLECTIVITY.

5 10 15

t(d)

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

V L[m

m/a

]

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

xx

x

b)

c)

a)

d)

0 2 4 6 8

Relationship between fluoride corrosion and pH value

Corrosion progress VL in relation to pH value;

in a solution with 19 mmol/l fluoride at 80 °C.

: corrosion in buffer solutions

: corrosion in aqueous hydrochloric acid

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

V L[m

m/a

]

2.4 2.6 2.8

Fluoride corrosion dependent on F- concentration and temperature

Relationship between fluoride corrosion, F- concentration and duration of experiment

a) 19 mmol/l fluoride

(19 mmol F-/l = 17 ppm F- in solution)

b) 9.5 mmol/l fluoride

(9.5 mmol F-/l = 17 ppm F- in solution)

VL = corrosion progress in mm/a

1/T [10-3 K -1]

1.0

0.5

0.1V L[m

m/a

]

x

x

x

x

a)

b)

Function diagram of fluoride corrosion and inhibitory effects

Reaction model: in condensate

Vapour phase:

Liquid phase:

silicon oil H+/H2O [� Si – O – M][glass lining]

coll. silicic acidsodium silicatewater glassAerosil

SiO2.aq

H+/H2O

HF

H2SiF6 M+.aq

Liquid phase vL [mm/a]

20 % HCI 0.042

20 % HCI + 23.8 mmol/l F- 1.27

20 % HCI + 23.8 mmol/l F- 1.24+ 4.2 mmol/l Fe (III) - salt

20 % HCI + 23.8 mmol/l F- 1.08+ 16 mmol/l B (III) - salt

20 % HCI + 23.8 mmol/l F- 0.74+ 10,4 mmol/l AI (III) - salt

20 % HCI + 23.8 mmol/l F- 0.029+ 3 ml/l SO-1 (silicon oil)

U S I N G S I L I C A T O R E D U C E

F L U O R I D E C O R R O S I O N

SiO2.aq

H+/H2O

HF

Comparison of the inhibitory effects of various metallic salts. Conclusion: Only dissolved SiO2 has an inhibitory effect.

(9.5 mmol F-/l = 17 ppm F- in solution)

a) no additive

b) 100 mg/l SiO2

c) 200 mg/l SiO2

d) 400 mg/l SiO2

pH = 1 | 80 ºC

(SiO2)[glass lining] + 6 HF H2SiF6 + H2O

reaction model: in initial solution

H2SiF6 + 2 H2O SiO2 aq� + 6 HF�

pH-value

Substance °C durab.

Chlorine 200 1Chloropropanoic acid 175 1Chlorosulphuric acid 150 1Chromic acid aqu.sol. 150 1Citric acid 10 % aqu.sol. B 1Copper chloride 5 % aqu.sol. 150 1Copper nitrate 50 % aqu.sol. 100 1Copper sulphate aqu.sol. 150 1Cyanoacetic acid 100 1

Dichlorbenzol 220 1Dichloressigsäure 150 1Dichlorpropionsäure 175 1Diethylamin 100 1Dimethylaminopropanol 150 1Dimethylsulfat 150 1

Eisen(III)chlorid wL 150 1Eisensulfat wL 150 1Essigsäure 180 1Essigsäureethylester 200 1Ethylalkohol 200 1Ethylendiamin 98 % wL 80 1Ethylendiamin 50 % wL 80 1Ethylesther 100 1

Fatty acids 150 1Ferric(III) chloride aqu.sol. 150 1Fluorides in acidic aqu.sol. 20 3Formaldehyde 150 1Formic acid 98 % aqu.sol. 180 1

Glycerine 100 1Glycol 150 1Glycolic acid 57 % aqu.sol. 150 1

Hydrazine hydrat 40 % aqu.sol. 90 2Hydrazine hydrate 80 % aqu.sol. 90 1Hydrazine sulphate 10 % aqu.sol. 150 1Hydrochloric acid 20 % 130 1Hydrogen peroxide 30 % aqu.sol. 70 1Hydrogen sulphide water 150 1Hydroidic acid 20 % aqu.sol. 160 2Hydroidic acid 60 % aqu.sol. 130 1

