petroleum processing
TRANSCRIPT
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PETROLEUM PROCESSING by
Ahmed Soliman Analytical Chemist
Gas Processing Center (GPC)
Qatar University.
Gasna workshops for teachers
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Timeline
1- Introduction about crude oil.
Evaluation ,hydrocarbon types and petroleum products.
2-Natural gas
Natural gas value chain
Resources of Natural Gas
3- Natural gas processing (GTL, LNG , etc.
4- Acid gas Removal unit.
5-Air Pollution, Climate Change.
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How is oil and gas formed ? Millions of years ago, the remains of
plants and animals decayed and built up
in thick layers. This decayed matter from
plants and animals is called organic
material. Over time, the mud and soil
changed to rock. Pressure and heat
changed some of this organic material
into coal, some into oil (petroleum), and
some into natural gas .
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crude oil
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crude oil (H2 and Carbon)
Hydrocarbons – compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen.
hydrocarbons
aliphatic Aromatic
CnH2n-6
Alkanes
CnH2n+2
N&I Paraffin
Alkenes
CnH2n
Olefins
Alkynes
CnH2n
Naphthenes
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TYPICAL PARAFFINS
Example of simplest HC molecule (CH4):
Examples of straight chain paraffin molecule (Butane) and branched paraffin molecule (Isobutane) with same chemical formula (C4H10):
METHANE
(CH4)
BUTANE (C4H10) ISOBUTANE (C4H10)
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TYPICAL NAPHTHENES
Example of typical single-ring naphthene:
Examples of naphthene with same chemical formula (C6H12) but different molecular structure:
CYCLOHEXANE (C6H12) METHYL CYCLOPENTANE (C6H12)
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TYPICAL AROMATICS.
Example of simple aromatic compound:
Examples of simple double-ring aromatic compound:
BENZENE (C6H6) NAPTHALENE (C10H8)
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TYPICAL ALKENES (OLEFINS)
Simplest Alkene (C2H4):
Typical Alkenes with the same chemical formula (C4H8) but different molecular structures:
ETHYLENE (C2H4) 1-BUTENE (C4H8) ISOBUTENE (C4H8)
(not present in crude oil, form during cracking)
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Elements and compounds found in crude oil Carbon - 84% Hydrogen - 14% Sulfur - 1 to 3% (hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, disulfides, elemental sulfur) Nitrogen - less than 1% (basic compounds with amine groups) Oxygen - less than 1% (found in organic compounds such as carbon dioxide, phenols, ketones, carboxylic acids) Metals - less than 1% (nickel, iron, vanadium, copper, arsenic)
Salts - less than 1% (sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride)
Gasna workshops for teachers
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Evaluation of crude oil
Petroleum consists primarily of paraffins and
naphthenes, with a smaller amount of aromatics
and asphaltics.
The exact chemical composition analyze by
many laboratory equipment.
Example :1- fingerprint by GC Simidis
for Carbon no ,Nitrogen and Sulfur.
2- Viscosity
3- Density to calculate API.
4- RSH
5- heavy metal
6- Total Sulfur
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Classification of crude oil by API gravity .
American petroleum Institute's
API , low specific gravity, lighter oil
larger yields of gasoline and light
petroleum products.
Degrees API Gravity API = (141.5 / SG) - 131.5
SG = Specific Gravity at 60oF
°C = (°F − 32) × 5⁄9
Crude Price = 100.77 + 0.296*(°API) – 0.931*(%Sulfur)
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Products of petroleum refining
Naphtha
Gasoline
Diesel
Fuel Oil
Crude
Oil
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Distillation Comparison—Light Sweet Crude
High API Gravity.
