peter grutter - mcgill physics · and they are hollywood superstars. predicting the future… how...
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P. Grutter
What’s the buzz about nano?Peter Grutter
Supported byNSERC, FQRNT, CFI, CIAR, CIHR, NanoQuebec, IBM, GenomeQuebec, James McGill Fellowship
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Science Fiction:
7of 9 on Star Trek Doc Ock (Spiderman) Convergence: GMO, AI & nano
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nanopantsWhen nanopants
attack
Guess: Nano (yellow/pink patent)
Nano sells!
Nanocube
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So – what is nano?
1.1. Making mundane, ordinary science and/or delusional scientific Making mundane, ordinary science and/or delusional scientific concepts sound like revolutionary scientific concepts sound like revolutionary scientific ““innovationsinnovations”” and/or look and/or look feasible by putting the word feasible by putting the word ““nanonano”” somewhere in the text. somewhere in the text.
2.2. A A flimflim--flam method of extracting grants from gullible and clueless flam method of extracting grants from gullible and clueless scientific funding bodies based on minimal scientific substance scientific funding bodies based on minimal scientific substance and and giving little in scientific return.giving little in scientific return.
http://http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/nanoshitelachlan.bluehaze.com.au/nanoshite//
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How big is a nanometer?
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What enables Nanoscience and Nanotechnology?
New tools!!!
• Drive discoveries• Enable technology• Are a high value added business opportunity
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Storing information atom by atom
Ultra high density(Library of Congress on a pin head)
Ultra slow (needs life time of universe to write)
Huge footprint(UHV 4K STM)
D. Eigler, IBM Almaden
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Small is different
Scaling law
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Small is different
Scaling law
Breakdown of scaling
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Nano: Renaissance Science !
nm
size
time
solid state physics & engineering
biology
chemistry
now!
nm
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nm
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“Labors of the Months” (Norwich, England, ca. 1480).(The ruby color is probably due to embedded
gold nanoparticles.)
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Nano materials in labeling
• High throughput multiplexed assays (‘nano bar code’)
• Optical tracking on a cellular level with tagged CdSe quantum dots: which gene is active?
Basis: size dependent emissioncolor of ZnS capped CdSenano particles
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The Benefits of Nanotech:Nanoshell Cancer Therapy
Gold Nanoshells
Courtesy of Prof. Naomi Halas, Rice University
10-300 nm diameter
gold shell
silica core
Are biocompatible
Are strong absorbers of light in the near infrared, where light penetrates up to 7 cm into the human body
Easily attached to antibodies for specific cellular targeting
Small enough to pass through circulatory system
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The Benefits of Nanotech:Nanoshell Cancer Therapy
Courtesy of Prof. Naomi Halas, Rice University
• BALB/c mice innoculated withCT26.wt mouse colon carcinoma cells
• Systemically delivered pegylated nanoshells via tail vein injection
• 6 hrs post injection, tumors irradiated through skin with 4 W/cm2 810 nm diode laser for 3 min
• Tumor surface temp. monitored • Tumor size monitored for 2 months
Near IR
Diode Laser
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56Days after tumor treatment
% s
urvi
ving
Laser + Nanoshells
Laser, No Nanoshells
Untreated
% Su
rviv
ing
20.0 18.2 22.00.0
76.2
89.2
0.0
25.0
50.0
75.0
100.0
125.0
Day 0 Day 10
Laser + Nanoshells
Laser, no Nanoshells
Untreated Tumors
Tum
or s
ize
(mm
2 )
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The art of dying grey hair – 4000 years agoMixture of PbO and Ca(OH)2 diluted in water to form a paste
Reaction with amino acids in hair leads to the formation of PbS crystals
Centre de recherche et de restauration des Musées de France (NanoLetters 6, 2215 (2006))
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Nanotechnology you are using
Cosmetics have become a Nanometer-Scale Technology
Nanoparticulates in sunscreens and cosmetics
Nanosomes
(L’Oréal)
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New materials: non-permeable, self-cleaning, anti-septic,...
Lotus leafLotus leaf (artificial):nm sized hydrophobic wax
size: water rolls (not slides) -> cleanssol-gel based technique -> on market
SelfSelf--cleaning plastic, textiles:cleaning plastic, textiles:TiO2 nanoparticles in polymer matrixTextiles with ‘Stain Defender’
AirAir--DD--FenseFense (InMat, New Jersey):
nanoclay/butyl thin film3000 fold decreased permeability
Ceramic Coatings:Ceramic Coatings: (Inframat)
No barnacles on ship hulls: reduced drag
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Nano and WaterUN (2002): 1.1 billion without access to safe water
2.6 billion without adequate sanitation Results in death of 4500 children per day
•Filtration (membranes): remove NH3 , concentrate it and use as fertilizer
•Oxidation with nano TiO2, Ag -functionalized zeolite ceramics to replace UV and heat treatment
•Desalination and arsenic removal (ZnO)
• Advanced nano sensors to detect pathogens
See www.meridian.org for more info
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This is what do I do at conferences
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SPM applied to nanoelectronics: the Grutter Research Group
• Magnetic reversal • Molecular electronics• Quantum dots• Interfacing to living
neurons• Biochemical sensors
MFM with inMFM with in--situ fieldsitu field
UHV AFM/STM/FIM, AFM/STM/SEMUHV AFM/STM/FIM, AFM/STM/SEM4K, 8T and 50mK, 16T AFM4K, 8T and 50mK, 16T AFMAFM + patch clamp + single photon AFM + patch clamp + single photon fluorescence + TIRFMfluorescence + TIRFM
Cantilevers and electrochemical cellsCantilevers and electrochemical cells
www.physics.mcgill.ca/~peter
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Moore’s Law
Source: Intel Corporation
Predictionin 1997
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A molecular transistor
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Beware of PowerPoint Science
or Cartoon Engineering !!!