Iodine 200 1Iron sulphate aqu.sol. 150 1Isoamyl alcohol 150 1Isopropyl alcohol 150 1

Lactic acid 95 % aqu.sol. B 1Lead acetate 300 1Lithium chloride 30 % aqu.sol. B 1Lithium chloride 4 % aqu.sol. 80 1Lithiumhydroxid conc. aqu.sol. 60 1

Magnesium carbonate aqu.sol. 100 1Magnesium chloride 30 % aqu.sol. 110 1Magnesium sulphate aqu.sol. 150 1Maleic acid 150 1Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate 150 1Methyl alcohol 200 1Monochloroacetic acid B 1

Naphthalene 215 1Naphthalenesulphonic acid 180 1Nitric acid 30 % 135 1Nitrobenzene 150 1

Substance °C durab.

Nitrogen oxides 200 1

Octanol 140 1Oleum (10 % SO3) 170 1Oxalic acid 50 % aqu.sol. 150 1

Palmitic acid 110 1Perchloric acid 70 % aqu.sol. B 1Phenol 200 1Phosphoric acid conc.aqu.sol. 100 1Phosphoric acid triethyl ester 90 1Phosphorous acid (F- free) 100 2Phosphorous acid (F- free) 80 1Phosphorus trichloride (F- free) 100 1Phosphoryl chloride (F- free) 100 1Phthalic anhydride 260 1Picric acid 150 1Potassium bromide aqu.sol. B 1Potassium chloride aqu.sol. B 1Potassium hydrogen sulphate 200 1Potassium hydroxide conc. aqu.sol. 1Potassium hypochloride aqu.sol. 70 1Pyridine B 1Pyridine hydrochloride 150 1Pyrogallic acid 5 % aqu.sol. B 1Pyrrolidine 90 1

Soda ash conc. aqu.sol. 60 1Sodium bicarbonate conc. aqu.sol. 60 1Sodium bisulphate 300 1Sodium bisulphite 2 % aqu.sol. 150 1Sodium chlorate aqu.sol. 80 1Sodium chloride aqu.sol. B 1Sodium ethylate B 1Sodium glutamate 150 1Sodium hydroxide conc. aqu.sol. 50 1Sodium hypochlorite aqu.sol. 70 1Sodium methylate 320 1Sodium nitrate 320 1Sodium sulphide 4 % aqu.sol. 50 2Sulphochromic acid 200 1Sulphur 150 1Sulphur dioxide 200 1Sulphuric acid 40 % 130 1

Tannic acid 150 1Tetrachlorethylene 150 1Tin chloride 250 1Toluole 150 1Trichloracetic acid 150 1Triethylamine 130 1Triethylamine 25 % aqu.sol. 130 3Triethylamine 50 % aqu.sol. 130 3Triethylamine 50 % aqu.sol. 80 1Triethylamine 80 1Trimethylamine 30 % aqu.sol. 80 1Trisodium phosphate 5 % aqu.sol. B 2Trisodium phosphate 50 % aqu.sol. 80 1

Urea 150 1

Vinylphosphoric acid (waterfree) 120 3

Water 130 1

Zinc bromide aqu.sol. B 1Zinc chloride 330 1Zinc chloride aqu.sol. 140 1

DURABILITY

Pfaudler Glass Linings have been tested by the GermanFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing aspart of the process for certifying them for the storageof substances detrimental to waters.

The table below shows the results for a number of differ-ent media and gives a rapid general overview of thechemical properties of our materials. The data comefrom practical experience and laboratory tests on Pfaudlerglass linings. They are only to be taken as a guide andare of necessity not exhaustive. Thus the concentrationsand temperatures given do not represent either usageor guarantee levels.

For applications not listed in the table and in particularwhere combinations of substances are involved westrongly recommend the implementation of corrosiontests. Our specialists will be glad to supply expert advice.

