PETRONAS TOWERS

DD 203- Skyscraper

Introduction

Architect Cesar Pelli and Associates Client: Kuala Lampur City Center Holding Sdn Bhd Date of Completion- 1997

Height

Antenna spire 451.9 m (1,483 ft)

Roof 378.6 m (1,242 ft)

Top floor 375 m (1,230 ft)

Technical details

Floor count 88

Floor area 395,000 m2 (4,252,000 sq ft)

Elevator count 78

Design Concept•Structural System(for gravity and lateral loads):

-Structural system consists with75-by-75 foot concrete cores and an outer ring of widely-spaced super columns.

- The core structure of each tower is composed of a ring of  sixteen cylindrical columns of high strength reinforced concrete. - The columns vary in size from2.4in diameter at the lower areas to 1.2meters in diameter at the top ,and are placed at the outside corners.  -The columns arel inked with a series of concrete core walls and ring beams. These movement-resistant and damper-free structures can be described as a pair of “soft tubes”. There are actually two concentric pressurized cores in The structures, and the two cores unite at the 38th floor of each tower.

Design Concept

Design Concept

Design Concept

Skeleton Frame

Construction Process

The foundation system of the towers consists of a 4.5 metre thick piled raft supported onrectangular friction piles (barrettes) varying in depth from 40 metres to 105 metres, to control predicted settlement under different thicknesses of Kenny Hill formation underlain bylimestone. Each foundation consists of 104 barrettes (rectangular in-situ piles up to 1.2 by 2.8 metres).

Comparing with skyscrapers

(a) Empire State

Building(381 m)

(c) Jin MaoBuilding(421m)

(d) Sears Tower(443 m)

(e) Petronas Towers(452 m)

(b) World Trade Centre

(415 m) (417 m)

Materials used

High-strength concrete was used in the central core, perimeter columns, perimeter ring beams and outrigger beams.

The towers and their base are clad with stainless steel extrusions and custom-made 20.38 millimetre laminated light-green glass.

The sunscreens have cast aluminium end caps and are fixed on brackets made of extruded aluminium and finished with oven-cured PVF2 fluorocarbon paint.

Steel facts

 Type 316 stainless steel(Ferrous) was employed to clad the exterior of the Petronas Towers, Malaysia (and the Jin Mao Tower in China).

Type 316 stainless steel is often used in marine applications like for boat fittings, and also used in the food and beverage industry. Silos, cheese vats, fruit tanks and wine tanks are also made using this type of steel.

Type 316 Stainless Steel

EN-Standard Steel no. k.h.s

DIN

EN-Standard Steel name SAE grade UNS

1.4404 X2CrNiMo17-12-2 316L S31603

1.4401 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 316 S31600

1.4406 X2CrNiMoN17-12-2 316LN S31653

1.4432 X2CrNiMo17-12-3 316L S31603

1.4435 X2CrNiMo18-14-3 316L S31603

1.4436 X3CrNiMo17-13-3 316 S31600

1.4571 X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 316Ti S31635

1.4429 X2CrNiMoN17-13-3 316LN S31653

Reference

http://www.ehow.com/facts_7727947_type-steel-vs-type-316.html http://www.wikipedia.org/ 2004 On site review report by Galal Abada McCormac. C. J., (1994): "Structural Steel Design", Harper Collins

College Publishers. Owens. G. W. and Knowles. P., (1994) "Steel Designers Manual", The

Steel Construction Institute, ELBS Blackwell Scientific Publishers, London. Taranath. S. B., (1984): "Structural analysis and design of tall

buildings", McGraw-Hill Book Company Schuller. W., (1976): "High-rise building structures", John Wiley & Sons Smith. B. S., and Coull. A., (1991): "Tall building structures: Analysis

and Design", John Wiley & Sons. IS: 875 - 1987 (Parts - I to V), Indian Code of Practice for evaluating

loads excepting earthquake load. IS: 1893 - 1984, Indian Code of Practice for evaluating earthquake

load.