PETROKNOWLEDGE

A SPECIALISED SAMPLING, METERING AND ANALYSIS COMPANY

PRODUCTION SURVEILLANCE SERVICES

CAPABILITY STATEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Multiphase Surface Fluids and Sampling

3. Multiphase Rates Measurement and Metering Verification

4. On-site Chemistry Services Provided

5. Wireline Fluid Sample Transfer and Validation

6. Bottom Hole Sampling Tools

7. Sample Containers and Cylinders

8. Sample Management & facility

1. Introduction

Petroknowledge was established in late year 2010 with the intention to provide specialised

sampling, metering and analysis to the oil and gas industry under the Provision of Production

Surveillance Services. Our team defines the reservoir oil and gas properties, essential for

reservoir surveillance management and production optimisation.

The cornerstones of our success are our experienced personnel, innovative equipment and

certified sampling and analysis techniques. Our team of sampling engineers, well site chemists,

and fluid phase behaviour specialists have provided services for a wide range of customers in

this region.

Petroknowledge’s state-of-the-art sampling equipment and chemistry analytical enable

Petroknowledge to provide the most comprehensive and quality assured data available to the

industry.

Petroknowledge is specialised in the

provision of:

• Multiphase surface fluid sampling

• Multiphase rate measurements and

verification

• Gas/Liquid ratios (CGR/GOR)

measurement

• Wellsite open hole wireline fluid sample

verification and analysis

• Analysis of reactive non-hydrocarbon

components

• Flow assurance

• Sample Management

2. Multiphase Surface Fluids and Sampling

Petroknowledge has substantial knowledge in multiphase fluid sampling using niche

technology of sampling equipment particularly in the gas condensate well. The most convincing

equipment is called iso-kinetic sampling where Multiphase Sampler Manifold was used to

measure condensate-gas and water gas ratio (CGR/WGR) and concurrently captures

representative PVT samples. Iso-kinetic sampling equipment is essentially important when

dealing with lean gas- condensate or volatile oil to get good equilibrium condition of samples at

flowing condition.

Picture of Iso-kinetic Multiphase Sampling Manifold

Iso-kinetic sampling equipment can be deployed during welltesting, clean-up or production

monitoring campaign. The equipment was built to be mobile and occupied small foot print on

the rig/ platform.

In the event sampling without test separator or directly from the flowline, Petroknowledge can

offer mobile separator. Multiphase pressurised samples such as PVT samples can be obtained

where pressure and temperature will be maintained according to line conditions in order to

capture representativeness samples for PVT analysis.

Picture of Mobile Separator

Furthermore, Petroknowledge’s mobile separator is specially designed with inert coating to

prevent absorption of volatile element such as mercury or sulphur. As such, it is also suitable to

collect samples for trace analysis of these volatile elements.

For typical surface PVT sampling at test separator and single phase sampling at wellhead,

Petroknowledge offers PVT sampling kit with suitable pressure rating such as 3K psi and 10K

psi.

Picture of Surface PVT sampling kit

3. Multiphase Rates Measurement and Metering Verification

Production testing in order to get rates measurement of oil / condensate, water and gas are

paramount important for reservoir management, forecasting and monitoring of individual well

and total field production. In addition, it will provide periodic physical evidence of well

conditions. Unexpected changes, such as extraneous of water, oil / condensate or gas

production may signal well or reservoir problems. Abnormal production declines may be

caused by fill in the casing due to scale build-up in the perforations zone and etc.

As such, apart from regular and accurate measurement of production rate is vital. Verification

of this measurement is equally important. Petroknowledge would be able to offer following

services as part of metering verification:

a. Iso-kinetic sampling. Equipment as described above.

b. Tracer package, i-Tracer™.

c. Portable Wet Gas Venturi Meter (WGVM), Rapid-Vent™.

Tracer package – i- Tracer™

The tracer dilution technique involves the injection of respective tracers, ie gas, oil /

condensate and water into the flowline, the subsequent collection of a sample at a suitable

distance downstream of the injection point. The dilution ratio of injected tracer to collected

sample is used to determine the gas, oil / condensate and water flow rates. The tracer dilution

technique is viewed as a feasible and economical option to measure gas and liquid rates in

multiphase flow streams. The tracer dilution equipment is self-contained, compact, and

portable.

Picture of i-Tracer™ equipment

Multiphase flow measurement obtained from Tracer testing is an independent measurement.