Key to figures and abbreviations used in the table:level durability/resistance1 highly resistant2 limited resistance3 not resistantaqu.sol. aqueous solutionB boiling point

Substance °C durab.

Acetic acid 180 1Acrylic acid 150 1Aluminium chlorate conc. aqu.sol. 110 1Aluminium chloride 10 % aqu.sol. B 1Aluminium chloride 250 1Aluminum acetate fusion 200 1Aminoethanol 170 1Aminophenol 150 1Ammoniac 80 1Ammonium carbonate aqu.sol. B 1Ammonium chloride 10 % aqu.sol. 150 1Ammonium nitrate aqu.sol. B 1Ammonium phosphate aqu.sol. B 1Ammonium sulphate 320 3Ammonium sulphate aqu.sol. B 1Ammonium sulphide aqu.sol. 140 3Ammonium sulphide aqu.sol. 80 1Aniline 184 1Antimony(III) chloride 220 1Antimony(V) chloride 120 1Aqua regia 140 1

Barium hydroxide aqu.sol B 2Benzaldehyde 150 1Benzoic acid 150 1Benzole 250 1Benzyl chloride 130 1Boric acid aqu.sol. 150 1Boron trifluoride in org. sol. 40 1Bromine 100 1Butanol 140 1

Calcium chloride (CaO free) aqu.sol. 150 1Carbon dioxide 200 mg/l aqu.sol. 140 1Carbon disulfide 200 1Carbon tetrachloride 200 1Chlorinated bleaching agent aqu.sol. 150 1Chlorinated paraffin 180 1Chlorinated water 150 1

Standard ProceduresIn order to conduct useful comparativetests on glass materials of different ori-gins standard tests are essential. Differ-ences in quality, for instance regardingthe chemical durability, can only be es-tablished reliably by subjecting samplesto the same testing conditions. Experi-ence has shown us, however, that greyareas always exist between the resultsof tests on specimen plates or samplematerials and the actual behaviour oflarge containers and components underoperating conditions. For example, amixing vat represents a complex combi-nation of differently shaped componentswhich mean that there are simply too manydifferent operating parameters which canplay a role.

Therefore Pfaudler has developed apractical corrosion test which has beenincorporated into the DIN EN 14 483-5standard. The test is designed for acidicand neutral media in closed systems.

AcidsMethod according to DIN EN 14 483-2 Samples (plates) acc. to DIN ISO 2723Equipment acc. to DIN EN 14 483-2

The test can be used for all acids to theirboiling points. It produces quantitativeresults for the liquid and vapour phasesrespectively. Suspended specimens forprocesses under laboratory conditionsor on a technical scale produce qualita-tive results.

Molten Salts and highly viscous LiquidsCover testing dish with glass plate. Heatin an oil or sand bath in a drying cabinet.The results are quantitative.

Caustic SolutionsMethod according to DIN EN 14 483-5 Samples (plates) acc. to DIN ISO 2723Equipment acc. to DIN EN 14 483-5

The test can be used for all caustic solu-tions up to 80 °C. The results are quanti-tative.

WaterMethod according to DIN EN 14 483-2 Samples (plates) acc. to DIN ISO 2723Equipment acc. to DIN EN 14 483-2

The test can be used up to boiling point.It produces quantitative results for theliquid and vapour phases respectively.Corrosion tests under normal conditionsabove boiling point require specially con-structed pressure autoclaves.

T E S T I N G P R O C E D U R E S

Corrosion Testaccording to DIN EN 14 483-5 – our research for your safetyFor safety reasons it is important to knowthe maximum degree of damage whichan acid can cause to a glass lining. Forthis reason the test must be designed toexclude inhibitory influences. Thus theisocorrosion curves established using proanalysi acids show corrosion rates whichare sometimes far greater than those dis-played under operating conditions.

Testing ConditionsVery small test objects, which are fullyenamelled to allow for a very precisemeasurement of weight loss, are eachsubjected to the effects of pro analysiacids for 24 hours. The samples have a surface area of only 11 cm2. They are exposed to large quantities of acid(500 ml) in autoclaves which are linedwith tantalum to prevent SiO2 inhibition.