66
%
19
%
7%
39% 23% 25%
21% 21%
27%
42%
31%
37%
31% 39%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Condensate SCO MSW LLS WTI Bonny
Light
Resid Vac Gas Oil Distillate Naphtha
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Distillation Comparison—Heavy Sour Crude
Low API Gravity
31%
24% 30%
29%
22%26%
18%
19% 18%
21%
22%25%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Bitumen Cold Lake
Blend
Lloyd Blend Merey 17 Maya Arab Heavy
Resid Vac Gas Oil Distillate Naphtha
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FRACTION BOILING RANGE
USES
naphta 60-100 0 C
solvent, processed
into gasoline
gasoline (liquid) 40-205 0 C motor fuel
kerosene (liquid) 175-325 0 C
fuel for jet engines
gas oil or diesel
distillate (liquid)
250-350 0 C
diesel fuel, heating
oil
lubricating oil
(liquid)
300-370 0 C
motor oil, grease,
other lubricants
heavy gas or fuel
oil (liquid)
370-600 0 C
İndustrial fuel,
processed further
(cracking stock)
residuals (solid) larger than 600 0 C
Coke, asphalt, tar,
waxes
processed further
PRODUCTS OF PETROLEUM REFINING
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COMMON REFINERY FRACTIONS
Natural gas Intermediate Distillates Residues
Gas oils Lubricating oils
Diesel oils Heavy fuel oils
LPG Fuel oils Asphalts
Coke
Light Distillates Heavy Distillates
Motor gasolines Heavy mineral oils
naphtas Lubricating oils
Jet fuel Waxes (candles, sealing,
Karosine insulating)
Light gas oils
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Components in crude oil
Components in crude oil Carbon no Bp Deg C Carbon no Bp Deg C Carbon no
Bp Deg
C
1 -161 11 196 30 449
2 -89 12 216 40 522
3 -42 13 235 50 575
4 -0.5 14 253 60 615
5 36 15 270 70 647
6 69 16 287 80 675
7 98 17 302 90 700
8 126 18 316 100 720
9 151 19 329 120 750
10 174 20 343
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Octane Number
The octane number of gasoline
is a measure of its resistance to knock.
The octane number is determined by
comparing the characteristics of a
gasoline to iso octane (2,2,4-
trimethylpentane) and heptane.
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Natural gas
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Composition of Natural gas
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Natural gas value chain
25
typical products or customers
Fertilizers NGL Derivatives Methanol
Power Generation
Gas to Liquids GTL
Shipping Liquefaction
Chemical Conversion
LNG
CNG
Households Restaurants/Hotels Light Industry Heavy Industry
Middle distillates Waxes (lpg ,naphta and diesel ) Gas
Exploration
Gas Production
Distribution
LNG Terminal
Pipeline Transmission
Cars
Trucks
Buses
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Uses of Natural Gas
Natural gas is an important fuel and a raw material in
manufacturing.
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Resources of Natural Gas
Natural Gas (NG):
A mixture of C1 to C3 hydrocarbons (mainly CH4) + small amounts of N2, CO2 and H2S . Found in gas reservoirs with no oil present (non-associated gas)
Associated Gas (AG):
Present in contact with and/or dissolved in crude oil and is coproduced with it.
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Dry natural Gas:
It is a gas that does not contain an
appreciable amount of condensable
hydrocarbons.
Wet natural Gas
is a mixture of hydrocarbons that
contain amount of liquid or condensable
compounds heavier than ethane. Wet
gas produced from a reservoir.
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Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
- produced as a by-product of natural gas
processing, associated gas or during
refining and processing operations of
petroleum.
- Mainly contains propane and butane
- Used mainly as a fuel and basic raw material
for petrochemical industry.
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Sour Natural Gas:
- Contains amounts of hydrogen sulfide and
carbon dioxide.
- Needs to remove the acid gases mainly by
absorption in amines or caustic solutions
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Natural gas processing
GTL
LNG
Power generation (Boilers)
Fertilizers-- Urea and ammonia
Steel
Petrochemical -ethylene
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Qatar is GTL Capital of the World.
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GTL
Gas to Liquids (GTL) takes natural gas and converts it to low-
sulphur environmentally friendly diesel, naphtha, and LPG.
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largest supplier of LNG.
Qatar holds the world’s third largest natural gas
reserves .
is the single largest supplier of liquefied natural
gas (LNG).
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What Is LNG?