Furthermore, the tracer method is considered to be a robust and accurate multiphase flow

measurement technique. And it is capable of measuring over a much wider range compared to

most test separators and multiphase flow meters making the technique very well suited for in-

situ verification and calibration of installed Multiphase meters (MPFM) and wet gas flow

meters (WGM).

Portable Wet Gas Venturi Meter (WGVM) – Rapid-Vent™

Petroknowledge’s portable Wet Gas Venturi Meter (WGVM) termed Rapid-Vent™ was built in

size of 3” and 4”. WGVM measures gas rate by differential pressures similar to an orifice plate.

It is equipped on the skid which enables easy transportation for offshore work. It comes with

flow computer that used De Leeuw algorithm for correction of over-readings due to free liquid

content in the gas. The correlation used does not rely on homogeneous flow conditions, nor

does it require the flow to be conditioned in any other way. A 2nd

additional differential

pressure over the wet gas venturi meter provides continuous monitoring of the relative total

liquid content (LGR) of the wet gas stream.

Picture of portable WGVM

4. On-site Analysis Services Provided

Onsite analysis of reservoir fluids is often required during exploration/appraisal well testing

and production well monitoring. In some cases immediate analysis of the produced fluids is

desirable to check for external contamination from drilling fluids etc. Non-hydrocarbon

components need to be measured at very low concentration to ensure pipeline or process

specifications can be met. Many of these components, such as sulphur compounds, mercury

and radon, are highly reactive, and must be measured at the well site if accurate values are to

be obtained. These components are essential also to monitor on regular basis in order to

determine the baseline as part of production monitoring and HSE requirement. Should there

be any deviation from the baseline; appropriate immediate action can be taken.

Petroknowledge employs a team of experienced oilfield chemists providing these services in

the field to clients in this region. State of the art, portable analysis instrumentation is used to

provide accurate data, and results are available to the client within hours. Anything from full

specification of onsite trace element analysis to small hand held analysis kits can be supplied.

Non-Hydrocarbons and Trace Elements

Natural gas, condensate and oil produced from an underground reservoir will always contain

certain non-hydrocarbon components and trace elements. These constituents may be

considered as impurities or contamination of the hydrocarbons and must be accurately

quantified prior to field development.

Some constituents are non-combustible and of no economic value, while others are corrosive,

calling for special design and materials in processing and transportation systems. Others may

be environmentally unfriendly, poisonous, or simply dilute the hydrocarbon fraction thereby

reducing the calorific value. Their presence even in trace amounts should not be ignored.

The most important non-hydrocarbon constituents in produced fluids are:

• Sulphur compounds (hydrogen sulphide, mercaptans, carbonyl sulphide etc.)

• Non-combustible gases (nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, argon etc.)

• Radioactive components

• Mercury

• Other heavy metals

• Formation water

UOP-212-77

Micro-GC

Radon meter

Mercury analyzer

The quality of the oil and gas, measured in terms of impurities, strongly influences the market

price.

Analysing for non-hydrocarbons requires understanding and special precautions. Many

components have a tendency to adsorb onto surfaces (eg sampling lines and sample

containers). This can lead to a severe reduction in their measured concentrations. Other

components, such as radioactive elements may be affected by delays in the analysis. Therefore,

analysis must be performed onsite on line systems or on samples especially preserved for later

analysis. As the concentration of non-hydrocarbons varies so much in different reservoirs,

sampling must in many cases be optimized on site.

5. Wireline Fluid Sample Transfer and Validation

Wireline formation testers (WFT) provided by logging companies are able to capture and

retrieve multiple, discreet hydrocarbon fluid samples at in-situ downhole conditions. Upon the

sample chambers are retrieved at the surface, expeditious sample validation is critical because

it provides certainty on sample type and quality. As such, Wireline fluid sample transfer kit

provides to oil companies with an expedite validation check for samples retrieved from

Wireline formation tester (WFT) tools. In addition, this also provides independent third party

validation so that sample integrity can be preserved.

Since most of the WFT package does not equip with analytical equipment and transportation

cylinders, WFS transfer kit provided by Petroknowledge will enable the wireline fluid samples

to be validated onsite and subsequently transfer to certify sample cylinders for safe

transportation. Thus, only representative wireline samples will be transferred and sent to

laboratory for further analysis. Apart from giving quick preliminary fluid data onsite, it will

provide substantial cost saving to oil companies as well.