Absolutely pure Production …Only first class production plants can pro-duce first class quality products. In theUSA, only medicines which were manu-factured in plants inspected and certifiedby the Food and Drugs AdministrationAgency (FDA) can be approved for use.The FDA sets extremely high standardsfor production plants and equipment, stan-dards which are satisfied by PfaudlerPharma Glass PPG. Reactors lined withthis material represent an important con-tribution towards achieving the necessarydegree of purity, for Pfaudler Pharma

Corrosion curve of Pfaudler PharmaGlass PPG – Extraction test PPG

ppm

65.5

54.5

43.5

32.5

21.5

10.5

0

DIN ISO 720DIN ISO 719

heavy metals components of PPG

Sb As Ba Pb Cd Cr Co Fe Cu Mn Mo Ni Nb Sr Ta V W Zn Sn Si K Na Zr Ca Al

Sb

As

Ba

Pb

Cd

Cr

Co

Fe

Cu

Mn

Mo

Ni

Nb

Sr

Ta

V

W

Zn

Sn

acc. DIN ISO 719*

< 0.01

< 0.02

< 0.001

< 0.01

< 0.002

< 0.01

< 0.001

0.02

< 0.01

< 0.005

< 0.01

< 0.005

< 0.1

< 0.001

< 0.1

< 0.005

< 0.1

< 0.01

< 0.05

acc. DIN ISO 720*

< 0.01

< 0.02

< 0.001

< 0.01

< 0.002

< 0.01

< 0.001

0.02

< 0.07

< 0.005

< 0.01

< 0.005

< 0.1

< 0.003

< 0.1

< 0.005

< 0.1

< 0.01

< 0.05

Glass PPG is practically free of heavymetals: The proportion of dissolved heavymetal lies below the detection limits.

... with optimal ApparatusThe better the apparatus, the easier itis to apply optical checks. PfaudlerPharma Glass PPG has a light bluecolour which gives a good contrast towhite as well as other colours. In addi-tion it helps to illuminate the reactorvery well. This is an aid to supervisingproduction processes and also to post-production cleaning.

What is the leaching effect of boiling water on PPG glass?

The tests were conducted on ground glass

between 0.3 < 0.425 mm acc. DIN 719 – 98 °C

and 0.3 < 0.500 mm acc. DIN 720 – 121 °C

* Heavy metal determination according to DIN EN ISO 11885: units ppm

T H E P H Y S I C A L L I M I T S

Glass and Steel – an ideal Pairthermal conductivityUsing a steel body it is possible to keepthe glass layer – compared with appara-tus made of glass alone – relatively thin.The higher thermal conductivity of steelcompensates for the lower conductivityof glass. As the materials are chemicallybonded there is also no internal thermaltransfer resistance to be overcome.Therefore the thermal transfer figures forglass lined steel are much higher thanthose for plastic or rubber coated steel,for instance.

Thermal Limits of WorkabilityThe upper operating limit for our materi-als in respect of thermal load is +230 °C.This limit is independent of the chemicalbehaviour of the material, which in manycases would permit higher temperatures.However, the type of gasket used for theconnecting sections and the mechanicalseal place limit the maximum tempera-tures.

The shock diagram and operating dia-gram are intended as general indicatorsonly. For exact information regarding theoperation of Pfaudler glass lined reactorssee the latest version of the OperatingInstructions 303.

Resistance to temperature change wasdetermined according to DIN ISO 13807.

