petroleum geology and the permian basin
DESCRIPTION
Petroleum Geology and the Permian Basin. Andrew McCarthy Concho Resources. Petroleum System. Source : organic-rich mudrock Heat (burial) and time Reservoir : porous rock Seal : low-permeability rock Trap. Source. 3,850,000 EJ. burial. Sol (our sun) Fusion (of hydrogen - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Petroleum Geologyand the Permian Basin
Andrew McCarthyConcho Resources
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Petroleum System
2
• Source: organic-rich mudrock• Heat (burial) and time• Reservoir: porous rock • Seal: low-permeability rock• Trap
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Source
Sol (our sun)Fusion (of hydrogen
and helium)
Earth3,850,000 exajoules per year – Solar radiation3,000 exajoules per year – captured by plant life500 exajoules per year – total human use (fossil, nuclear, etc.)
3,850,000
EJ
3,000 EJ
burial
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Source
Heat and pressure
Kerogen
Kerogen: geo-plastic or geo-chocolate.Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates
Gas (methane,ethane, propane)
Texas tea(light, sweet crude)
CO2N2
H2S
+
Shale:high organic material
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How much heat?
• Low temps yield nothing: <60 C• High temps yield oil: 60C-120+C• Higher temps yield gas: 120+C
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100% natural and organic
• Oil is 100% natural and organic• 95%++ of all oil ever generated has been
naturally leaked to the surface• Millions of natural oil seeps exist around the
planet, many under the oceans
Yummy!
NaturalOil seeps(BP not Involved)
NotIcedtea
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An oil reservoir at the surface
Oil reservoirs are exposed and eroded away. The light oil is biodegraded, tar remains.
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OK. So far we have:
• Source
• Heat and time
• Now we need a reservoir, a seal, and maybe a trap
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ReservoirThe first key to a reservoir rock is porosity
intergranular fracture
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Got porosity?
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ReservoirThe second key to a reservoir rock is permeability
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Seal
Imagine if this were clay…
We need something to slow the upward migration of oil and gas.A seal will do: it’s a layer of very low permeability.
Microscopic view of clay layers
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TrapsRequired for conventional reservoirs…
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A very conventional petroleum system:Concho
sandorganic shale
sealing shale oil
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Organic mudstone, silty shale, with varying carbonate and silica content1 source
2 reservoir3 seal
Tight carbonate (seal/frac barrier)
Tight carbonate (seal/frac barrier)
Today: Unconventional plays
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The Permian Basin
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Geologic Time
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Today
Active petroleum systems
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Basins
basin
Low areas; tend to fill with sedimentTypically covered with water (ocean, sea or lake)Nature’s landfill
RiversCoral reefs
Wind blown
Pelagic rain
shelfslope
deep basin
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Before the Permian Basin
• Shales: Devonian Mississippian Barnett
• Before 370 Ma (Devonian)
Ron Blakey, Colorado Plateau Geosystems, Inc.
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Early Permian Basin
• 315 Ma• Late Miss/Early
Penn time• Shale
deposition
Ron Blakey, Colorado Plateau Geosystems, Inc.
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Late Permian
• 255 Ma• Carbonates
(shallow marine carb factory)
• Later, evaporites
Ron Blakey, Colorado Plateau Geosystems, Inc.
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Sources
Organic-rich shales
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Reservoirs *Just about everything!
sands
Shale/silt
carbonates
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What does a geologist do?
• Exploration very little data!
– Seismic, basin geochem, remote sensing– Everything changes with the first well
• Development increasing amounts of data!
– Well logs, core, production data• Operations– Day-to-day drilling
• When do we have “the answer”?
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Thank you.