Natural gas has been used extensively,
and safely in homes and industries.
LNG is natural gas cooled to –160C of to a
liquid which occupies1/600 of the volume of gas.
Transport of LNG is safe and is at atmospheric pressure .
LNG is neither toxic nor carcinogenic; but vapors
are flammable .
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Gas Production liquefaction
LNG Shipping Degasification Market
Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)
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Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)
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Carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and other contaminants are often
found in natural gas streams. CO2 when combined with water
creates carbonic acid which is corrosive. CO2 also reduces the BTU
value of gas and in concentrations of more that 2% or 3 % the gas is
unmarketable.
H2S is an extremely toxic gas that is also corrosive to equipment.
Amine sweetening processes remove these contaminants so that the
gas is marketable and suitable for transportation.
Reasons for Removing CO2 and H2S
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Amine gas sweetening is a proven technology that removes H2S and
CO2 from natural gas and liquid hydrocarbon streams through
absorption and chemical reaction. Each of the amines has
advantages to specific treating problems.
MEA (Monoethanolamine)
MDEA (Methyldiethanolamine)
DEA (Diethanolamine)
Amine Gas Sweetening Solutions
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ACID GAS REMOVAL by Amines
Amine ABSORBER
SOUR FEED GAS
FUEL GAS FLARE
WATER WASH
COLUMN
SWEETENED GAS TO DEHYDRATION
SW
ACID GAS
STEAM
SW
SULFINOL REGENERATOR
GAS
ACID GAS
FUEL GAS
SOUR FLARE
RICH Amine
LEAN Amine
16 trays Amine
DIPA
MDEA
Rich Amine
Lean Amine
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High Heating value (HHV) -> energy content
Lean LNG and Rich LNG
Composition of Lean LNG
CH4 90 %vol
C2 5 %
C3, IC4,Nch4 and trace C5
Rich LNG CH4 95 %vol
C2 3 %
C3 trace
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Simple Comparison between
Natural gas and Crude Oil
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Barrel of oil equal 42 gallon equal 156 L
42-gallon barrel of oil is 5.8 million Btu, or British thermal units.
8.34 Btu of energy will raise 1 gallon of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit.
about 1,334 Btu are needed to raise a temperature of one gallon water
from 40 f to 200 f .
°C = (°F − 32) × 5⁄9
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Price of one barrel crude oil 100$.
Price of 5,800 cubic feet N.G 10 $
one barrel crude oil produce products and can
give 5.8 million BTU
5.800 cubic feet of natural gas give 5.8 million
BTU
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Refinery or GTL
one barrel crude oil (100$) give
petroleum products equivalent to the
same petroleum products from 5,800
cubic feet N.G (10 $)by GTL
additional to environmental case .
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Natural gas skills for KIDS.
is a fuel that's used to heat buildings, cook food, dry clothes, heat
water, and even to help produce electricity.
don't confuse it with the gasoline that runs your car. Gasoline is a
liquid, while natural gas is...you guessed it...a gas!
RSH added to LPG.
Experiment about How N.G (biogas) forms. c1.co2
Just tow plastic bottles , 2 balloons same size and shape ,one cup of
soil , one cup of amix of vegetable and grass , tow measuring cups
and tape . Then make analysis.
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Green gas emissions
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Air Pollution and Climate Change
Mobile
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Carbon Dioxide Emissions, By Source.
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Types of Major Air Pollutants
Carbon oxides (CO)
Nitrogen oxides and nitric acid (NO2, HNO3)
Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid (SO2, H2SO4)
Particulates (PM)
Ozone (O3)
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
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Measured Average Temperatures
and Future Predictions .ured
Average Temperatures and Future Predictions
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Rising Sea Levels
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What Can We Do about Global
Warming?
Concept -1 We can slow the rate of climate
change by increasing energy efficiency,
relying more on renewable energy resources,
and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Example :- generate electricity by sun energy –
Recycling- don't cut down trees in the forest (photosynthesis)
Concept -2 Governments can tax
greenhouse gas emissions, and
cooperate internationally.
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QUESTIONS?
Thank you