Shock diagram

tp product temperaturetW lining/chamber temperature

cold product in hot apparatus (tp<tw) hot product in cold apparatus (tp>tw)

300

250

200

100

50

50tW / °C

t p

°C

th temperature of heating agenttp product temperature

heatingcooling

Operating diagram

tp / °C

t h

°C

2

1

3

–

+

50 100 200 250

50

300

250

200

100

50

50

–

+

50 100 200 250

50

PARAMETER small vessels to 6 m3 large vessels cleaning by hand

Pressure 350 bar 400 bar 150 bar

Distance to wall min. 250 mm min. 500 mm > 200 mm

Angle to wall max. 45° can be 90° max. 45°

Temperature room temperature room temperature room temperature

Cleaning agent (filtered) pure water pure water pure water

Jet type continually in motion continually in motion continually in motion

Water throughput max. 200 l/min 150 – 220 l/min ca. 150 l/min

Cleaning time (approx.) 15 – 20 min 20 – 30 min –

Avoiding Cavitation damageThe introduction of hot vapours into lowtemperature liquids can lead to changesin the glass lining close to the point ofentry. This is caused by individual vapourbubbles which are distributed in the liquid.Owing to the temperature difference thevapour condenses suddenly and dissol-ves in the liquid. The bubble then consistsof a vacuum which immediately implodes,causing the surrounding liquid to exercisea mechanical impulse on the lining andother components. This impulse has thesame effect as a blow from a solid ob-ject. Cavitation can also occur when so-lutions are mixed where the individualliquids involved have boiling points morethan 50 °K apart. In regions of strongturbulence local pressure differencescan cause one of the components toboil spontaneously.

The effect can be controlled e. g. withpressurised nitrogen or by changing therate of mixing. Please consult our expertsfor further information on combating thiscondition.

Electrostatic ChargingFor processes which are likely to causeelectrostatic charging Pfaudler AntiStatic Glass ASG should be implement-ed. Many years of practical experiencein collaboration with leading Germanchemical manufacturers as well as recenttechnological developments have pro-duced solutions for all problems relatedto electrostatic charging with glass linedapparatus.

AbrasionAbrasion damage can occur when strong-ly abrasive solids are mixed in a tank. Thiscan be avoided by adopting different op-erating techniques. Please consult us inrespect of this kind of problem; we will beglad to help.

Cleaning of glass lined equipmentIt is not possible to provide general speci-fications for cleaning glass linings usinghigh pressure hoses. The parametersprovided here are based on experiencegained by plant manufacturers and opera-tors and allow for safe cleaning of glasslinings. The information given is basedon the assumption that the glass liningin question is completely intact. It is veryimportant to ensure that PTFE surfaceswill not deform or begin to flow, and thefigures given are chosen to ensure thatthis is the case.

Cleaning glass linings using high pressure hose. The data assumes a fully intact lining surface.

MATERIAL DATA

adhesiveness

tensile strength

pressure resistance

modulus of elasticity

stretch at breaking point

Vickers hardness test

coefficient of thermal conductivity

specific heat

specific electrical resistivityat room temperatureat 200 °C

resistance to disruptive discharge

density

softening temperature

coefficient of linear expansionbetween 20 °C and 400 °C

thickness of lining

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

%

HV

W/mK

J/kgK

�/cm�/cm

kV/mm

g/cm3

°C

�20-400 10-7K-1

mm

industrialglass lining

–

70

800

70 000

0.1

600

1.2

835

1013

2.109

20…30

2.5

570

88

–

Pfaudler steelbonded glass lining

> 100

70

800…1000

ca. 80 000

0.1

450

1.2

835

1013

–

20...30

–

570

88...115

0.8…2.4

low alloy steel

–

400…600

220…350

210 000

15…30

110

52

460

0.002_

–

7.8

approx. 1000

approx. 135

–

D A T A R E L A T I N G

T O G L A S S L I N I N G S

614-1e06.07.25

© by Robbins & Myers, Inc.Printed in Germany

Pfaudler Werke GmbHPfaudlerstraßeD - 68723 SchwetzingenTelephone: +49 6202 85 0Fax: +49 6202 22412Email sales: sales@pfaudler.dewww.pfaudler.de

We have undertaken every effort to guarantee that the information contained in this brochure is correct.

In view of the continuous developments taking place in the areas of construction, production plant design and production methods,

we retain the right to market components which may differ in some details from those described above.

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