6. Bottom Hole Sampling (BHS) Tools

The BHS tool is a positive displacement sampling device for taking down-hole samples in oil,

gas and water wells, which maintain the sample in single phase whilst it is coming to the

surface. The purpose of the tool is to provide high quality samples which, when analysed

provide data vital for the economic and technical evaluation of the reservoir. The tool has been

designed to operate in various environments, to consistently produce representative samples

regardless of well fluid type or hostile conditions.

Having taken the sample, the Field Transfer Unit (FTU) allows the sample to be transferred to a

sample cylinder prior to being dispatched to the P.V.T. laboratory where it will be analysed.

The data from the laboratory helps to determine such areas as field development programs, oil

and gas recovery factors, production forecasts and production equipment selection.

Picture of Bottomhole sampling tool

Features:

• Ability to operate in high H2S, CO2 and high G.O.R. wells;

• Ability to operate in high temperature wells

• Adjustable Sampling duration;

• Positive Displacement;

• Positive Locking after Tool Closure, with sure lock assembly;

• Confirmed Sample Volume;

• Mercury Free Operation;

• Double 'O' Ring Seal on all Well Pressure Exposed Joints;

• Sample Retained in Single Phase;

• Fast Re-dress and Transfer Ability;

• Rugged Construction with Minimal Components;

• No Risk of Sample Contamination Prior to, or After Sampling.

7. Sample cylinders and containers

Petroknowledge can provide a wide range of oil and gas cylinders to adapt to specific needs. All

cylinders are Mercury free, and delivered with valves and carrying cases for safe handling and

transportation.

Picture of Petroknowledge’s sample

cylinders and containers

Single phase sample bottles are equipped with a separate Nitrogen chamber to maintain the

sample pressure all the way to the laboratory. A large mass, profiled agitation ring is used to

agitate the oil sample during bubble point determination.

Petroknowledge also offers a non-corrosive version of the single phase bottle, designed for

extreme conditions, which allows for analyses of H2S, mercaptans and mercury. Sample

containers for pressurised samples have been cleaned, re-dressed and re-certified prior to use.

Certification documentation is available with the bottle. For sulphur speciation gas samples are

collected in 500 cc Sulfinert or Teflone coated gas cylinders. Condensate or water samples for

mercury analysis are collected on acid washed, dark glass bottles.

A selection of HDPE plastic bottles and glass bottles are available for water sampling.

8. Samples Management and facility

Petroknowledge also offers comprehensive well site to laboratory management of all

hydrocarbon, non hydrocarbon, trace element and water samples. The service range is aimed

at securing the highest quality data for facility design related to cost, efficiency, safety and

environment. Services and products are provided through a global network of sampling

operations and reservoir fluid analysis centres.

Upon receipt of samples at Base, all sample containers are cleaned and inspected to check the

integrity of the containers. Sample details are collated from the containers and are then

inputted (logged on) to Petroknowledge’s SMS (Sample Management System) database. This

assigns a unique sample number to each individual sample and generates a weatherproof label

for it. This sample is labelled and then stored in its location, within Petroknowledge’s facilities.

Facility

Petroknowledge can undertake the complete range of reservoir fluid sampling and analyses

activities, ranging from welltesting, through PVT Sampling and wellsite Chemistry.

In-house expertise is available to liaise with the client at all stages of the sample acquisition

and analysis process to ensure that objectives are being met. Fluids specialists can be involved

in all aspects of reservoir fluid sampling, from the selection of separators, to the number and

type of samples to be collected.

With storage racks and ample space for mechanical lifting aids, the tools and cylinders are

maintained in an environmentally controlled state of readiness for use. The sampling

warehouse is equipped with redressing equipment, cleaning and heating baths and general

workstations. It is set up so it ensures that sampling equipment is always maintained and

serviced to the highest standards.

A dedicated pressure test bay ensures the safety of our personnel at the high test pressures

normally experienced in the workshop. It incorporates a systematic system for monitoring

pressure tests on sample tools and cylinders.

A purpose built and secure area enables controlled and regulated access to the samples being

stored. These samples are housed in secure designated area with each area logged and

tracked. Petroknowledge’s systematic sample storage and management system tracks and

monitors each sample’s movement. The system allows access to the complete movement

history of all samples and is fully traceable.