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FIM of W(111) tip
Imaging at 5.0 kV
A. Schirmeisen,
G. Cross,
A. Stalder,
U. Durig
P. Grutter
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FIM of W(111) tip
Imaging at 5.0 kV Manipulating at 6.0 kV
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FIM of W(111) tip
Imaging at 5.0 kV Manipulating at 6.0 kV
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FIM of W(111) tip
Imaging at 5.0 kV Manipulating at 6.0 kV
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Single atom on W(111) tip
Imaged at 2.1 KV
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Anne-Sophie Lucier Grutter Group, McGill
Machining a needle atom by atom
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Cross et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4685 (1998) Sun et al, Phys. Rev. B, 71, 193407 (2005)
Force and Current vs. Distance
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Indentation vs. load and cycle
0 1 2 3 4
0
100
200
300
Displacement Into Surface (nm)
Load
(nN
)
Lilleodden et. al.4.0 nm radius
2.0 nm radius
Kelchner et. al.8.0 nm radius
Cycle 1
Cycle 4a
0 1 2
0
100
Displacement (nm)
Load
(nN
)
Cycle 1
Cycle 4b
Cross, Schirmeisen, Grutter and Durig, Nature Materials 5, 370 (2006)
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Experimental set-upJEOL-JSPM 4500a with NanoSurf PLL
(UHV AFM/STM/SEM, 30-800K)
Imaging chamber3 source molecule evaporator (behind)
SEM
cryostat
LEED/Auger
Ion sputtering gun
Quartz crystal deposition monitor
4 source metal evaporator (behind)
Cleaving station
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x23
x60
The problem of scale…… connecting the micro to the nano.
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AFM - in imaging mode…
PTCDA on KBr, unpublished
Burke et al,PRL 94, 096102 (2005)
C60
KBr
J. Mativetsky, S. Burke, S. Fostner, R. Hoffmann, P. Grutter
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Origin of noise:
Optical excitation of charges screening ionized dopants in weak traps (2 or few level systems)
Sqrt T dependence of noise amplitude?
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Contact Potential and Imaging as f(V)
Scale: 250 mV
InP, 77K
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Structured assembly of 5 nm Au crystals with DNA
Faisal Aldaye and Hanadi Sleiman, McGill University
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Understanding compactification of DNA
B. A. Kaufman, N. Durisic et al (Shoubridge and Grutter groups, MNI and Physics, McGill)
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Live Cell Imaging:
Time-lapse sequence after contraction stimulation (~20min/frame).Images are 50x50 μm. B. Smith, B. Tolosko, J. Martin, P. Grutter
• Smooth muscle cell from rat trachea. • The contractile dynamics are relevant in the study of asthma.
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Smith, Grutter et alBiophys. J (2006)
1μm
Electro-Mechanical Properties of Neuron Synapses
axon
dendrite
spine
Determine how structure of channel protein leads to property of ‘gain off-set’ and ‘gain adjustment’:
structure-function in molecules!
(reverse engineer Nature)
AFM images of topography and viscoelasticity of neuronal junctions (dendritic spine)
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Canada is World Class in NanosciencePatents as strength indicators:
Marinova and McAleer, Nanotechnology 14, R1-R7 (2002)
TS…Technological Specialization Index
PS…Patent Share
RAP…Rate of Assignment (=market share)
CR…citation rate (=knowledge creation)
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Nanotechnology: The Challenge Of A New Frontier
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The Risk of Nanotech
The REAL Risk: Utilizing nanotechnology without evaluatingthe consequences
Example: The widespread introduction of nanoparticulates into the ecosphere when their toxicological impact is not known
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How Shall We Make Wise Decisions About Nanotechnology ?
•• Eliminate FantasiesEliminate Fantasies•• Understand MotivationsUnderstand Motivations•• Honestly Assess Risks & BenefitsHonestly Assess Risks & Benefits
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How Do We Know Something Is Safe?
I think there is a new world out thereShould be smooth
sailingUnless ….I really should think
this through…
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The Dilemma of Columbus
It is virtually impossible to prove that something is absolutely safe
How shall we proceed in a world filled with risk?
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Are There Monsters ?
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Of Course!
And they are Hollywood Superstars
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Predicting the future…
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How to succeed in nanotechnology
(a 3 step program)